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Translational Animal Science 2024This experiment compared narasin and monensin as anticoccidials for calves naturally infected with spp. Twenty-four weaned, non-castrated male calves ( × cross)...
This experiment compared narasin and monensin as anticoccidials for calves naturally infected with spp. Twenty-four weaned, non-castrated male calves ( × cross) were assigned to this experiment (days -8 to 42). All calves were infected by spp. according to oocyst count per gram () from fecal samples collected on days -8 and -7 (average 1,059 ± 101 oocysts/g). Calves were housed in individual pens, received corn silage, mineral mix, and water for ad libitum consumption, in addition to a grain-based supplement at 200 g/head daily. Fecal samples were collected on days -2 and -1 for OPG, and results averaged as initial OPG value. Calves were blocked according to initial OPG into eight blocks of three calves each, ranked within each block according to body weight () recorded on day -1, and assigned to receive narasin ( 0.8 mg/kg of BW), monensin ( 1 mg/kg of BW), or no ionophore (; negative control). Ionophores were added to the grain-based supplement, and offered from days 0 to 42 of the experiment. Calf BW was recorded on days 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, and 42. Fecal samples were collected on days 6 and 7, 13 and 14, 20 and 21, 26 and 27, 34 and 35, and 41 and 42 for OPG analysis, and results from samples collected on consecutive days were averaged. Aliquoted fecal samples were also pooled across calves from the same treatment and collection days, and used to determine the prevalence of individual species of . No treatment effects were detected (≥ 0.51) for calf BW or growth rate. A treatment × day interaction was detected (< 0.01) for OPG, as NAR and MON calves had less (< 0.01) OPG compared with CON calves beginning on day 7. The OPG was also less (≤ 0.03) in MON compared with NAR calves on days 7, 14, and 28, but did not differ (≥ 0.48) on days 21, 35, and 42. The anticoccidial efficacy of NAR and MON did not differ (≥ 0.16) when calculated across all spp., or according to prevalence of and . A treatment × day interaction was detected (= 0.04) for anticoccidial efficacy to , which was greater (< 0.01) in MON calves on days 7 and 14 and did not differ (≥ 0.40) afterward. Collectively, both ionophores were similarly effective in controlling coccidiosis upon completion of the 42-d study, although the anticoccidial effects of monensin were noted earlier in the experiment. Nonetheless, these results corroborate narasin as an efficient anticoccidial ionophore for naturally infected calves.
PubMed: 38800106
DOI: 10.1093/tas/txae069 -
Toxics May 2024The use of wetlands as a treatment approach for nitrogen in runoff is a common practice in agroecosystems. However, nitrate is not the sole constituent present in...
The use of wetlands as a treatment approach for nitrogen in runoff is a common practice in agroecosystems. However, nitrate is not the sole constituent present in agricultural runoff and other biologically active contaminants have the potential to affect nitrate removal efficiency. In this study, the impacts of the combined effects of four common veterinary antibiotics (chlortetracycline, sulfamethazine, lincomycin, monensin) on nitrate-N treatment efficiency in saturated sediments and wetlands were evaluated in a coupled microcosm/mesocosm scale experiment. Veterinary antibiotics were hypothesized to significantly impact nitrogen speciation (e.g., nitrate and ammonium) and nitrogen uptake and transformation processes (e.g., plant uptake and denitrification) within the wetland ecosystems. To test this hypothesis, the coupled study had three objectives: 1. assess veterinary antibiotic impact on nitrogen cycle processes in wetland sediments using microcosm incubations, 2. measure nitrate-N reduction in water of floating treatment wetland systems over time following the introduction of veterinary antibiotic residues, and 3. identify the fate of veterinary antibiotics in floating treatment wetlands using mesocosms. Microcosms containing added mixtures of the veterinary antibiotics had little to no effect at lower concentrations but stimulated denitrification potential rates at higher concentrations. Based on observed changes in the nitrogen loss in the microcosm experiments, floating treatment wetland mesocosms were enriched with 1000 μg L of the antibiotic mixture. Rates of nitrate-N loss observed in mesocosms with the veterinary antibiotic enrichment were consistent with the microcosm experiments in that denitrification was not inhibited, even at the high dosage. In the mesocosm experiments, average nitrate-N removal rates were not found to be impacted by the veterinary antibiotics. Further, veterinary antibiotics were primarily found in the roots of the floating treatment wetland biomass, accumulating approximately 190 mg m of the antibiotic mixture. These findings provide new insight into the impact that veterinary antibiotic mixtures may have on nutrient management strategies for large-scale agricultural operations and the potential for veterinary antibiotic removal in these wetlands.
