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Biomedicines Jan 2023In recent years, many studies have focused on the relationship between intestinal microbiota and human health, but the impact of sex has not yet been sufficiently...
In recent years, many studies have focused on the relationship between intestinal microbiota and human health, but the impact of sex has not yet been sufficiently investigated. In this study, sex differences in the intestinal microbiota of a Japanese population were investigated by age group, using a large dataset constructed for a cross-sectional study. α-diversity analysis indicated that the impact of sex differences varied among the 20s-50s age groups but tended to be smaller among the 60s-70s age groups. , , , , and were more common among males, whereas , , , , and were common among females. Next, intestinal bacteria potentially associated with 12 diseases were investigated for each sex. The results indicate that many of these differ between males and females, and among age groups. Thus, sex and age should be considered for studies on intestinal microbiota and disease association, prevention, and treatment approaches that target them.
PubMed: 36830915
DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11020376 -
Animals : An Open Access Journal From... Feb 2023The effects of yeast cell wall compounds (YCWs) being added to cat food on hindgut fermentation metabolites and fecal microbiota were assessed in in vivo Experiment 1...
The effects of yeast cell wall compounds (YCWs) being added to cat food on hindgut fermentation metabolites and fecal microbiota were assessed in in vivo Experiment 1 (Exp. 1) and in vitro Experiments 2 and 3 (Exp. 2 and 3). In Exp. 1, the cats' diets were supplemented with two dietary concentrations (46.2 and 92.4 ppm) of YCWs (YCW-15 and YCW-30, respectively), and a negative control diet with no compound in three groups (six cats per group) was used to assess the fecal score, pH, digestibility, fermentation products, and microbiota. In Exp. 2, feces from the cats that were not supplemented with YCWs (control) were used as an inoculum. A blend of pectin, amino acids, and cellulose was used as a substrate, and the YCW compound was added at two levels (5 and 10 mg). In Exp. 3, feces from cats fed YCWs were used as an inoculum to test three different substrates (pectin, amino acids, and cellulose). In Exp. 2 and 3, the gas production, pH, and fermentation products (ammonia, SCFAs, and BCFAs) were assessed. YCW-30 resulted in a higher digestibility coefficient of the crude protein, organic matter (OM) ( < 0.05), and energy of the diet ( < 0.10). Regarding the fermentation products, YCW-15 showed a trend toward higher concentrations of propionate, acetate, lactate, ammonia, isobutyrate, and valerate, while YCW-30 showed a trend ( < 0.10) toward higher levels of butyrate and pH values. The bacteroidia class and the genus Prevotella were increased by using YCW-30 and the control. At the gender level, decreased ( < 0.01) Megasphaera was observed with YCW inclusion. The microbiota differed ( < 0.01) among the groups in their Shannon indexes. For beta diversity, YCW-30 showed higher indexes ( = 0.008) than the control. The microbiota metabolic profile differed in the pathway CENTFERM-PWY; it was more expressed in YCW-30 compared to the control. In Exp. 2, the YCWs showed a higher ratio ( = 0.006) of the fermentation products in the treatments with additives with a trend towards a high dose of the additive (10 mg). In Exp. 3, the effects of the substrates ( < 0.001), but not of the YCWs, on the fermentation products were observed, perhaps due to the low dietary concentrations we used. However, the marked responses of the fermentation products to the substrates validated the methodology. We could conclude that the YCWs, even at low dietary concentrations, affected fecal SCFA production, reduced the fecal pH, and modulated the fecal microbiota in the cats. These responses were more pronounced under in vitro conditions.
PubMed: 36830424
DOI: 10.3390/ani13040637 -
Journal of Crohn's & Colitis Jul 2023Crohn's disease [CD] is a major subtype of inflammatory bowel diseases [IBD] with increasing incidence and prevalence. Results of studies using available small and large...
BACKGROUND AND AIMS
Crohn's disease [CD] is a major subtype of inflammatory bowel diseases [IBD] with increasing incidence and prevalence. Results of studies using available small and large animal models are often poorly translatable to patients, and few CD models show small intestinal pathology. Due to its similarities to humans, the pig has emerged as a highly suitable translational disease model, particularly for testing novel nutritional and technological interventions. Our goal was to develop a physiologically relevant porcine CD model to facilitate translation of findings and interventions towards the clinic.
METHODS
We generated pigs bearing a 93-bp deletion of the adenosine-uracil-rich element [ARE] and a constitutive-decay element within the 3' untranslated region of the TNF gene. Comparative analysis of physiological, molecular, histological and microbial characteristics was performed between wild-type, TNFΔARE/+ and TNFΔARE/ΔARE animals. Alterations in the microbiome were compared to the TNFΔARE mouse model and IBD patients.
