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Folia Morphologica Jun 2024The aim of the study was to describe the comprehensive morphological and morphometric features of the foramina and canals at the base of the cranial cavity in Holstein...
BACKGROUND
The aim of the study was to describe the comprehensive morphological and morphometric features of the foramina and canals at the base of the cranial cavity in Holstein cow using CT images.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The study was performed on fourteen adult Holstein cow head cadavers. Images taken with MSCT were transferred to the DICOM Viewer program. The MPR and 3D reconstructive tools of the program were used to analyse the foramina and canals.
RESULTS
Although they varied in shape and size, foramina and canals were found bilaterally in all animals. It was observed that the orbitorotund foramen, jugular foramen and oval foramen had a canalicular structure, with the distance between the extra-intra cranial openings measured as 15.0 mm, 5.9 mm and 6.2 mm, respectively. The hypoglossal canal, which was found to be single in 43%, double in 50% and triple in 7% in each body half, was the canal with the most variation in number and shape. The orbitorotund foramen, a canal with an area of 180.6 mm² and a diameter of 18.1 × 12.4 mm is the widest at the skull base, while the optic canal is the narrowest and longest opening with an area of 33.4 mm², a diameter of 8.4 × 5.5 and a length of 17.5 mm.
CONCLUSIONS
This study shows that our knowledge of skull base morphometry in animals is extremely limited. Although the study was conducted on a limited number of materials, it may benefit both regional anatomy knowledge in terms of the data presented and veterinary anatomists, radiologists and clinicians in terms of methodology.
PubMed: 38856316
DOI: 10.5603/fm.100461 -
Cureus Apr 2024The prolonged use of hemodialysis catheters is associated with several complications with infection being the most common. The increased susceptibility to infections in...
The prolonged use of hemodialysis catheters is associated with several complications with infection being the most common. The increased susceptibility to infections in patients on hemodialysis can be attributed to decreased immunity, though age, other comorbidities, and properties of the catheter act as modifiers. Hematogenous spread of the infection can lead to sepsis and seeding into other organs. In this article, we report an unusual case of septic emboli to the brain in a 30-year-old male on prolonged use of a right internal jugular vein (IJV) catheter for hemodialysis. An interesting finding in the case was the presence of a patent foramen ovale (PFO), a persisting embryonic structure that allows right-to-left shunting. It is suspected that this PFO led to the passage of septic emboli from the right IJV site to the brain. Before our case, septic emboli to the brain have been reported to occur from valvular vegetation in case of infective endocarditis. The mainstay of managing patients with septic emboli is the use of antibiotics; additional interventions may be needed on a case-to-case basis.
PubMed: 38826600
DOI: 10.7759/cureus.59419 -
Tomography (Ann Arbor, Mich.) May 2024The purpose of this study was to analyze the prevalence of and complications resulting from temporal bone fractures in adult and pediatric patients evaluated for... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study
PURPOSE
The purpose of this study was to analyze the prevalence of and complications resulting from temporal bone fractures in adult and pediatric patients evaluated for cranio-facial trauma in an emergency setting.
METHODS
A retrospective blinded analysis of CT scans of a series of 294 consecutive adult and pediatric patients with cranio-facial trauma investigated in the emergency setting was conducted. Findings were compared between the two populations. Preliminary reports made by on-call residents were compared with the retrospective analysis, which was performed in consensus by two experienced readers and served as reference standard.
RESULTS
CT revealed 126 fractures in 116/294 (39.5%) patients, although fractures were clinically suspected only in 70/294 (23.8%); < 0.05. Fractures were longitudinal, transverse and mixed in 69.5%, 10.3% and 19.8% of cases, respectively. Most fractures were otic-sparing fractures (95.2%). Involvement of the external auditory canal, ossicular chain and the osseous structures surrounding the facial nerve was present in 72.2%, 8.7% and 6.3% of cases, respectively. Temporal bone fractures extended into the venous sinuses/jugular foramen and carotid canal in 18.3% and 17.5% of cases, respectively. Vascular injuries (carotid dissection and venous thrombosis) were more common in children than in adults (13.6% versus 5.3%); however, the observed difference did not reach statistical significance. 79.5% of patients with temporal bone fractures had both brain injuries and fractures of the facial bones and cranial vault. Brain injuries were more common in adults (90.4%) than in children (63.6%), = 0.001. Although on-call residents reliably detected temporal bone fractures (sensitivity = 92.8%), they often missed trauma-associated ossicular dislocation (sensitivity = 27.3%).