PubMed: 38787125
DOI: 10.3390/toxics12050346 -
Materials Today. Bio Jun 2024Diabetic foot ulcer (DFU) is a highly morbid complication in patients with diabetes mellitus, necessitating the development of innovative pharmaceuticals to address...
Diabetic foot ulcer (DFU) is a highly morbid complication in patients with diabetes mellitus, necessitating the development of innovative pharmaceuticals to address unmet medical needs. Sodium ion (Na) is a well-established mediator for membrane potential and osmotic equilibrium. Recently, Na transporters have been identified as a functional regulator of regeneration. However, the role of Na in the intricate healing process of mammalian wounds remains elusive. Here, we found that the skin wounds in hyponatremic mice display a hard-to-heal phenotype. Na ionophores that were employed to increase intracellular Na content could facilitate keratinocyte proliferation and migration, and promote angiogenesis, exhibiting diverse biological activities. Among of them, monensin A emerges as a promising agent for accelerating the healing dynamics of skin wounds in diabetes. Mechanistically, the elevated mitochondrial Na decelerates inner mitochondrial membrane fluidity, instigating the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which is identified as a critical effector on the monensin A-induced improvement of wound healing. Concurrently, Na ionophores replenish H to the mitochondrial matrix, causing an enhancement of mitochondrial energy metabolism to support productive wound healing programs. Our study unfolds a new role of Na, which is a pivotal determinant in wound healing. Furthermore, it directs a roadmap for developing Na ionophores as innovative pharmaceuticals for treating chronic dermal wounds in diabetic patients.
PubMed: 38660474
DOI: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2024.101056 -
Poultry Science Apr 2024This study investigated the effects of the early administration of enrofloxacin (E) or doxycycline (D) for the first 5 consecutive days of life, or the continuous...
This study investigated the effects of the early administration of enrofloxacin (E) or doxycycline (D) for the first 5 consecutive days of life, or the continuous administration of the coccidiostat monensin (M) throughout the rearing period on gastrointestinal function in turkeys infected with avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) in an early or later stage of rearing. Experiment 1 lasted 21 d, and turkeys in groups E, D, and M were infected with APEC on d 15. Experiment 2 lasted 56 d, and it had a factorial arrangement of treatments where birds in groups E, D, and M were infected with APEC on d 15 or d 50. In both experiments, control groups (C) consisted of infected and uninfected birds without antibiotic or coccidiostat administration. On d 21 (Experiment 1) and d 56 (Experiment 2), 8 birds from each subgroup were killed, and the ileal and cecal digesta were sampled to analyze the activity of bacterial enzymes and the concentrations of short-chain fatty acids (SCFA). The experimental treatments did not affect the final body weight or body weight gain of birds. Both experiments demonstrated that APEC contributed to an increase in ammonia levels of the cecal digesta (means from 2 experiments: 0.311 vs. 0.225 mg/g in uninfected birds) and ileal pH (6.79 vs. 6.00) and viscosity (2.43 vs. 1.83 mPa⋅s). Moreover, the E. coli challenge enhanced the extracellular activity of several cecal bacterial enzymes, especially in older turkeys infected with APEC in a later stage of life. The continuous administration of monensin throughout the rearing period resulted in a weaker gastrointestinal response in older birds, compared with the other 2 antibiotics administered for the first 5 d of life. The results of the study are inconclusive as both desirable and undesirable effects of preventive early short-term antibiotic therapy were observed in turkeys, including normalization of ileal viscosity and cecal ammonia concentration (positive effect), and disruption in cecal SCFA production (negative effect).
