-
Bulletin of Mathematical Biology Jun 2024How viral infections develop can change based on the number of viruses initially entering the body. The understanding of the impacts of infection doses remains...
How viral infections develop can change based on the number of viruses initially entering the body. The understanding of the impacts of infection doses remains incomplete, in part due to challenging constraints, and a lack of research. Gaining more insights is crucial regarding the measles virus (MV). The higher the MV infection dose, the earlier the peak of acute viremia, but the magnitude of the peak viremia remains almost constant. Measles is highly contagious, causes immunosuppression such as lymphopenia, and contributes substantially to childhood morbidity and mortality. This work investigated mechanisms underlying the observed wild-type measles infection dose responses in cynomolgus monkeys. We fitted longitudinal data on viremia using maximum likelihood estimation, and used the Akaike Information Criterion (AIC) to evaluate relevant biological hypotheses and their respective model parameterizations. The lowest AIC indicates a linear relationship between the infection dose, the initial viral load, and the initial number of activated MV-specific T cells. Early peak viremia is associated with high initial number of activated MV-specific T cells. Thus, when MV infection dose increases, the initial viremia and associated immune cell stimulation increase, and reduce the time it takes for T cell killing to be sufficient, thereby allowing dose-independent peaks for viremia, MV-specific T cells, and lymphocyte depletion. Together, these results suggest that the development of measles depends on virus-host interactions at the start and the efficiency of viral control by cellular immunity. These relationships are additional motivations for prevention, vaccination, and early treatment for measles.
Topics: Measles; Animals; Viremia; Measles virus; Mathematical Concepts; Viral Load; Macaca fascicularis; Likelihood Functions; Humans; Models, Immunological; Models, Biological; T-Lymphocytes; Lymphocyte Activation
PubMed: 38853189
DOI: 10.1007/s11538-024-01305-0 -
Veterinaria Italiana Dec 2023Emerging and re-emerging viral diseases shared between wildlife and domestic animals are continually spreading to new geographic locations, influenced by human...
Emerging and re-emerging viral diseases shared between wildlife and domestic animals are continually spreading to new geographic locations, influenced by human activities and environmental change. Canine distemper (CD) is probably one of the best examples of a disease that has been proved to be capable of compromising the conservation of several wild carnivore species. In this article, we describe a case report of CD in a grey wolf (Canis lupus) in Iran. A grey wolf was found in Fars Province close to Bamou national park. Clinical signs were characterized by neurologic signs, muscle twitching, hyperkeratosis of the footpads and nose and keratoconjunctivitis sicca. After the death of the animal, samples were taken from different organs and sent to collaborator laboratory of Fars Provincial Office of Veterinary Organization. RT-PCR assays confirmed canine distemper virus in the grey wolf. This is the first documented report of canine distemper virus in wild species from Fars Province of Iran.
Topics: Animals; Iran; Wolves; Distemper Virus, Canine; Distemper; Male
PubMed: 38828858
DOI: 10.12834/VetIt.3067.20864.2 -
Euro Surveillance : Bulletin Europeen... May 2024A measles outbreak with 51 cases occurred in the canton of Vaud, Switzerland, between January and March 2024. The outbreak was triggered by an imported case, and 37...
A measles outbreak with 51 cases occurred in the canton of Vaud, Switzerland, between January and March 2024. The outbreak was triggered by an imported case, and 37 (72.5%) subsequent cases were previously vaccinated individuals. Epidemiological investigations showed that vaccinated measles cases were symptomatic and infectious. In a highly vaccinated population, it is important to raise awareness among healthcare professionals to suspect and test for measles virus when an outbreak is declared, irrespective of the vaccination status of the patients.
Topics: Humans; Measles; Switzerland; Disease Outbreaks; Measles Vaccine; Vaccination; Male; Female; Adult; Adolescent; Child; Measles virus; Child, Preschool; Young Adult; Infant
PubMed: 38818746
DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2024.29.22.2400275 -
Frontiers in Veterinary Science 2024Peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV) is a morbillivirus that causes the acute and highly pathogenic infectious disease peste des petits ruminants (PPR) in small...
Peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV) is a morbillivirus that causes the acute and highly pathogenic infectious disease peste des petits ruminants (PPR) in small ruminants and poses a major threat to the goat and sheep industries. Currently, there is no effective treatment for PPRV infection. Here, we propose Carboplatin, a platinum-based regimen designed to treat a range of malignancies, as a potential antiviral agent. We showed that Carboplatin exhibits significant antiviral activity against PPRV in a cell culture model. The mechanism of action of Carboplatin against PPRV is mainly attributed to its ability to block STING mediated autophagy. Together, our study supports the discovery of Carboplatin as an antiviral against PPRV and potentially other closely related viruses, sheds light on its mode of action, and establishes STING as a valid and attractive target to counteract viral infection.
PubMed: 38812563
DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1383927 -
Open Veterinary Journal Apr 2024Canine distemper (CD) is a worldwide spread disease that has been described in 12 families of mammals, especially in the Carnivora order, being better studied in...