CONCLUSIONS
Temporal bone fractures and related complications are common in patients with cranio-facial trauma and need to be thoroughly looked for; the pattern of associated injuries is slightly different in children and in adults.
Topics: Humans; Temporal Bone; Male; Female; Adult; Child; Retrospective Studies; Skull Fractures; Adolescent; Middle Aged; Child, Preschool; Aged; Young Adult; Aged, 80 and over; Infant; Multidetector Computed Tomography; Facial Injuries; Prevalence; Emergency Service, Hospital; Craniocerebral Trauma; Tomography, X-Ray Computed
PubMed: 38787016
DOI: 10.3390/tomography10050056 -
SAGE Open Medical Case Reports 2024Collet-Sicard syndrome is a rare neurological disorder caused by injury to the cranial nerve pairs IX, X, X, and XII. The author reports on a previously fit 27-year-old...
Collet-Sicard syndrome is a rare neurological disorder caused by injury to the cranial nerve pairs IX, X, X, and XII. The author reports on a previously fit 27-year-old man who presented with dysphagia, choking on drinking water, hoarseness, weakness when turning the neck and shrugging the shoulders, and unexplained weight loss. Enhanced magnetic resonance imaging indicated a space-occupying lesion at the right jugular foramen. After surgical resection, the pathologic findings suggested a paraganglioma of the right jugular foramen and confirmed the diagnosis of Collet-Sicard syndrome. After postoperative treatment with a combination of acupuncture and modern medicine, the patient's symptoms significantly improved. This article analyzes previous literature regarding Collet-Sicard syndrome etiology and reports the case of a patient with a rare etiology, whose prognosis improved significantly after treatment with a combination of acupuncture and modern medicine.
PubMed: 38737561
DOI: 10.1177/2050313X241249613 -
Anatomical Science International Jun 2024The spinal accessory nerve, considered part of the eleventh cranial nerve, provides motor innervation to sternocleidomastoid and trapezius. A comprehensive literature... (Review)
Review
The spinal accessory nerve, considered part of the eleventh cranial nerve, provides motor innervation to sternocleidomastoid and trapezius. A comprehensive literature review and two cadaveric dissections were undertaken. The spinal accessory nerve originates from the spinal accessory nucleus. Its rootlets unite and ascend between the denticulate ligament and dorsal spinal rootlets. Thereafter, it can anastomose with spinal roots, such as the McKenzie branch, and/or cranial roots. The spinal accessory nerve courses intracranially via foramen magnum and exits via jugular foramen, within which it usually lies anteriorly. Extracranially, it usually crosses anterior to the internal jugular vein and lies lateral to internal jugular vein deep to posterior belly of digastric. The spinal accessory nerve innervates sternocleidomastoid, receives numerous contributions in the posterior triangle and terminates within trapezius. Its posterior triangle course approximates a perpendicular bisection of the mastoid-mandibular angle line. The spinal accessory nerve contains sensory nociceptive fibres. Its cranial nerve classification is debated due to occasional non-fusion with the cranial root. Surgeons should familiarize themselves with the variable course of the spinal accessory nerve to minimize risk of injury. Patients with spinal accessory nerve injuries might require specialist pain management.
Topics: Humans; Accessory Nerve; Cadaver; Anatomic Variation
PubMed: 38696101
DOI: 10.1007/s12565-024-00770-w -
Journal of Postgraduate Medicine Apr 2024
Topics: Humans; Jugular Veins; Venous Thrombosis; Jugular Foramina; Male; Female; Tomography, X-Ray Computed; Periosteum; Middle Aged; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Treatment Outcome
PubMed: 38668649
DOI: 10.4103/jpgm.jpgm_763_23 -
Ear, Nose, & Throat Journal Apr 2024Solitary bone plasmacytoma (SBP) is a rare hematological malignancy that usually occurs in the spine and rarely in the skull. It rarely presents in the skull base, but...
Solitary bone plasmacytoma (SBP) is a rare hematological malignancy that usually occurs in the spine and rarely in the skull. It rarely presents in the skull base, but presenting symptoms are associated with cranial nerve involvement depending on the site of the disease. We present the case of a 61-year-old man with an unusual presentation of hoarseness secondary to vocal fold palsy. Imaging showed a large bony lesion in the temporo-occipital region with involvement of the jugular foramen. Further detailed diagnostic procedures confirmed SBP of the skull base. Radiotherapy was given with an uneventful recovery of vocal fold function. Skull base plasmacytoma can be considered as a differential diagnosis of causes of unilateral vocal fold palsy. Early therapeutic management may improve vocal fold function.