PubMed: 38652949
DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2024.103720 -
Journal of Dairy Science May 2024Heifers (n = 40) were randomly allocated to 5 treatment groups: (1) control (no additives); (2) virginiamycin (VM; 200 mg/d); (3) monensin (MT; 200 mg/d) + tylosin (110...
Heifers (n = 40) were randomly allocated to 5 treatment groups: (1) control (no additives); (2) virginiamycin (VM; 200 mg/d); (3) monensin (MT; 200 mg/d) + tylosin (110 mg/d); (4) monensin (MLY; 220 mg/d) + live yeast (5.0 × 10 cfu/d); (5) sodium bicarbonate (BUF; 200 g/d) + magnesium oxide (30 g/d).
PubMed: 38637063
DOI: 10.3168/jds.2024-107-5-3336 -
Frontiers in Veterinary Science 2024Feed additives such as monensin (MON) and virginiamycin (VM) are commonly utilized in feedlot diets to enhance rumen fermentation. Nevertheless, the precise effects of...
Feed additives such as monensin (MON) and virginiamycin (VM) are commonly utilized in feedlot diets to enhance rumen fermentation. Nevertheless, the precise effects of combining MON and VM during specific feedlot periods and the advantages of this combination remain unclear. This study was designed to investigate the effects of withdrawal of MON when associated with VM during the adaptation and finishing periods on ruminal metabolism, feeding behavior, and nutrient digestibility in Nellore cattle. The experimental design was a 5 × 5 Latin square, where each period lasted 28 days. Five rumen-cannulated Nellore yearling bulls were used (414,86 ± 21,71 kg of body weight), which were assigned to five treatments: (1) MON during the entire feeding period; (2) VM during the entire feeding period; (3) MON + VM during the adaptation period and only VM during the finishing period 1 and 2; (4) MON + VM during the entire feeding period; (5) MON + VM during the adaptation and finishing period 1 and only VM during the finishing period 2. For the finishing period 1, animals fed T3 had improved potential degradability of dry matter ( = 0.02). Cattle fed T3 and T5 had the highest crude protein degradability when compared to animals receiving T2 ( = 0.01). Animals fed T2 and T3 had reduced the time ( < 0.01) and area under pH 6.2 ( = 0.02). Moreover, animals fed T4 had greater population of protozoa from the genus ( = 0.04) when compared to those from animals fed T2, T3 and T5. For the finishing period 2, animals fed T3 had greater starch degradability when compared to animals receiving T4 and T5 ( = 0.04). Animals fed T3, T4 and T5 had increased the duration of time in which pH was below 5.6 ( = 0.03). The area under the curve for ruminal pH 5.2 and pH 5.6 was higher for the animals fed T3 ( = 0.01), and the area under pH 6.2 was higher for the animals fed T3 and T5 ( < 0.01) when compared to animals receiving T2. There is no substantial improvement on the rumen fermentation parameters by the concurrent utilization of MON and VM molecules, where the higher starch and protein degradability did not improve the rumen fermentation.
PubMed: 38605925
DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1325198 -
Translational Animal Science 2024Meta-analyses were performed to quantitatively summarize the effects of monensin on in vivo methane (CH4) production in beef cattle, and differentiate these outcomes...