BACKGROUND
Canine distemper (CD) is a worldwide spread disease that has been described in 12 families of mammals, especially in the Carnivora order, being better studied in domestic canines where vaccination represents the best means of control. CD is controlled by vaccination, but many cases of the disease still occur in vaccinated animals.
AIM
The aim of this work was to study antigen-specific epitopes that can subsidize the development of a new vaccine approach.
METHODS
Mapping of T cell reactive epitopes for CD virus (CDV) was carried out through enzyme-linked immunospot assays using 119 overlapped synthetic peptides from the viral hemagglutinin protein, grouped in 22 pools forming a matrix to test the immune response of 32 animals.
RESULTS
Evaluations using the criteria established to identify reactive pools, demonstrated that 26 animals presented at least one reactive pool, that one pool was not reactive to any animal, and six pools were the most frequent among the reactive peptides. The crisscrossing of the most reactive pools in the matrix revealed nine peptides considered potential candidate epitopes for T cell stimulation against the CDV and those were used to design an protein, containing also predicted epitopes for B cell stimulation, and further analyzed using immune epitope databases to ensure protein quality and stability.
CONCLUSION
The final optimized protein presents characteristics that qualify it to be used to develop a new prototype epitope-based anti-CDV vaccine.
Topics: Distemper Virus, Canine; Animals; Distemper; Epitope Mapping; Dogs; Viral Vaccines; Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte; Enzyme-Linked Immunospot Assay
PubMed: 38808294
DOI: 10.5455/OVJ.2024.v14.i4.9 -
BMC Veterinary Research May 2024Peste des Petits Ruminants (PPR) is a world organization for animal health (WOAH) notifiable and economically important transboundary, highly communicable viral disease...
BACKGROUND
Peste des Petits Ruminants (PPR) is a world organization for animal health (WOAH) notifiable and economically important transboundary, highly communicable viral disease of small ruminants. PPR virus (PPRV) belongs to the genus Morbillivirus of the family Paramyxoviridae.
AIM
The present cross-sectional epidemiological investigation was accomplished to estimate the apparent prevalence and identify the risk factors linked with peste des petits ruminants (PPR) in the previously neglected northern border regions of Pakistan.
METHOD
A total of 1300 samples (serum = 328; swabs = 972) from 150 flocks/herds were compiled from sheep (n = 324), goats (n = 328), cattle (n = 324), and buffaloes (n = 324) during 2020-2021 and tested using ELISA for detection of viral antibody in sera or antigen in swabs.
RESULTS
An overall apparent prevalence of 38.7% (504 samples) and an estimated true prevalence (calculated by the Rogan and Gladen estimator) of 41.0% (95% CI, 38.0-44 were recorded in the target regions. The highest apparent prevalence of 53.4% (85 samples) and the true prevalence of 57.0%, 95% Confidence Interval (CI) were documented in the Gilgit district and the lowest apparent prevalence of 53 (25.1%) and the true prevalence of 26.0%, 95% Confidence Interval (CI), 19.0-33.0) was reported in the Swat district. A questionnaire was designed to collect data about associated risk factors that were put into a univariable logistic regression to decrease the non-essential assumed risk dynamics with a P-value of 0.25. ArcGIS, 10.8.1 was used to design hotspot maps and MedCalc's online statistical software was used to calculate Odds Ratio (OR). Some of the risk factors significantly different (P < 0.05) in the multivariable logistic regression were flock/herd size, farming methods, nomadic animal movement, and outbreaks of PPR. The odds of large-sized flocks/herds were 1.7 (OR = 1.79; 95% Confidence Interval (CI) = 0.034-91.80%) times more likely to be positive than small-sized. The odds of transhumance and nomadic systems were 1.1 (OR = 1.15; 95% Confidence Interval (CI) = 0.022-58.64%) and 1.0 (OR = 1.02; 95% Confidence Interval (CI) = 0.020-51.97%) times more associated to be positive than sedentary and mixed farming systems, respectively. The odds of nomadic animal movement in the area was 0.7 (OR = 0.57; 95% Confidence Interval (CI) = 0.014-38.06%) times more associated to be positive than in areas where no nomadic movement was observed. In addition, the odds of an outbreak of PPR in the area were 1.0 (OR = 1.00; 95% Confidence Interval (CI) = 0.018-46.73%) times more associated to be positive than in areas where no outbreak of PPR was observed.
CONCLUSIONS
It was concluded that many northern regions considered endemic for PPR, large and small ruminants are kept and reared together making numerous chances for virus transmission dynamic, so a big threats of disease spread exist in the region. The results of the present study would contribute to the global goal of controlling and eradicating PPR by 2030.
Topics: Animals; Pakistan; Peste-des-Petits-Ruminants; Risk Factors; Prevalence; Sheep; Cross-Sectional Studies; Goats; Goat Diseases; Sheep Diseases; Peste-des-petits-ruminants virus; Cattle; Buffaloes; Cattle Diseases; Antibodies, Viral
PubMed: 38790010
DOI: 10.1186/s12917-024-04033-8 -
Emerging Infectious Diseases Jun 2024Cetacean morbillivirus is an etiologic agent associated with strandings of live and dead cetacean species occurring sporadically or as epizootics worldwide. We report 2...
