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International Journal of Molecular... May 2023The reactivity of the new flexible potentially pentadentate aminophenol ligand HL (2,2'-((pyridine-2,6-diylbis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))diphenol) towards different...
The reactivity of the new flexible potentially pentadentate aminophenol ligand HL (2,2'-((pyridine-2,6-diylbis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))diphenol) towards different dysprosium salts and holmium(III) nitrate was investigated. Accordingly, this reactivity seems to greatly depend on the metal ion and salt employed. In this way, the reaction of HL with dysprosium(III) chloride in air leads to the oxo-bridged tetranuclear complex [Dy(HL)(Cl)(μ-O)(EtOH)(HO)]·2EtOH·HO (·2EtOH·HO), while the same reaction just changing the chloride salt by the nitrate one renders the peroxo-bridged pentanuclear compound [Dy(HL)(HL)(NO)(µ-O)]·2HO (·2HO), where both peroxo ligands seem to come from the fixation and reduction of atmospheric oxygen. However, if holmium(III) nitrate is used instead of dysprosium(III) nitrate, no evidence of a peroxide ligand is observed, and the dinuclear complex {[Ho(HL)(HL)(NO)(HO)](NO)} 2.5HO (·2.5HO) is isolated. The three complexes were unequivocally characterized by X-ray diffraction techniques, and their magnetic properties were analyzed. Thus, while the Dy and Ho complexes do not show magnet-like behavior even in the presence of an external magnetic field, ·2HO is a single molecule magnet, with an barrier of 61.2 K (43.2 cm). This is the first homonuclear lanthanoid peroxide SMM, which also shows the highest barrier among the reported 4f/3d peroxide zero field SMMs to date.
Topics: Magnets; Aminophenols; Dysprosium; Holmium; Ligands; Nitrates; Chlorides; Oxygen
PubMed: 37240407
DOI: 10.3390/ijms24109061 -
International Journal of Molecular... May 2023, a climbing tree belonging to Smilacaceae, has been used in traditional oriental medicine for treating arthritis, tumors, leprosy, psoriasis, and lumbago. To evaluate...
, a climbing tree belonging to Smilacaceae, has been used in traditional oriental medicine for treating arthritis, tumors, leprosy, psoriasis, and lumbago. To evaluate the anti-obesity effects of (Smilacaceae), we screened methylene chloride (CHCl), ethyl acetate (EtOAc), aqueous-saturated -butanol, and ethanol (EtOH) extracts of the whole plant at various concentrations to inhibit adipogenesis in adipocytes. The 3T3-L1 cell line with Oil red O staining with the help of fluorometry was used as an indicator of anti-obesity activity. Bioactivity-guided fractionation of the EtOH extract and subsequent phytochemical investigation of the active CHCl- and EtOAc-soluble fractions resulted in the isolation of 19 secondary metabolites (-), including a new α-hydroxy acid derivative () and two new lanostane-type triterpenoids ( and ). The structures of these compounds were characterized using various spectroscopic methods. All the isolated compounds were screened for adipogenesis inhibition at a concentration of 100 μM. Of these, compounds , , -, , and significantly reduced fat accumulation in 3T3-L1 adipocytes, especially compounds , , , and , showing 37.05 ± 0.95, 8.60 ± 0.41 15.82 ± 1.23, and 17.73 ± 1.28% lipid content, respectively, at a concentration of 100 μM. These findings provide experimental evidence that isolates from extracts exert beneficial effects regarding the regulation of adipocyte differentiation.
Topics: Animals; Mice; Adipogenesis; 3T3-L1 Cells; Smilax; Plant Extracts; Adipocytes; Obesity; Cell Differentiation; PPAR gamma
PubMed: 37240212
DOI: 10.3390/ijms24108866 -
International Journal of Environmental... May 2023Dichloromethane (DCM) is recognized as a very harmful air pollutant because of its strong volatility and difficulty to degrade. Ionic liquids (ILs) are considered as...