Meta-analyses were performed to quantitatively summarize the effects of monensin on in vivo methane (CH4) production in beef cattle, and differentiate these outcomes according to dietary management, dose of monensin, and length of monensin supplementation. Data from 11 manuscripts describing 20 individual studies were used, and CH4 was converted to g/d when required. Studies were classified according to dose of monensin (mg/kg of diet dry matter), length of monensin supplementation prior to the last CH4 measurement, feeding management (ad libitum vs. limited-fed), and diet profile (high-forage or high-concentrate diets). Variance among studies were assessed using a χ² test of heterogeneity and calculated using statistics. The inclusion of monensin decreased (< 0.01) CH4 production by 17.5 g/d when all studies were analyzed together. A moderate (< 0.01) heterogeneity ( = 55%) was detected for CH4 production estimates between studies; thus, meta-analyses were performed within classes. The reduction in CH4 differed (< 0.01) according to dose of monensin, as it decreased (< 0.01) by 25.6 g/d when the high recommended dose range was used (32 to 44 mg/kg), and tended to decrease (≤ 0.07) by 9.7 and 13.5 g/d when the moderate (≤31 mg/kg) and above recommended (≥45 mg/kg) doses were used, respectively. The reduction in CH4 also differed (< 0.01) according to the length of monensin supplementation. Monensin decreased (≤ 0.05) CH4 production by 24.3 g/d when supplemented for <15 d, by 15.4 g/d when supplemented from 23 to 33 d, by 24.3 g/d when supplemented from 52 to 79 d, and tended to decrease (= 0.06) CH4 production by 3.21 g/d when supplemented from 94 to 161 d. The reduction in CH4 did not differ (= 0.37) according to diet profile, despite a 30% difference in reduction when monensin was added to high-forage (20.89 g/d) compared with high-concentrate diets (14.6 g/d). The reduction in CH4 tended to differ according to feeding management (= 0.08), decreasing by 22.9 g/d (< 0.01) when monensin was added to diets offered ad libitum, and by 11.5 g/d (= 0.05) in limit-fed diets. Collectively, this study provides novel insights and further corroborates monensin as CH4 mitigation strategy in beef cattle operations. The most effective responses were observed during the first 79 d of monensin supplementation, and when monensin was included between 32 to 44 mg/kg of diet, was added to high-forage diets, and added to diets fed ad libitum.
PubMed: 38595989
DOI: 10.1093/tas/txae032 -
Heliyon Mar 2024This in vitro batch culture study investigated the effects of red osier dogwood (ROD) extract supplementation on gas production (GP), dry matter disappearance (DMD), and...
This in vitro batch culture study investigated the effects of red osier dogwood (ROD) extract supplementation on gas production (GP), dry matter disappearance (DMD), and fermentation characteristics in high forage (HF) and high grain (HG) diets with varying media pH level. The experiment was a factorial arrangement of treatments in a completely randomized design with 2 media pH (5.8 and 6.5) × 4 dose rates of ROD extract (0, 1, 3, and 5% of DM substrate). An additional treatment of monensin was added as a positive control for each pH level. The HF substrate consisted of 400 and 600 g/kg DM barley-based concentrate and barley silage, respectively, while the HG substrate contained 100 and 900 g/kg DM barley silage and barley-based concentrate, respectively. Treatments were incubated for 24 h with GP, DMD and fermentation parameters determined. No interaction was detected between the media pH level and ROD extract dose rate on GP, DMD and most of the fermentation parameters. The GP, DMD, and total volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentration were greater (P = 0.01) with media pH of 6.5 in both HF and HG diets. The GP were not affected by increasing ROD dose rate, except that GP linearly decreased in the HF (P = 0.04) and HG (P = 0.01) diets at 24 h; the DMD tended to linearly decrease at pH 6.5 (P = 0.06) for both HF and HG diets and at pH 5.8 (P = 0.02) for the HG diet. Adding ROD extract to the HF and HG diets linearly (P = 0.01) increased the acetate molar proportion at high or low media pH and consequently, the acetate to propionate (A:P) ratio linearly (P ≤ 0.04) increased. Supplementation of ROD extract to the HF diet linearly (P = 0.04) decreased the molar proportion of propionate at pH 6.5 (interaction between pH and ROD extract; P = 0.05), but had no effect on propionate proportion when added to the HG diet. Moreover, the proportion of branched-chain fatty acids linearly (P = 0.03) decreased with ROD extract supplementation at low pH (interaction, P < 0.05) for HF diet and linearly decreased (P = 0.05) at pH 6.5 for HG diet (interaction, P < 0.05). The NH-N concentration was not affected by ROD supplementation in the HF diet but it linearly (P = 0.01) decreased with increasing dose rate in the HG diet. Methane concentration tended to linearly (P = 0.06) increase with ROD extract supplementation at high pH for HF diet and linearly increased at pH 5.8 (P = 0.06) and pH 6.5 (P = 0.02) for HG diet. These results indicate that the decreased DMD and increased A:P ratio observed with addition of ROD extract may be beneficial to HG-fed cattle to reduce the risk of rumen acidosis without negatively impacting fiber digestion.