Cetacean morbillivirus is an etiologic agent associated with strandings of live and dead cetacean species occurring sporadically or as epizootics worldwide. We report 2 cases of cetacean morbillivirus in humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) in Brazil and describe the anatomopathological, immunohistochemical, and molecular characterization findings in the specimens.
Topics: Animals; Morbillivirus; Brazil; Morbillivirus Infections; Phylogeny; Humpback Whale
PubMed: 38781986
DOI: 10.3201/eid3006.231769 -
Veterinaria Italiana Mar 2024This study was conducted to estimate the seroprevalence of Peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV) and to determine the virus distribution in unvaccinated goats in the...
This study was conducted to estimate the seroprevalence of Peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV) and to determine the virus distribution in unvaccinated goats in the Pantnagar region of Uttarakhand state, India. A total of 212 serum samples from goats were collected randomly from various villages in three districts (Udhamsingh Nagar, Nainital, and Almora) of Uttarakhand. Serum samples were tested for anti-PPRV antibodies by a commercially available kit. RNA was extracted from the clinical samples and it was subjected to one-step RT-PCR, followed by virus isolation from positive samples. A total of 41 animals from various villages were found to be seropositive with a prevalence rate of 19.33%. PPR outbreaks were also reported from the Tarai region of Uttarakhand, and detection by PCR confirmed PPRV in 8 goats. Two representative swab samples were subjected to virus isolation in Vero cells and both samples showed typical cytopathic effects. The present study shows that PPRV is circulating in the Tarai region of Uttarakhand and mass vaccination for PPR must be followed in this region to increase herd immunity to a protective level. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first investigation of PPRV seroprevalence in unvaccinated goats of Uttarakhand, India.
Topics: Animals; Peste-des-Petits-Ruminants; India; Peste-des-petits-ruminants virus; Goats; Goat Diseases; Seroepidemiologic Studies
PubMed: 38757513
DOI: 10.12834/VetIt.2988.21721.3 -
Microbial Genomics May 2024Paramyxoviruses are a group of single-stranded, negative-sense RNA viruses, some of which are responsible for acute human disease, including parainfluenza virus, measles...
Paramyxoviruses are a group of single-stranded, negative-sense RNA viruses, some of which are responsible for acute human disease, including parainfluenza virus, measles virus, Nipah virus and Hendra virus. In recent years, a large number of novel paramyxoviruses, particularly members of the genus , have been discovered in wild mammals, suggesting that the diversity of paramyxoviruses may be underestimated. Here we used hemi-nested reverse transcription PCR to obtain 190 paramyxovirus sequences from 969 small mammals in Hubei Province, Central China. These newly identified paramyxoviruses were classified into four clades: genera , , and , with most of them belonging to the genus . Using Illumina sequencing and Sanger sequencing, we successfully recovered six near-full-length genomes with different genomic organizations, revealing the more complex genome content of paramyxoviruses. Co-divergence analysis of jeilongviruses and their known hosts indicates that host-switching occurred more frequently in the evolutionary histories of the genus . Together, our findings demonstrate the high prevalence of paramyxoviruses in small mammals, especially jeilongviruses, and highlight the diversity of paramyxoviruses and their genome content, as well as the evolution of jeilongviruses.
Topics: Paramyxovirinae; Paramyxoviridae Infections; Mammals; China; Phylogeny; Genome, Viral; Host Specificity
PubMed: 38700925
DOI: 10.1099/mgen.0.001229 -
BMC Veterinary Research Apr 2024Canine distemper virus (CDV) is a pathogen with the capability of cross-species transmission. It has crossed the species barrier to infect many other species, and its...
BACKGROUND
Canine distemper virus (CDV) is a pathogen with the capability of cross-species transmission. It has crossed the species barrier to infect many other species, and its host range is expanding. The reverse genetic platform, a useful tool for scientific research, allows the generation of recombinant viruses from genomic cDNA clones in vitro.
METHODS
To improve the reverse genetic system of CDV, a plasmid containing three independent expression cassettes was constructed for co-expression of the N, P, and L genes and then transfected with a full-length cDNA clone of CDV into Vero cells.
RESULTS
The results indicated that the established rescue system has the advantages of being more convenient, easy to control the transfection ratio, and high rescue efficiency compared with the conventional reverse genetics system.
CONCLUSION
This method not only reduces the number of transfection plasmids, but also improves the rescue efficiency of CDV, which could provide a reference for the recovery of other morbilliviruses.
Topics: Distemper Virus, Canine; Animals; Vero Cells; Chlorocebus aethiops; Plasmids; Transfection; Reverse Genetics; DNA, Complementary; Distemper
PubMed: 38678249
DOI: 10.1186/s12917-023-03830-x