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JFMS Open Reports 2024A 2-year-old domestic shorthair queen sustained a tear in the vaginal wall through which the queen herniated a fetus during parturition. An exploratory laparotomy was...
CASE SUMMARY
A 2-year-old domestic shorthair queen sustained a tear in the vaginal wall through which the queen herniated a fetus during parturition. An exploratory laparotomy was performed, the patient had an ovariohysterectomy and the fetus was removed vaginally. The tear was managed medically with antibiotics, analgesics and careful monitoring. Assessment of the injury site 2 weeks later confirmed successful healing without the need for surgical intervention in the vaginal wall.
RELEVANCE AND NOVEL INFORMATION
This is the first report in veterinary medicine describing the successful medical management of a dystocia-related vaginal wall tear in a feline patient without surgical repair.
PubMed: 38803554
DOI: 10.1177/20551169241243016 -
Cureus Apr 2024Birth injury or birth trauma refers to physical damage or trauma that occurs to a newborn during the birthing process. To ensure continuous care and improve neonatal...
BACKGROUND
Birth injury or birth trauma refers to physical damage or trauma that occurs to a newborn during the birthing process. To ensure continuous care and improve neonatal outcomes, it is crucial to know the incidence, types, relation to the mode of delivery, and their management.
METHODOLOGY
This is a retrospective cohort study conducted at Aga Khan University Hospital, Pakistan from January 2018 to December 2022. Neonates aged from birth to 28 days of life identified to sustain any form of mechanical birth injuries were included. Data analysis was done using SPSS version 19 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY).
RESULTS
In the last five years, 51 mechanical birth injuries were found among 27,854 deliveries, which accounts for one in 546 births with an overall prevalence of 0.001%. Out of the total mechanical birth injuries, 12 (23.5%) were noticed in spontaneous vaginal delivery, six (11.8%) had instrumental delivery, and 33 (64.7%) patients had cesarean sections. More birth injuries were noticed in emergency cesarean section as compared to vaginal deliveries. There were 40 babies (78%) with soft tissue injuries, seven (14%) had musculoskeletal injuries/fractures, two (4%) babies had intracranial bleeding, and two (4%) had fractures along with intracranial bleeding. There was no mortality reported among these neonates.
CONCLUSION
The overall rate of birth injuries was significantly lower as compared to other low and middle-income countries. Most of the birth injuries were soft tissue injuries in patients with cesarean sections. The rate of birth injury did not show any association with the time of delivery. More frequent obstetric emergency drills would improve complications associated with shoulder dystocia.
PubMed: 38800218
DOI: 10.7759/cureus.58997 -
Animals : An Open Access Journal From... May 2024This study aimed to assess the relationship between the length of the dry period (DL) and the risks of dystocia and stillbirths in Holstein cows. A total of 1072 healthy...
This study aimed to assess the relationship between the length of the dry period (DL) and the risks of dystocia and stillbirths in Holstein cows. A total of 1072 healthy cows in lactations 1 and ≥2 were categorized based on the DL (mean: 58.07 ± 0.33 days) into three groups: short DL (<40 days; 13.0% of cows), medium DL (40-70 days; 60.1%), and long DL (>70 days; 26.9%). Dystocia occurred in 12.4% of cows, while stillbirths accounted for 4.1% of calves. The medium DL group had the highest number of unassisted calvings. The dystocia rates were 11.4% for cows with gestation (GA) ≤ 274 days; 6.0% for cows with GA = 275-282 days; and 19.9% for cows with GA ≥ 283 days ( < 0.001). In season 1 (November-April), dystocia occurred in 15.0% of cases compared to 8.8% in season 2 (May-October) ( < 0.001). The stillbirth rates ranged from 3.6% to 4.0% for cows with medium and long DLs; while those with a short DL had 5.8% ( < 0.05). The stillbirth rates were 5.2% for cows with GA ≤ 274 days; 3.2% for cows with GA = 275-282 days; and 5.1% for cows with GA ≥ 283 days ( < 0.001). Season 1 had a stillbirth rate of 4.8%, while season 2 had a stillbirth rate of 3.3% ( < 0.001). This research provides insights that could assist the dairy industry in making informed decisions to reduce the incidence rates of dystocia and stillbirths in cows.
