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Frontiers in Nutrition 2022Milk is rich in fat, protein, minerals, vitamins, peptides, immunologically active substances, and other nutrients, and it plays an important role in satisfying human...
Milk is rich in fat, protein, minerals, vitamins, peptides, immunologically active substances, and other nutrients, and it plays an important role in satisfying human nutrition and health. However, dairy product safety incidents caused by microbial contamination have occurred. We found that the total bacterial numbers in the pasteurized product were low and far below the limit requirements of the food safety standards of the European Union, the United States, and China. At the genus level, the primary microbial groups found in milk samples were , and , while in the equipment rinse water and air samples there was contamination by and . The Source Tracker model analysis indicated that the microorganisms in the final milk products were significantly related to the contamination in product tanks and raw milk. Therefore, it is the hope that this work can provide guidance to pinpoint contamination problems using the proper quality control sampling at specific stages in the pasteurization process.
PubMed: 35578614
DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.845150 -
Frontiers in Microbiology 2022Spoilage bacteria seriously influence the flavor and quality of fish meat. In this study, we investigated the quality characteristics, bacterial community, and volatile...
Spoilage bacteria seriously influence the flavor and quality of fish meat. In this study, we investigated the quality characteristics, bacterial community, and volatile profiles of refrigerated (4°C) sturgeon filets during 10-day storage. On day 10, the refrigerated samples showed the lowest bacterial diversity and the largest difference in microbiota and biochemistry. The dominant genera in the fresh samples were , , , , and , while the dominant bacteria changed into , , , , and at the end of storage. Our results suggest that these dominant taxa contribute to the spoilage of the refrigerated sturgeon filets. Meanwhile, during the storage, total viable counts, total volatile basic nitrogen, thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances, and trichloroacetic acid-soluble peptide significantly increased ( < 0.05), while the sensory score decreased steadily. Additionally, the ATP-related compounds and the -value showed similarly increasing trends. The shelf-life of the refrigerated sturgeon filets was less than 8 days. The gas chromatography-ion mobility spectrometry results suggest that hexanal, ethyl acetate, ethanol, butanal, 1-propanol, isopentyl alcohol, 2-pentanone, 2-heptanone, ethyl propanoate, and propyl sulfide are potential chemical spoilage markers. The predicted metabolic pathways indicated an abundant carbohydrate metabolism and amino metabolism in the refrigerated sturgeon filets. This study provides insight into the determinants of sturgeon shelf-life and the spoilage process involved in refrigerated fish.
PubMed: 35432233
DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.849236 -
Schweizer Archiv Fur Tierheilkunde Feb 2022The prevalence of methicillin-resistant Macrococcus spp. in calves and pigs at slaughterhouses and in retail beef and pork meat was determined using samples taken in...
The prevalence of methicillin-resistant Macrococcus spp. in calves and pigs at slaughterhouses and in retail beef and pork meat was determined using samples taken in 2019 within the framework of the national monitoring of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in food producing animals in Switzerland. The isolates were submitted to antimicrobial susceptibility testing of 19 antibiotics and to molecular techniques (e.g. PCR, microarray, WGS) for the identification of resistance genes, elements containing the methicillin resistance genes mec and sequence type (ST). Methicillin-resistant Macrococcus spp. (M. caseolyticus (n=38), M. bohemicus (n=4) and Macrococcus spp. (n=2)) were isolated in 40 of 299 nasal swabs from calves representing a prevalence of 13,38 % (95 % CI, 9,98 % - 17,70 %), and in four of 303 nasal swabs from pigs [1,32 % (95 % CI, 0,36 % - 3,35 %)]. One of 311 samples of Swiss pork meat contained a Macrococcus sp. [0,32 % (95 % CI, 0,01 % - 1,78 %)], and four of 309 beef meat samples (260 domestic and 49 imported) contained M. caseolyticus [1,29 % (95 % CI, 0,35 % - 3,28 %)]. The M. caseolyticus strains belonged to diverse STs, with ST21 being the most common in both pigs and calves. The mecD gene was located on Macrococcus resistance island mecD (McRImecD) in 42 strains and on staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmecD) in three strains, while mecB was found on plasmids in four strains. In addition to resistance to β-lactams, the strains also exhibited resistance to tetracycline (n=17; tet(L), tet(K), tet(M)), streptomycin (n=13; str, ant(6)-Ia, rpsL mutation [K56R in ribosomal protein S12]), kanamycin (n=10; aac(6')-Ie - aph(2'')-Ia, aph(2')-Ib, aph(2')-Ic, ant(4')-Ia), clindamycin (n=9; erm(B), erm(45)), erythromycin (n=9; erm(B), msr(G), erm(45)), fusidic acid (n=9; fusC) and gentamicin (n=1; aac(6')-Ie - aph(2'')-Ia). This study represents the first national prevalence study of methicillin-resistant Macrococcus spp. in pigs, calves, pork and beef meat in Switzerland and revealed a reservoir of genetically diverse strains carrying several resistance traits.