Dichloromethane (DCM) is recognized as a very harmful air pollutant because of its strong volatility and difficulty to degrade. Ionic liquids (ILs) are considered as potential solvents for absorbing DCM, while it is still a challenge to develop ILs with high absorption performances. In this study, four carboxyl-functionalized ILs-trioctylmethylammonium acetate [N][Ac], trioctylmethylammonium formate [N][FA], trioctylmethylammonium glycinate [N][Gly], and trihexyl(tetradecyl)phosphonium glycinate [P][Gly]-were synthesized for DCM capture. The absorption capacity follows the order of [P][Gly] > [N][Gly] > [N][FA] > [N][Ac], and [P][Gly] showed the best absorption capacity, 130 mg DCM/g IL at 313.15 K and a DCM concentration of 6.1%, which was two times higher than the reported ILs [Beim][EtSO] and [Emim][Ac]. Moreover, the vapor-liquid equilibrium (VLE) of the DCM + IL binary system was experimentally measured. The NRTL (non-random two-liquid) model was developed to predict the VLE data, and a relative root mean square deviation (rRMSD) of 0.8467 was obtained. The absorption mechanism was explored via FT-IR spectra, H-NMR, and quantum chemistry calculations. It showed a nonpolar affinity between the cation and the DCM, while the interaction between the anion and the DCM was a hydrogen bond. Based on the results of the study of the interaction energy, it was found that the hydrogen bond between the anion and the DCM had the greatest influence on the absorption process.
Topics: Ionic Liquids; Methylene Chloride; Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared; Anions
PubMed: 37239516
DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20105787 -
Polymers May 2023This study investigated the nitration of nanostructured bacterial cellulose (NBC). The NBC, obtained using symbiotic Sa-12 as the microbial producer and then...
This study investigated the nitration of nanostructured bacterial cellulose (NBC). The NBC, obtained using symbiotic Sa-12 as the microbial producer and then freeze-dried, was nitrated herein by two methods, the first using mixed sulphuric-nitric acids (MA) and the second using concentrated nitric acid in the presence of methylene chloride (NA+MC). The synthesized samples of NBC nitrates (NBCNs) exhibited 11.77-12.27% nitrogen content, a viscosity of 1086 mPa·s or higher, 0.7-14.5% solubility in an alcohol-ester mixture, and 0.002% ash. Scanning electron microscopy showed that the nitration compacted the NBC structure, with the original reticulate pattern of the structure being preserved in full. Infrared spectroscopy for the presence of functional nitro groups at 1658-1659, 1280, 838-840, 749-751 and 693-694 cm confirmed the synthesis of cellulose nitrates in particular. Thermogravimetric and differential thermal analyses showed the resultant NBCNs to have a high purity and high specific heats of decomposition of 6.94-7.08 kJ/g. The NBCN samples differ conceptually from plant-based cellulose nitrates by having a viscosity above 1086 mPa·s and a unique 3D reticulate structure that is retained during the nitration. The findings suggest that the NBCNs can be considered for use in novel high-tech materials and science-driven fields distinct from the application fields of plant-based cellulose nitrates. The NBCN sample obtained with NA+MC has the ability to generate an organogel when it is dissolved in acetone. Because of the said property, this NBCN sample can find use as a classical adhesive scaffold and an energetic gel matrix for creating promising energetic polymers.
PubMed: 37177359
DOI: 10.3390/polym15092213 -
BMC Complementary Medicine and Therapies May 2023Stroke is a leading cause of death and disability worldwide. A major factor in brain damage following ischemia is excitotoxicity caused by elevated levels of the...
BACKGROUND
Stroke is a leading cause of death and disability worldwide. A major factor in brain damage following ischemia is excitotoxicity caused by elevated levels of the neurotransmitter glutamate. In the brain, glutamate homeostasis is a primary function of astrocytes. Amburana cearensis has long been used in folk medicine and seed extract obtained with dichloromethane (EDAC) have previously been shown to exhibit cytoprotective activity in vitro. The aim of the present study was to analyse the activity of EDAC in hippocampal brain slices.
METHODS
We prepared a dichloromethane extract (EDAC) from A. cearensis seeds and characterized the chemical constituents by 1H and 13C-NMR. Hippocampal slices from P6-8 or P90 Wistar rats were used for cell viability assay or glutamate uptake test. Hippocampal slices from P10-12 transgenic mice SOX10-EGFP and GFAP-EGFP and immunofluorescence for GS, GLAST and GLT1 were used to study oligodendrocytes and astrocytes.