RESULTS
TNF ΔARE pigs recapitulate major characteristics of human CD, including ulcerative transmural ileocolitis, increased abundance of proinflammatory cytokines, immune cell infiltration and dysbiotic microbial communities. 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing revealed enrichment in members belonging to Megasphaera, Campylobacter, Desulfovibrio, Alistipes and Lachnoclostridum in faecal or mucosa-associated bacteria compared to wild-type littermates. Principal components analysis clustering with a subset of TNFΔARE/+ mice and human IBD patients suggests microbial similarity based on disease severity.
CONCLUSIONS
We demonstrate that the TNFΔARE pig resembles a CD-like ileocolitis pathophenotype recapitulating human disease. The ability to conduct long-term studies and test novel surgical procedures and dietary interventions in a physiologically relevant model will benefit future translational IBD research studies.
Topics: Humans; Animals; Mice; Swine; Crohn Disease; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; Ileitis; Inflammatory Bowel Diseases
PubMed: 36821422
DOI: 10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjad034 -
Journal of Animal Science and Technology Nov 2022In this study, () byproducts with high polyphenol content were fermented with -derived lactic acid bacteria ( GBL 16 and 17). Then the effect of -derived lactic acid...
In this study, () byproducts with high polyphenol content were fermented with -derived lactic acid bacteria ( GBL 16 and 17). Then the effect of -derived lactic acid bacteria fermented feed (-LAB fermented feed) with probiotics (, , Yeast) as a feed additive for pigs on the composition of intestinal microbes and the regulation of intestinal immune homeostasis was investigated. Seventy-two finishing Berkshire pigs were randomly allotted to four different treatment groups and 18 replicates. -LAB fermented feed with probiotics increased the genera , , , , spp., spp., and , which are beneficial bacteria of the digestive tract of pigs. Also, -LAB fermented feed with probiotics decreased the genera , , , , and , which are harmful bacteria. In particular, the relative abundance of the genera and increased by an average of 8.51% and 4.68% in the treatment groups and the classes Clostridia and genera decreased by an average of 27.05% and 2.85% in the treatment groups. In mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN) and spleens, the mRNA expression of transcription factors and cytokines in Th1 and Treg cells increased and the mRNA expression of Th2 and Th17 transcription factors and cytokines decreased, indicating a regulatory effect on intestinal immune homeostasis. RC-LAB fermented feed regulates gut immune homeostasis by influencing the composition of beneficial and detrimental microorganisms in the gut and regulating the balance of Th1/Th2 and Th17/Treg cells.
PubMed: 36812041
DOI: 10.5187/jast.2022.e89 -
Frontiers in Veterinary Science 2023This study aims to investigate the long-term effects of spirulina supplementation in a high-fat diet (HFD) on rumen morphology, rumen fermentation, and the composition...
INTRODUCTION
This study aims to investigate the long-term effects of spirulina supplementation in a high-fat diet (HFD) on rumen morphology, rumen fermentation, and the composition of rumen microbiota in lambs. Spirulina is a blue-green microalgae that has been shown to have high nutritional value for livestock.
METHODS
Fifty-four lambs were randomly divided into three groups: a normal chow diet (NCD) group, a high-fat diet (HFD) group, and a high-fat diet supplemented with 3% spirulina (HFD+S) group. Rumen morphology, rumen fermentation, and rumen microbiota were analyzed at the end of the study.
RESULTS
Spirulina supplementation improved the concentration of volatile fatty acids and rumen papilla length. Additionally, there was a tendency for an increase in rumen weight and an upregulation of the genes , and Occludin in the HFD+S group. Pyrosequencing of the 16S ribosomal RNA gene also showed that spirulina supplementation significantly changed the rumen microbiota composition in the HFD group, with a decrease in richness and diversity. Specifically, the relative abundance of and was significantly increased in the HFD group compared to the NCD group, while spirulina supplementation reversed these changes.
DISCUSSION
This study suggests that 3% spirulina supplementation can improve rumen development and fermentation, and effectively relieve rumen microbe disorders in lambs caused by a high-fat diet. However, further research is needed to confirm the findings and to examine the long-term effects of spirulina supplementation in different types of livestock and under different dietary conditions.
PubMed: 36798143
DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1001621 -
Reproductive Sciences (Thousand Oaks,... Jul 2023Preterm prelabor rupture of membranes (PPROM) is a major cause of spontaneous preterm birth (sPTB), one of the greatest challenges facing obstetrics with complicated...