Topics: Animals; Cattle; Genes, Bacterial; Meat; Methicillin Resistance; Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Prevalence; Swine; Switzerland
PubMed: 35103598
DOI: 10.17236/sat00343 -
Iranian Journal of Veterinary Research 2022Staphylococcal mastitis is a major cause of concern to the dairy industry in India and several countries worldwide. Though is the major cause, coagulase negative...
BACKGROUND
Staphylococcal mastitis is a major cause of concern to the dairy industry in India and several countries worldwide. Though is the major cause, coagulase negative staphylococcal species (CoNS) are being increasingly reported in recent years.
AIMS
To investigate the incidence of coagulase negative staphylococcal species in bovine mastitis.
METHODS
Isolation of staphylococci was carried out from 237 milk samples of cows and She buffaloes with clinical and subclinical mastitis from different regions of Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka. CoNS isolates were identified by tube coagulase test using fresh rabbit plasma and coagulase gene PCR. We employed the biochemical test scheme published elsewhere previously for identification of the CoNS isolates up to species and subspecies levels. Seven representative isolates were identified by 16S rDNA sequencing to check the accuracy of biochemical test based identification.
RESULTS
The CoNS constitute the majority of the staphylococcal isolates from mastitis (80/125, 64%) in this region. Using biochemical test scheme, the CoNS isolates from bovine mastitis were identified as sub sp. , , sub sp. , sub sp, and . The CoNS species , , , , , and were identified by 16S rDNA sequencing.
CONCLUSION
The 16S rDNA sequencing is the appropriate method for the identification of CoNS species. This study highlighted coagulase negative staphylococcal species as possible etiological agents of mastitis.
PubMed: 36874184
DOI: 10.22099/IJVR.2022.43698.6406 -
Frontiers in Microbiology 2021In current study, bacterial diversity and community in different tissues of pork bacon were determined using high-throughput sequencing. In total, six phyla and 111...
In current study, bacterial diversity and community in different tissues of pork bacon were determined using high-throughput sequencing. In total, six phyla and 111 bacterial genera were identified. Among them, three dominant genera (, , and ) were shared by all bacon samples. The linear discriminant analysis showed that 24 bacterial taxa significantly differentiated between the tissues. Results of non-metric Multidimensional Scaling and redundancy analysis showed that physicochemical characteristics of the tissue prominently structured the bacterial communities. Network analysis also illustrated that tissue type was an important factor impacting the bacterial interactions in different types of tissue. The results of current study can add valuable insights to the traditional homemade pork bacon.
PubMed: 34925308
DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.799332 -
Infection, Genetics and Evolution :... Dec 2021A hemolytic Macrococcus canis strain (LI021) was isolated for the first time from a human skin infection. The complete genome of LI021 consisting of a 2,216,765-bp...
A hemolytic Macrococcus canis strain (LI021) was isolated for the first time from a human skin infection. The complete genome of LI021 consisting of a 2,216,765-bp circular chromosome was obtained by de novo hybrid assembly of Illumina and Oxford Nanopore technology reads. Strain LI021 belonged to the new sequence type ST75 and was resistant to β-lactam antibiotics due to the presence of a methicillin resistance gene mecB. The mecB gene as well as putative hemolysin genes hlgB and hlgC were located on a novel composite pseudo (Ψ) SCCmec island. These findings show that a methicillin-resistant M. canis may be associated with human infection and indicate that this bacterium should be considered by human diagnostic laboratories.
Topics: Female; Genome, Bacterial; Gram-Positive Bacterial Infections; Humans; Methicillin Resistance; Middle Aged; Skin Diseases, Bacterial; Staphylococcaceae; Whole Genome Sequencing
PubMed: 34715385
DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2021.105125 -
One Health (Amsterdam, Netherlands) Dec 2021The emergence and spread of multidrug-resistant organisms (MDROs) represent a threat to human and animal health.
BACKGROUND
The emergence and spread of multidrug-resistant organisms (MDROs) represent a threat to human and animal health.
OBJECTIVES
To assess duration of carriage of MDROs in dogs and cats presented to veterinary clinics/hospitals in Switzerland. To estimate prevalence, duration of and risk factors for MDRO carriage in their owners and the occurrence of co-carriage in owner-pet pairs.