RESULTS
Astrocytes play a critical role in glutamate homeostasis and we provide immunohistochemical evidence that in excitotoxicity EDAC increased expression of glutamate transporters and glutamine synthetase, which is essential for detoxifying glutamate. Next, we directly examined astrocytes using transgenic mice in which glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) drives expression of enhanced green fluorescence protein (EGFP) and show that glutamate excitotoxicity caused a decrease in GFAP-EGFP and that EDAC protected against this loss. This was examined further in the oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD) model of ischemia, where EDAC caused an increase in astrocytic process branching, resulting in an increase in GFAP-EGFP. Using SOX10-EGFP reporter mice, we show that the acute response of oligodendrocytes to OGD in hippocampal slices is a marked loss of their processes and EDAC protected oligodendrocytes against this damage.
CONCLUSION
This study provides evidence that EDAC is cytoprotective against ischemia and glutamate excitotoxicity by modulating astrocyte responses and stimulating their glutamate homeostatic mechanisms.
Topics: Rats; Mice; Animals; Glutamic Acid; Astrocytes; Rats, Wistar; Methylene Chloride; Hippocampus; Ischemia; Mice, Transgenic; Oxygen; Plant Extracts; Homeostasis; Oligodendroglia; Seeds
PubMed: 37170258
DOI: 10.1186/s12906-023-03959-0 -
Brazilian Journal of Biology = Revista... 2023The olive leaf extract and olive leaf indicated a high potential for application in food additives and foodstuffs. It could be these bio-products useful and important in...
The olive leaf extract and olive leaf indicated a high potential for application in food additives and foodstuffs. It could be these bio-products useful and important in condition therapy related with oxidative stress and can use it to develop functional foods and to improve the food's shelf life. The olive leaf chemical composition of Oleaeuropaea L. grown from eljouf in Saudi Arabia, using solvents of increasing polarity cyclohexane, dichloromethane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, methanol and ethanol was determined using by GC/MS. Furthermore, the antioxidant activity (diphenylpicrylhydrazyl (DPPH), anti-aging, and anti-tuberculosis of olive leaf extracts were evaluated. The results indicated that extract of Oleaeuropaea L. has a considerable contains in polyphenols (hydroxytyrosol, oleuropein and their derivatives) regarding its antioxidant effects, the major components were detected by GC/MS in Olea dichloromethane extract are Hexadecanoic acid (15.82%), 7(4Dimethylaminophenyl)3,3,12trimethyl3,12dihydro6 Hpyrano[2,3c]acridin 6 one (11.21%), and in Olea chloroform extract are Hexatriacontane (12.68%), nTetratr iacontane (10.95%). The results concluded that the plant extract of chloroform showed no anti-aging activities and the lower anti-aging activities for cyclohexane extract, while, the Olea dichloromethane extract was the most active extract. The obtained data confirmed that the most active extract of anti-tubercolisis was for chloroform and ethyl acetate extract, while, anti-tubercolisis activity of ethanolic extract was the lower. The extract amount as well as the solvent polarity influence the inhibitory activity. A favorable connection was demonstrated inter alia the leaf extracts antioxidant activity and the content of total phenol.
Topics: Antioxidants; Olea; Chloroform; Methylene Chloride; Saudi Arabia; Plant Extracts; Plant Leaves
PubMed: 37132677
DOI: 10.1590/1519-6984.270885 -
Environmental Science & Technology May 2023Consumer products are important sources of exposure to harmful chemicals. Product composition is often a mystery to users, however, due to gaps in the laws governing...
Consumer products are important sources of exposure to harmful chemicals. Product composition is often a mystery to users, however, due to gaps in the laws governing ingredient disclosure. A unique data set that the California Air Resources Board (CARB) uses to determine how volatile organic chemicals (VOCs) from consumer products affect smog formation holds a partial solution. By analyzing CARB data on VOCs in consumer products, we identified and quantified emissions of volatile chemicals regulated under the California Safe Drinking Water and Toxic Enforcement Act ("Prop 65"). We here highlight individual chemicals as well as consumer product categories that people are likely to be exposed to as individual consumers, in the workplace, and at the population level. Of the 33 Prop 65-listed chemicals that appear in the CARB emissions inventory, we classified 18 as "top tier priorities for elimination". Among these, methylene chloride and -methyl-2-pyrrolidone were most prevalent in products across all three population groups. Of 172 consumer product categories, 105 contained Prop 65-listed chemicals. Although these chemicals are known carcinogens and reproductive/developmental toxicants, they remain in widespread use. Manufacturers and regulators should prioritize product categories containing Prop 65-listed chemicals for reformulation or redesign to reduce human exposures and associated health risks.