PubMed: 38791662
DOI: 10.3390/ani14101444 -
Journal of Dairy Science May 2024An economic simulation was carried out over 183 milk-producing countries to estimate the global economic impacts of 12 dairy cattle diseases and health conditions:...
An economic simulation was carried out over 183 milk-producing countries to estimate the global economic impacts of 12 dairy cattle diseases and health conditions: mastitis (subclinical and clinical), lameness, paratuberculosis (Johne's disease), displaced abomasum, dystocia, metritis, milk fever, ovarian cysts, retained placenta, and ketosis (subclinical and clinical). Estimates of disease impacts on milk yield, fertility, and culling were collected from the literature, standardized, meta-analyzed using a variety of methods ranging from simple averaging to random-effects models, and adjusted for comorbidities to prevent overestimation. These comorbidity-adjusted disease impacts were then combined with a set of country-level lactational incidence and/or prevalence estimates, herd characteristics, and price estimates within a series of Monte Carlo simulations that estimated and valued the economic losses due to these diseases. It was estimated that total annual global losses are USD 65 billion (B). Subclinical ketosis, clinical mastitis, and subclinical mastitis were the costliest diseases modeled, resulting in mean annual global losses of approximately USD 18B, USD 13B, and USD 9B, respectively. Estimated global annual losses due to clinical ketosis, displaced abomasum, dystocia, lameness, metritis, milk fever, ovarian cysts, paratuberculosis, and retained placenta were estimated to be USD 0.2B, 0.6B, 0.6B, 6B, 5B, 0.6B, 4B, 4B, and 3B, respectively. Without adjustment for comorbidities, when statistical associations between diseases were disregarded, mean aggregate global losses would have been overestimated by 45%. Although annual losses were greatest in India (USD 12B), the USA (USD 8B), and China (USD 5B), depending on the measure of losses used (losses as a percent of GDP, losses per capita, losses as a percent of gross milk revenue), the relative economic burden of these dairy cattle diseases across countries varied markedly.
PubMed: 38788837
DOI: 10.3168/jds.2023-24626 -
Journal of Imaging Apr 2024The position of the fetal head during engagement and progression in the birth canal is the primary cause of dystocic labor and arrest of progression, often due to...
The position of the fetal head during engagement and progression in the birth canal is the primary cause of dystocic labor and arrest of progression, often due to malposition and malrotation. The authors performed an investigation on pregnant women in labor, who all underwent vaginal digital examination by obstetricians and midwives as well as intrapartum ultrasonography to collect four "geometric parameters", measured in all the women. All parameters were measured using artificial intelligence and machine learning algorithms, called AIDA (artificial intelligence dystocia algorithm), which incorporates a human-in-the-loop approach, that is, to use AI (artificial intelligence) algorithms that prioritize the physician's decision and explainable artificial intelligence (XAI). The AIDA was structured into five classes. After a number of "geometric parameters" were collected, the data obtained from the AIDA analysis were entered into a red, yellow, or green zone, linked to the analysis of the progress of labor. Using the AIDA analysis, we were able to identify five reference classes for patients in labor, each of which had a certain sort of birth outcome. A 100% cesarean birth prediction was made in two of these five classes. The use of artificial intelligence, through the evaluation of certain obstetric parameters in specific decision-making algorithms, allows physicians to systematically understand how the results of the algorithms can be explained. This approach can be useful in evaluating the progress of labor and predicting the labor outcome, including spontaneous, whether operative VD (vaginal delivery) should be attempted, or if ICD (intrapartum cesarean delivery) is preferable or necessary.
PubMed: 38786561
DOI: 10.3390/jimaging10050107 -
Veterinary Research Forum : An... 2024The interval between parturition and subsequent pregnancy is called the days open or calving to conception interval and is affected by several factors, especially...
The interval between parturition and subsequent pregnancy is called the days open or calving to conception interval and is affected by several factors, especially dystocia. Dystocia is an ab-normal or difficult calving that may require assistance during labor. This study is a field trial in health education and the research team developed a comprehensive training program for farmers to educate them about the normal process of parturition in dairy cows and when and how to assist in parturition or dystocia. A series of classes was held for farmers and the study covered 486 multi-parous dairy cows, with 173 belonging to the group of trained farms (educated farmers) and 313 to the control group (non-educated farmers). Although dystocia was lower in the educated group, there were no significant differences in retained placenta between two groups. However, cows in the educated group had a better conception rate (lower service conception) in sub-sequent parturitions. Hence, the median number of days open for cows from trained farmers was significantly lower than other farmers (85 days compared to 120 days, respectively). Based on Cox regression analysis, uterine prolapse, retained placenta, and dystocia could significantly impact subsequent pregnancies. Dystocia affects days open, and training on parturition and dystocia management can effectively reduce the numbers of days open in dairy cows.