METHODS
Prospective, longitudinal, observational study. Nasal swabs and fecal samples were collected from 50 owners of dogs and cats presented to 3 large veterinary hospitals, 1 medium-sized clinic and 1 practice. If pet or owner tested positive for a MDRO, follow-up samples were collected for up to 8 months. Methicillin-resistant (MR) , MR , MR coagulase-negative staphylococci (MRCoNS), MR spp., cephalosporinase- and carbapenemase-producing (CP) Enterobacterales were isolated and further characterized by MALDI-TOF MS, microdilution, β-lactam resistance gene detection, REP/ERIC-PCR, multilocus sequence typing or whole-genome sequencing. Risk factors for MDRO carriage in owners were explored based on questionnaire-derived data.
RESULTS
Five out of 50 owners carried 3rd generation cephalosporin-resistant Enterobacterales (3GC-R-Ent.), and 5/50 MRCoNS. In 3 dogs and 4 cats carriage of 3GC-R-Ent. persisted for up to 136 days after discharge (median 99 days, IQR 83 days, range 36-136 days), in two cats isolates were carbapenem-resistant. Owner-pet co-carriage was not observed. No specific risk factors for MDRO carriage in owners were identified.
CONCLUSIONS
After discharge from veterinary care, dogs and cats may carry 3GC-R-Ent. for prolonged time periods. Carriage of MDROs was common in owners, but pet-owner co-carriage of the same MDRO was not observed.
PubMed: 34522760
DOI: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2021.100322 -
Microbiology Resource Announcements Jun 2021The complete genome sequence of Macrococcus canis strain 19/EPI0118, isolated from a veterinary clinic environment in Switzerland, was determined using hybrid assembly...
The complete genome sequence of Macrococcus canis strain 19/EPI0118, isolated from a veterinary clinic environment in Switzerland, was determined using hybrid assembly of Oxford Nanopore and Illumina reads. 19/EPI0118 harbored the methicillin resistance genes and on a staphylococcal cassette chromosome element and a chromosomal resistance island, respectively.
PubMed: 34080896
DOI: 10.1128/MRA.00408-21 -
Animals : An Open Access Journal From... May 2021The assumption that requires the uterus to be a sterile environment to sustain a successful pregnancy has been recently challenged in humans, and is still under debate....
The assumption that requires the uterus to be a sterile environment to sustain a successful pregnancy has been recently challenged in humans, and is still under debate. The aim of this study was to assess whether bacteria can be isolated from the pregnant uterus and from amniotic fluid and meconium of healthy canine fetuses at term, delivered through cesarean section. Fifteen dams of different breed, age and parity, undergoing either elective ( = 10) or emergency ( = 5) cesarean section after a healthy pregnancy, were included in the study. Swabs for bacterial culture were collected from the uterus, and from amniotic fluid and meconium. Bacteria were isolated from all the sampled sites and materials, irrespective of cesarean type. In most cases, different bacteria were isolated from the different sites. spp., coagulase-negative Staphylococci and spp. were frequently found while , spp., spp., spp., spp., spp. and spp. were only occasionally identified. Our data show that uterus and fetuses may not be sterile in healthy term canine pregnancies.
PubMed: 34069213
DOI: 10.3390/ani11051415 -
PloS One 2021Atopic dermatitis is one of the most common skin diseases in dogs. Pathogenesis is complex and incompletely understood. Skin colonizing bacteria likely play an important...
Atopic dermatitis is one of the most common skin diseases in dogs. Pathogenesis is complex and incompletely understood. Skin colonizing bacteria likely play an important role in the severity of this disease. Studying the canine skin microbiota using traditional microbiological methods has many limitations which can be overcome by molecular procedures. The aim of this study was to describe the bacterial microbiota of the skin and ear canals of healthy non-allergic and allergic German shepherd dogs (GSDs) without acute flare or concurrent skin infection and to compare both. Bacterial 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequence data revealed no differences of bacterial community patterns between the different body sites (axilla, front dorsal interdigital skin, groin, and ear canals) in non-allergic dogs. The microbiota at the different body sites of non-allergic GSDs showed no significant differences. Only for the samples obtained from the axilla the bacterial microbiota of allergic dogs was characterized by a lower species richness compared to that of non-allergic dogs and the bacterial community composition of the skin and ear canals of allergic dogs showed body site specific differences compared to non-allergic dogs. Actinobacteria was the most abundant phylum identified from the non-allergic dogs and Proteobacteria from allergic dogs. Macrococcus spp. were more abundant on non-allergic skin while Sphingomonas spp. were more abundant on the allergic skin. Forward step redundancy analysis of metadata indicated that the household the dogs came from had the strongest impact on the composition of the skin microbiome followed by sex, host health status and body site.
Topics: Animals; Dogs; Ear Canal; Female; High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing; Hypersensitivity; Male; Microbiota; Skin
PubMed: 33939741
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0250695