PubMed: 38634321
DOI: 10.1177/01455613241249039 -
Journal of Neurosurgery. Case Lessons Apr 2024Eagle syndrome, an uncommon condition, causes symptoms due to neural and/or vascular compression from an elongated styloid process or calcified stylohyoid ligament and...
BACKGROUND
Eagle syndrome, an uncommon condition, causes symptoms due to neural and/or vascular compression from an elongated styloid process or calcified stylohyoid ligament and can also complicate other planned surgical procedures.
OBSERVATIONS
A 42-year-old female with loss of balance, dizziness, and ataxic gait underwent cranial magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), revealing a right-sided Koos grade IV vestibular schwannoma. Initially, a retrosigmoid craniotomy for tumor resection was planned. However, preoperative MRI and computed tomography (CT) showed a dilated right-sided mastoid emissary vein, tortuous scalp and paraspinal veins, and bilateral elongated styloid processes. CT angiography and digital subtraction angiography indicated Eagle syndrome-related compression of both internal jugular veins and concurrent occlusion of the left internal jugular vein at the jugular foramen. Consequently, given the risk of damaging venous structures, Gamma Knife radiosurgery was chosen over resection.
LESSONS
This case highlights the importance of adapting treatment plans based on patient-specific anatomical and pathological factors. In situations in which traditional surgery poses risks to sensitive structures such as the venous system, alternative approaches like radiosurgery offer safer yet effective options. Comprehensive risk-benefit evaluations are crucial for such decisions.
PubMed: 38560932
DOI: 10.3171/CASE2437 -
Veterinary Medicine and Science May 2024Obtaining accurate knowledge of the anatomical structure of the skull helps in ontogenetic studies and determining sexual polymorphisms.
BACKGROUND
Obtaining accurate knowledge of the anatomical structure of the skull helps in ontogenetic studies and determining sexual polymorphisms.
OBJECTIVES
This study uses anatomical dissection and radiography to develop a size standard for the skull of the Saanen goat; information that will be applied to clinical evaluation and decision-making.
METHODS
A total of 14 adult Saanen goat skulls (7 male and 7 female goats) were taken from the slaughterhouse and transferred to the clinic of the Faculty of Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran. Radiographs of each skull were prepared in the dorsal-ventral, left and right lateral recumbency. These heads were then brought over to the anatomy department, where the chosen morphometric traits were assessed and their means recorded.
RESULTS
According to the findings of this study, the dorsal view of the skull revealed an incisive raphe and a widespread foramen of the nose. In the ventral view, the incisive bones were observed in the most cranial region of the skull. The base of the occipital bone was relatively large, and the jugular process was well-developed. In the lateral view, the incisive bone was extended to the cranial and had a narrow process on the dorsal surface. Regarding infra-orbital foramen, it was visible in the maxillary bone. Moreover, the lacrimal bone was perceived as a distinct bone.
CONCLUSION
The precise standards acquired in this study can be utilized to interpret the findings and make clinical decisions about the normal and abnormal size of the bones that make up the skulls of the Saanen goats.
Topics: Male; Female; Animals; Skull; Radiography; Goats; Iran
PubMed: 38551464
DOI: 10.1002/vms3.1435 -
Cureus Feb 2024We present a 43-year-old patient with a left-sided cerebellopontine angle meningioma with extension to the internal acoustic meatus and jugular foramen. The patient...
We present a 43-year-old patient with a left-sided cerebellopontine angle meningioma with extension to the internal acoustic meatus and jugular foramen. The patient underwent a resection using a retrosigmoid approach, which resulted in near-complete tumor removal. Postoperatively, the patient experienced tongue swelling, swallowing difficulties and right-sided subcutaneous swelling, caused by patient positioning and endotracheal tube placement. Imaging showed phlegmonous infiltration of subcutaneous fat tissue with submandibular gland enlargement. The patient's condition gradually improved with conservative management. This case highlights the rare occurrence of combined macroglossia and sialoadenitis after posterior fossa surgery, emphasizing the importance of patient positioning and tube placement.
PubMed: 38550508
DOI: 10.7759/cureus.55075