PubMed: 38770379
DOI: 10.30466/vrf.2023.2007348.3945 -
Veterinary Medicine International 2024Cow is the national animal of Nepal, yet it is one of the most abused animal species here. Under realized utilities of cow that is nonlactating or pregnant is the reason...
Cow is the national animal of Nepal, yet it is one of the most abused animal species here. Under realized utilities of cow that is nonlactating or pregnant is the reason for demonic cruelty. Since the Vedic period, gaushalas have been caring for cows. At present, most gaushalas have responsibility to rescue, offer refuge, and treat poorly treated or confiscated cattle from smuggling rackets in Nepal. It is no surprise that these abused animals suffer from many health issues and compromised reproductive ability. This study was conducted to know about husbandry practice and to determine prevalence of reproductive disorders in cows of Gaushala from Nepal. Altogether, 27 gaushalas were visited throughout the study period and cows (≥2 years) ( = 2959) were included for the study. From the study, respondents from 14.81% Gaushala admitted indigenous cattle only, 11.11% admitted any breed (indigenous and crossbreed), 44.44% admitted stray animals only, and 29.63% admitted all types (indigenous, crossbreed, and stray animals). The study revealed that among ( = 2959) animals examined, 5.54% ( = 164) were affected by either one or more reproductive problems. The major reproductive disorders identified in study area were repeat breeding 0.47%, cervico-vaginal and uterine prolapse 0.34%, retention of placenta 2.13%, dystocia 0.61%, and abortion 1.66%. Herd size of Gaushala had a significant difference ( < 0.05) on the overall prevalence of reproductive problems in cows of Gaushala. The main issues with gaushalas included a lack of resources like adequate fund, feeds, fodder, and water, shortage of grazing acreage, veterinary services, and difficulties in managing male cattle. To mitigate the issues and welfare related to gaushalas strict adherence to disease surveillance and biosecurity rules, avoidance of unlimited reproduction in cows, and separation of males and females, fund raising and resource management, collaboration with local government and NGOs, veterinary hospital, clinics, research, and innovation with veterinary institution and universities.
PubMed: 38716201
DOI: 10.1155/2024/3058386 -
Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 2024Hypothermia is a cause of neonatal calf death in cold climates. Practical and effective rewarming methods are important for bovine health within affected regions. (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study
BACKGROUND
Hypothermia is a cause of neonatal calf death in cold climates. Practical and effective rewarming methods are important for bovine health within affected regions.
HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVES
To compare the rewarming rate and blood analytes (glucose, lactate, and cortisol) of calves resuscitated with forced air with warm water bath, with or without oral administration of caffeine.
ANIMALS
Twenty healthy neonatal Holstein bull calves.
METHODS
In this randomized, prospective study, calves born healthy and without history of dystocia were cooled to 32°C rectal temperature then thermally resuscitated using either forced air rewarming or warm water bath (40°C) with or without oral administration of caffeine. Rectal temperatures were used to quantify recovery rate. Measurements of glucose, lactate, and cortisol were recorded for every 2°C change in rectal temperature.
RESULTS
Rectal temperature decline (0.03°C per minute) and total cooling time (191.0 ± 33.3 minutes) did not significantly differ among treatment groups. Calves were successfully resuscitated to 38°C by either method. Time required to euthermia using warm water was significantly faster (0.1°C per minute; 64.3 ± 17.8 minute; P < .05) than forced air (0.05°C per minute; 123.1 ± 20.0 minutes). Caffeine had no significant effect on resuscitation rate (P = .14; 95% CI, -0.002 to 0.024) in either treatment; however, caffeine was associated with reduced time to euthermia by 8.3 and 10.8 minutes, respectively. Changes in metabolic variables (glucose, lactate, and cortisol), were inversely related to rectal temperature with no statistical significance among rewarming methods.
CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE
Although warm water submersion is faster, forced air rewarming is an effective alternative for restoration of euthermia.
Topics: Animals; Cattle; Hypothermia; Animals, Newborn; Caffeine; Male; Cattle Diseases; Prospective Studies; Rewarming; Resuscitation; Hydrocortisone; Administration, Oral; Baths; Blood Glucose; Lactic Acid; Body Temperature; Random Allocation
PubMed: 38685595
DOI: 10.1111/jvim.17066 -
Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) Apr 2024Uterine fibroids are common benign tumors found in fertile women. Numerous obstetrical issues, such as dystocia during labor, fetal hypotrophy, a ruptured amniotic sac,...
Uterine fibroids are common benign tumors found in fertile women. Numerous obstetrical issues, such as dystocia during labor, fetal hypotrophy, a ruptured amniotic sac, early labor, low-birth-weight newborns, etc., are associated with fibrous pregnant uteri. Cesarean myomectomy is not a common procedure because of the possibility of postpartum hysterectomy or a potentially lethal hemorrhage. For the chosen topic, we present two instances of emergency postpartum hysterectomies following cesarean myomectomy. After a cesarean myomectomy, two women experienced a perioperative hemorrhage that required a postpartum hysterectomy without a salpingo-oophorectomy. A postpartum hysterectomy was required in every instance due to the failure of additional hemostatic techniques to control the bleeding after the cesarean myomectomy. In every case, the location and number of fibroids-rather than their size-were the primary factors leading to the postpartum hysterectomy. In order to ensure that the patient is safe and that the advantages outweigh the dangers, the current trends in cesarean myomectomy include aiming to conduct the procedure either electively or when it offers an opportunity. The treatment is still up for debate because it is unknown how dangerous a second hysterectomy is for people who have had a cesarean myomectomy.
Topics: Humans; Female; Cesarean Section; Hysterectomy; Uterine Myomectomy; Adult; Pregnancy; Leiomyoma; Uterine Neoplasms; Postpartum Period; Postoperative Complications
PubMed: 38674240
DOI: 10.3390/medicina60040594 -
Cureus Mar 2024Introduction Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a form of glucose intolerance that arises during pregnancy, affecting a significant portion of women. It has...
Introduction Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a form of glucose intolerance that arises during pregnancy, affecting a significant portion of women. It has immediate and long-term effects on both the mother and fetus, including complications like preeclampsia, premature delivery, and an increased risk of cesarean sections. A cross-sectional study among Saudi Arabia's general population, which included 979 women aged between 18 and 60, found varying levels of awareness of GDM, emphasizing the need for more research on awareness levels regarding GDM in Saudi Arabia and more educational campaigns to improve awareness. Objectives The study evaluates the knowledge of pregnant women about GDM and its implications for the mother and fetus. It investigates the relationship between knowledge levels and demographic factors like age, education, and socioeconomic status, aiming to identify knowledge gaps regarding this health issue and develop targeted educational initiatives. Methodology This was a cross-sectional study that included 979 women and was conducted using a Google Forms (Google Inc., Mountainview, CA) questionnaire. The questionnaire covered demographics and explored the knowledge level of women about the impact of GDM on the mother and fetus. Statistical analysis was implemented by IBM SPSS software version 27.0 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY), with a 5% significance level. Ethical approval was sought, emphasizing anonymous data collection. We did not collect any identifying or private information from participants, and all responses were kept confidential. Results A study of 979 women revealed that their knowledge of GDM was significantly influenced by their age, gestational age, and the number of prior deliveries (p-value < 0.05). The total mean knowledge score for women's correct responses stood at 7.62 (±4.49). The study found that a majority of women, exceeding 60%, accurately answered certain questions about GDM, such as its association with heightened risks, neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) admissions, cesarean section likelihood, high birth weight, and preeclampsia. However, less than 30% could answer yes to questions that indicated that GDM could increase the risk of shoulder dystocia, hypoglycemia at birth, premature rupture of membranes, postpartum hemorrhage, and vacuum delivery. Conclusion There is a need for targeted educational initiatives, particularly focusing on knowledge gaps that women are lacking regarding GDM. Age and prior deliveries were identified as significant determinants of knowledge levels.
PubMed: 38665742
DOI: 10.7759/cureus.56969