Topics: Humans; Environmental Exposure; Volatile Organic Compounds; Carcinogens; Hazardous Substances; Reproduction
PubMed: 37129244
DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c07247 -
Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer... Apr 2023Houttuynia cordata Thunb (HCT) is a medicinal herb used in Southeast Asia. Aim of this work: This study aimed at investigating the cytotoxicity of this plant extract and...
BACKGROUND
Houttuynia cordata Thunb (HCT) is a medicinal herb used in Southeast Asia. Aim of this work: This study aimed at investigating the cytotoxicity of this plant extract and fractions towards human breast cancer MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 cells. HCT's phytoactive compounds are determined.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Cell viability was determined by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. The mode of cell death was measured by staining with annexin V-FITC and propidium iodide (PI) employing flow cytometry technique. The oxidative stress was measured by using 2',7'-dihydrodichlorofluorescein diacetate (DCFH-DA) and dihydroethidium (DHE+) fluorescent probes and using a fluorescence microplate reader. HCT phytochemicals were characterized by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC).
RESULTS
The proliferation of MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 cells was dramatically decreased by the crude extract and individual fraction of HCT. Ethyl acetate was the solvent fraction with the highest toxicity against MCF-7 cells, followed by dichloromethane, crude, and hexane fractions, respectively, whereas in MDA-MB231 cells, dichloromethane, crude, hexane, and ethyl acetate fractions each had the strongest impact, respectively. The methanol fraction had no effect on either cell line up to 200 μg/ml. The extract and fractions were less harmful to the NIH3T3 normal murine fibroblast cell line. The mode of both cell death was apoptosis evidenced by the increase of cell population stained with annexin V-FITC and PI. The fluorescence probes of both DCFH-DA and DHE in MDA-MB-231 cell line were enhanced. Phenolic acids included chlorogenic acid (CA), gallic acid (GA), transcoumaric acid (TCA), vanillic acid (VA), and syringic acid (SA), as well as flavonoids like quercetin and rutin, were identified as the active phytochemicals in the crude and fractions by using HPLC method.
CONCLUSION
MDA-MB-231cells underwent apoptosis via oxidative stress when induced with HCT hexane fraction. Phenolic acids and flavonoids were identified in HCT's extract and fractions.
Topics: Humans; Animals; Mice; Female; Breast Neoplasms; Houttuynia; Hexanes; Cell Line, Tumor; Methylene Chloride; NIH 3T3 Cells; Plant Extracts; Apoptosis; Flavonoids; Phytochemicals
PubMed: 37116149
DOI: 10.31557/APJCP.2023.24.4.1265 -
International Journal of Molecular... Apr 2023Pollution with organic dyes is one of the most typical environmental problems related to industrial wastewater. The removal of these dyes opens up new prospects for...
Pollution with organic dyes is one of the most typical environmental problems related to industrial wastewater. The removal of these dyes opens up new prospects for environmental remediation, but the design of sustainable and inexpensive systems for water purification is a fundamental challenge. This paper reports the synthesis of novel fortified hydrogels that can bind and remove organic dyes from aqueous solutions. These hydrophilic conetworks consist of chemically modified poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG-m) and multifunctional cellulose macromonomers ("cellu-mers"). Williamson etherification with 4-vinylbenzyl chloride (4-VBC) is used to modify PEGs of different molecular masses (1, 5, 6, and 10 kDa) and cellobiose, Sigmacell, or Technocell™ T-90 cellulose (products derived from natural renewable resources) with polymerizable/crosslinkable moieties. The networks are formed with good (75%) to excellent (96%) yields. They show good swelling and have good mechanical properties according to rheological tests. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) reveals that cellulose fibers are visibly embedded into the inner hydrogel structure. The ability to bind and remove organic dyes, such as bromophenol blue (BPB), methylene blue (MB), and crystal violet (CV), from aqueous solutions hints at the potential of the new cellulosic hydrogels for environmental cleanup and clean water safeguarding.
Topics: Polyethylene Glycols; Hydrogels; Cellulose; Water; Coloring Agents; Environmental Restoration and Remediation; Water Pollutants, Chemical; Adsorption
PubMed: 37108723
DOI: 10.3390/ijms24087558