PubMed: 38524609
DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e27991 -
JDS Communications Mar 2024Our previously published companion papers demonstrated improved production performance and energetic metabolism in cows fed diets with increased propiogenic potential in...
Our previously published companion papers demonstrated improved production performance and energetic metabolism in cows fed diets with increased propiogenic potential in early lactation. Study objectives were to further explore effects of dietary starch content and monensin on hepatic gene expression of key enzymes related to gluconeogenesis and fatty acid metabolism in early lactation. From d 1 to 21 postpartum, primiparous (n = 16) and multiparous (n = 33) Holstein cows were fed a high (HS; 26.2% starch, 34.3% neutral detergent fiber, 22.7% acid detergent fiber, 15.5% crude protein) or low (LS; 21.5% starch, 36.9% neutral detergent fiber, 25.2% acid detergent fiber, 15.4% crude protein) starch diet with a daily topdress containing either 0 (Con) or 450 mg/d monensin (Mon). Cows were randomly assigned to treatment. Liver biopsies were obtained from cows on d 7 postpartum for DNA and RNA quantification and mRNA expression analysis. In primiparous cows, Mon supplementation decreased expression relative to controls, whereas in multiparous cows Mon increased its expression. Cows fed HS and Mon tended to have decreased expression relative to cows fed HS and Con. In multiparous cows, Mon supplementation tended to increase and expression relative to controls. Correlation analysis was performed for all gene expression variables. Overall, relationships were similar in directionality and magnitude between cows fed HS and LS and Con and Mon. However, for cows fed Con there was a positive relationship between and and and , whereas for cows fed Mon there was no relationship. There was a similar lack of relationship between and for cows fed HS. Overall, results support changes in performance and energetic metabolism reported in our companion papers, indicating that cows fed diets of different starch content in early lactation with Mon supplementation throughout the transition period had alterations in hepatic gene expression consistent with increased hepatic propionate supply.
PubMed: 38482127
DOI: 10.3168/jdsc.2023-0430 -
Poultry Science May 2024This study compared 2 herbal anticoccidiosis drugs (water-soluble and feed-additive drugs) with monensin coccidiostat, toltrazuril (TTZ, anticoccidiosis drug), and... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study
This study compared 2 herbal anticoccidiosis drugs (water-soluble and feed-additive drugs) with monensin coccidiostat, toltrazuril (TTZ, anticoccidiosis drug), and Livacox Q (anticoccidiosis vaccine) in terms of their effects on the prevention and treatment of coccidiosis in broilers. In this study, 280 Ross 308 broiler chickens (a mix of both genders) were used in a completely randomized design with 7 treatments and 5 replications each including 8 chickens per replicate. On d 21 of rearing, all experimental groups, except for the negative control group (NC), were challenged with a mixed suspension of common strains of Eimeria, and the intended indices were assessed, including performance indices, number of oocysts per gram (OPG) of feces, intestinal injuries, and the total number of intestinal bacteria. In addition, the NC and the group receiving the monensin had greater body weight gain (BWG) (P < 0.05). At the end of week 6, the monensin group had the highest feed intake (FI), while the water soluble medicine treatment resulted in the lowest feed intake (P < 0.05). Regarding the lesion scores on day 28, the highest and lowest rates of jejunal injuries were observed in the positive control group (PC), the monensin and vaccine group respectively. The rate of oocysts excretion (oocysts per gram of feces = OPG) on different days was higher in the PC group, and the use of monensin could further reduce excretion compared to the other groups (P > 0.05). Based on a comparison of the population of lactic acid bacteria between the NC and both medicinal plant treated groups, the use of these products could increase the population of these types of bacteria. Moreover, the population of Escherichia coli was less considerable in the NC and herbal powder groups (P < 0.05). Overall, similar to commercial medicines, the herbal medicines used in this project can be effective in the prevention and treatment of coccidiosis and can improve profitability in broiler rearing centers by improving intestinal health.
Topics: Animals; Coccidiosis; Chickens; Coccidiostats; Poultry Diseases; Triazines; Animal Feed; Male; Protozoan Vaccines; Eimeria; Female; Diet; Random Allocation; Dietary Supplements
PubMed: 38471232
DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2024.103596