Preterm prelabor rupture of membranes (PPROM) is a major cause of spontaneous preterm birth (sPTB), one of the greatest challenges facing obstetrics with complicated pathogenesis. This case-cohort study investigated the association between vaginal bacteriome of singleton pregnant females in the early second trimester and PPROM. The study included 35,255 and 180 pregnant females with PPROM as cases and term-birth without prelabor rupture of membranes (TWPROM) and term prelabor rupture of membranes (TPROM) pregnant females as controls, respectively. Using 16S rRNA sequencing, the vaginal microbiome traits were analyzed. Females with PPROM had higher alpha and beta diversity (P < 0.05) than TWPROM and TPROM. The presence of L. mulieris was associated with a decreased risk of PPROM (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 0.35; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.17-0.72) compared with TWPROM. Meanwhile, the presence of Megasphaera genus (aOR = 2.27; 95% CI: 1.09-4.70), Faecalibacterium genus (aOR = 3.29; 95% CI: 1.52-7.13), Bifidobacterium genus (aOR = 3.26; 95% CI: 1.47-7.24), Xanthomonadales genus (aOR = 2.76; 95% CI: 1.27-6.01), Gammaproteobacteria class (aOR = 2.36; 95% CI: 1.09-5.14), and Alphaproteobacteria class (aOR = 2.45; 95% CI: 1.14-5.26) was associated with an increased risk of PPROM compared with TWPROM. Our results indicated that the risk of PPROM can decrease with vaginal L. mulieris but increase with high alpha or beta diversity, and several vaginal bacteria in pregnant females may be involved in the occurrence of PPROM.
Topics: Pregnancy; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Female; Pregnancy Trimester, Second; Premature Birth; Cohort Studies; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; Fetal Membranes, Premature Rupture
PubMed: 36725814
DOI: 10.1007/s43032-022-01153-0 -
Frontiers in Microbiology 2022Butyrate is thought to enhance intestinal mucosal homeostasis, but the detailed mechanism remains unclear. Therefore, further investigation on the mechanism of butyrate...
OBJECTIVE
Butyrate is thought to enhance intestinal mucosal homeostasis, but the detailed mechanism remains unclear. Therefore, further investigation on the mechanism of butyrate regulation of intestinal mucosal homeostasis was performed.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
This study used weaned piglets with similar intestinal metabolic function to humans as a research model. The dietary supplemented 0.2% sodium butyrate group (0.2% S) and negative control group (CON) were established to detect the effects of butyrate on growth performance, intestinal tissue morphology, mucosal barrier function, and intestinal microbial community structure in weaned piglets.
RESULTS
There was an increase in average daily gain (ADG) during three different experimental periods and a reduction in average daily feed intake (ADFI) and feed-to-gain ratio (F:G) during days 1-35 and days 15-35 in 0.2% S compared with CON ( > 0.05). Furthermore, villus height in the ileum and duodenum was increased, and crypt depths in the colon and jejunum were reduced in both groups ( < 0.05). Moreover, the ratio of villus height and crypt depth (V/C) in 0.2% S both in the ileum and jejunum was significantly increased ( < 0.05) compared with CON. The relative mRNA expression of , , , and was upregulated in the ileum of 0.2% S compared with CON ( < 0.05). The digesta samples of 0.2% S, both in the ileum ( < 0.05) and colon, contained greater intestinal bacterial abundance and diversity of probiotics, including , , , and , which promoted amino acid metabolism and energy production and conversion in the colon and the synthesis of carbon-containing biomolecules in the ileum.
CONCLUSION
In summary, dietary supplementation with 0.2% sodium butyrate was shown to have a tendency to improve the growth performance of weaned piglets and enhance intestinal mucosal barrier function altering the gut microbiota.
PubMed: 36713180
DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1041885 -
Scientific Reports Jan 2023Malnutrition is a common complication in the dialysis population, both hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis (PD). We report our exploratory study on the characteristics...
Malnutrition is a common complication in the dialysis population, both hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis (PD). We report our exploratory study on the characteristics of intestinal microbiota and nutritional status in PD patients. The nutritional status of our PD patients were evaluated, and their feces were collected for 16S rRNA gene V3-V4 regions amplification and high-throughput sequencing. The characteristics and differences of microbiota between the well-nourished (W) and malnourished (M) groups were compared. We studied the genera and the operational taxonomic units (OTUs) within the genus of our patients, initially comparing the malnourished and the well- nourished groups and later on reanalyzing the whole group using these OTUs. At the OTU level, 6 bacteria were significantly correlated with the serum albumin level. The abundances of 2 OTUs (OTU208 Lachnospiraceae_incertae_sedi and OTU4 Bacteroides) were more in W group. Meanwhile, 4 OTUs (OTU225 Akkermansia, OTU87 Megasphaera, OTU31 Peptostreptococcaceae_incertae_sedi and OTU168 Clostridium_sensu_strictu) displayed higher abundance among individuals in M group. Notably, the OTU168 Clostridium_sensu_stricto was the only bacteria that significantly correlated with serum albumin (r = - 0.356, P = 0.05), pre-albumin (r = - 0.399, P = 0.02), and SGA (r = 0.458, P = 0.01). The higher the OTU168 Clostridium_sensu_strictu, the lower serum albumin and pre-albumin and a higher score of SGA signifying a worse nutritional status. Our preliminary findings suggested a relationship between the nutrition status and microbiota in PD patients. Our results provide a basis for further exploration of the interactions between malnutrition and intestinal flora in PD patients with potential interventions using probiotics and prebiotics.
Topics: Humans; Nutritional Status; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; Renal Dialysis; Peritoneal Dialysis; Malnutrition; Bacteria; Clostridium; Serum Albumin
PubMed: 36709367
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-27919-3 -
Frontiers in Immunology 2022Coevolution of microbiome and immunity at mucosal sites is essential for our health. Whether the oral microbiome, the second largest community after the gut, contributes... (Clinical Trial)
Clinical Trial
Coevolution of microbiome and immunity at mucosal sites is essential for our health. Whether the oral microbiome, the second largest community after the gut, contributes to the immunogenicity of COVID-19 vaccines is not known. We investigated the baseline oral microbiome in individuals in the COVAXID clinical trial receiving the BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine. Participants (n=115) included healthy controls (HC; n=57) and people living with HIV (PLHIV; n=58) who met the study selection criteria. Vaccine-induced Spike antibodies in saliva and serum from 0 to 6 months were assessed and comparative analyses were performed against the individual salivary 16S ASV microbiome diversity. High- versus low vaccine responders were assessed on general, immunological, and oral microbiome features. Our analyses identified oral microbiome features enriched in high- . low-responders among healthy and PLHIV participants. In low-responders, an enrichment of Gram-negative, anaerobic species with proteolytic activity were found including and . In high-responders, enriched species were mainly Gram-positive and saccharolytic facultative anaerobes: , and . Combining identified microbial features in a classifier using the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC AUC) yielded scores of 0.879 (healthy controls) to 0.82 (PLHIV), supporting the oral microbiome contribution in the long-term vaccination outcome. The present study is the first to suggest that the oral microbiome has an impact on the durability of mucosal immunity after Covid-19 vaccination. Microbiome-targeted interventions to enhance long-term duration of mucosal vaccine immunity may be exploited.
Topics: Humans; Antibodies, Viral; Antibody Formation; BNT162 Vaccine; COVID-19; HIV Infections; Immunoglobulin A, Secretory; Saliva
PubMed: 36703980
DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1079995 -
Animal Bioscience Jun 2023This study was conducted to evaluate the use of Megasphaera elsdenii (M. elsdenii) as a probiotic on rumen fermentation, production performance, carcass traits and...
OBJECTIVE
This study was conducted to evaluate the use of Megasphaera elsdenii (M. elsdenii) as a probiotic on rumen fermentation, production performance, carcass traits and health of ruminants by integrating data from various related studies using meta-analysis.
METHODS
A total of 32 studies (consisted of 136 data points) were obtained and integrated into a database. The parameters integrated were fermentation products, rumen microbes, production performance, carcass quality, animal health, blood and urine metabolites. Statistical analysis of the compiled database used a mixed model methodology. Different studies were considered random effects, while M. elsdenii supplementation doses were considered fixed effects. p-values and the Akaike information criterion were employed as model statistics. The model was deemed significant at p<0.05 or had a tendency to be significant when p-value between 0.05〈p〈0.10.
RESULTS
Supplementation with M. elsdenii increased (p<0.05) some proportion of fermented rumen products such as propionate, butyrate, isobutyrate, and valerate, and significantly reduced (p<0.05) lactic acid concentration, acetate proportion, total bacterial population and methane emission. Furthermore, the probiotic supplementation enhanced (p<0.05) livestock production performance, especially in the average daily gain and body condition score. Regarding the carcass quality, hot carcass weight and carcass gain were elevated (p<0.05) due to the M. elsdenii supplementation. Animal health also showed improvement as indicated by the lower (p<0.05) diarrhoea and bloat incidences as well as the liver abscess. However, M. elsdenii supplementation had negligible effects on blood and urine metabolites of ruminants.
CONCLUSION
Supplementation of M. elsdenii is capable of decreasing ruminal lactic acid concentration, enhancing rumen health, elevating some favourable rumen fermentation products, and in turn, increasing production performance of ruminants.
PubMed: 36634661
DOI: 10.5713/ab.22.0258