-
PloS One 2024Saccadic eye movements enable us to search for the target of interest in a crowded scene or, in the case of goal-directed saccades, to simply bring the image of the...
Saccadic eye movements enable us to search for the target of interest in a crowded scene or, in the case of goal-directed saccades, to simply bring the image of the peripheral target to the very centre of the fovea. This mechanism extends the use of the superior image processing performance of the fovea over a large visual field. We know that visual information is processed quickly at the end of each saccade but estimates of the times involved remain controversial. This study aims to investigate the processing of visual information during post fixation oscillations of the eyeball. A new psychophysical test measures the combined eye movement response latencies, including fixation duration and visual processing times. When the test is used in conjunction with an eye tracker, each component that makes up the 'integrated saccade latency' time, from the onset of the peripheral stimulus to the correct interpretation of the information carried by the stimulus, can be measured and the discrete components delineated. The results show that the time required to process and encode the stimulus attribute of interest at the end of a saccade is longer than the time needed to carry out the same task in the absence of an eye movement. We propose two principal hypotheses, each of which can account for this finding. 1. The known inhibition of afferent retinal signals during fast eye movements extends beyond the end point of the saccade. 2. The extended visual processing times measured when saccades are involved are caused by the transient loss of spatial resolution due to eyeball instability during post-saccadic oscillations. The latter can best be described as retinal image smear with greater loss of spatial resolution expected for stimuli of low luminance contrast.
Topics: Humans; Saccades; Adult; Male; Female; Reaction Time; Visual Perception; Fixation, Ocular; Young Adult; Photic Stimulation; Visual Fields; Time Factors
PubMed: 38809939
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0302459 -
Early Eye Disengagement Is Regulated by Task Complexity and Task Repetition in Visual Tracking Task.Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) May 2024Understanding human actions often requires in-depth detection and interpretation of bio-signals. Early eye disengagement from the target (EEDT) represents a significant...
Understanding human actions often requires in-depth detection and interpretation of bio-signals. Early eye disengagement from the target (EEDT) represents a significant eye behavior that involves the proactive disengagement of the gazes from the target to gather information on the anticipated pathway, thereby enabling rapid reactions to the environment. It remains unknown how task difficulty and task repetition affect EEDT. We aim to provide direct evidence of how these factors influence EEDT. We developed a visual tracking task in which participants viewed arrow movement videos while their eye movements were tracked. The task complexity was increased by increasing movement steps. Every movement pattern was performed twice to assess the effect of repetition on eye movement. Participants were required to recall the movement patterns for recall accuracy evaluation and complete cognitive load assessment. EEDT was quantified by the fixation duration and frequency within the areas of eye before arrow. When task difficulty increased, we found the recall accuracy score decreased, the cognitive load increased, and EEDT decreased significantly. The EEDT was higher in the second trial, but significance only existed in tasks with lower complexity. EEDT was positively correlated with recall accuracy and negatively correlated with cognitive load. Performing EEDT was reduced by task complexity and increased by task repetition. EEDT may be a promising sensory measure for assessing task performance and cognitive load and can be used for the future development of eye-tracking-based sensors.
Topics: Humans; Male; Eye Movements; Female; Eye-Tracking Technology; Adult; Young Adult; Task Performance and Analysis; Cognition; Fixation, Ocular
PubMed: 38793839
DOI: 10.3390/s24102984 -
Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual... May 2024Post-saccadic oscillations (PSOs) reflect movements of gaze that result from motion of the pupil and lens relative to the eyeball rather than eyeball rotations. Here, we...
PURPOSE
Post-saccadic oscillations (PSOs) reflect movements of gaze that result from motion of the pupil and lens relative to the eyeball rather than eyeball rotations. Here, we analyzed the characteristics of PSOs in subjects with age-related macular degeneration (AMD), retinitis pigmentosa (RP), and normal vision (NV). Our aim was to assess the differences in PSOs between people with vision loss and healthy controls because PSOs affect retinal image stability after each saccade.
METHODS
Participants completed a horizontal saccade task and their gaze was measured using a pupil-based eye tracker. Oscillations occurring in the 80 to 200 ms post-saccadic period were described with a damped oscillation model. We compared the amplitude, decay time constant, and frequency of the PSOs for the three different groups. We also examined the correlation between these PSO parameters and the amplitude, peak velocity, and final deceleration of the preceding saccades.
RESULTS
Subjects with vision loss (AMD, n = 6, and RP, n = 5) had larger oscillation amplitudes, longer decay constants, and lower frequencies than subjects with NV (n = 7). The oscillation amplitudes increased with increases in saccade deceleration in all three groups. The other PSO parameters, however, did not show consistent correlations with either saccade amplitude or peak velocity.
CONCLUSIONS
Post-saccadic fixation stability in AMD and RP is reduced due to abnormal PSOs. The differences with respect to NV are not due to differences in saccade kinematics, suggesting that anatomic and neuronal variations affect the suspension of the iris and the lens in the patients' eyes.
Topics: Humans; Saccades; Retinitis Pigmentosa; Female; Male; Fixation, Ocular; Middle Aged; Macular Degeneration; Aged; Pupil; Lens, Crystalline; Adult; Visual Acuity
PubMed: 38787546
DOI: 10.1167/iovs.65.5.39 -
Postepy Dermatologii I Alergologii Apr 2024Although melasma leads to emotional distress and quality-of-life reduction, indigenous cultures practice female facial tattooing. Facial cues influence personality trait...
INTRODUCTION
Although melasma leads to emotional distress and quality-of-life reduction, indigenous cultures practice female facial tattooing. Facial cues influence personality trait inferences and attractiveness ratings. Skin lesions have been shown to alter gaze patterns, emotion perception, and social evaluations.
AIM
This study aimed to evaluate melasma's impact on visual attention, perceived attractiveness, and social evaluations, considering distinct anatomical areas. Additionally, we sought to compare perceptions of traditional facial tattoos due to their purposeful placement.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
Gaze fixation patterns were examined via eye-tracking, and image-based personality questionnaires were completed for psychological trait assessment. Visual stimuli showcased anatomic melasma variants and tattoo patterns.
RESULTS
Traditional tattoos often follow midline patterns, sparing the upper lip. Both melasma and tattoos significantly affected visual attention ( < 0.001), with chin and upper lip melasma garnering increased attention. Upper lip melasma decreased gaze to the ocular area ( ≤ 0.002). while increasing perioral fixations ( < 0.001) compared to healthy faces. Upper lip tattoos conveyed increased perceived aggressiveness ( = 0.004). Ratings for attractiveness and personality traits were lower for centrofacial melasma than other variants, with no significant difference between centrofacial and isolated upper lip melasma.
CONCLUSIONS
The global avoidance of upper lip pigmentation underscores its perceptual burden. Upper lip pigmentation directs gaze towards anger-signalling regions, increasing perceived aggression and reducing attractiveness. Centrofacial melasma's impact parallels an isolated upper lip pattern, underscoring the disproportionate role of upper lip pigmentation. These findings warrant considering upper lip melasma's significant influence when evaluating quality of life and establishing treatment goals.
PubMed: 38784936
DOI: 10.5114/ada.2024.138678 -
Scientific Reports May 2024Gaze estimation is long been recognised as having potential as the basis for human-computer interaction (HCI) systems, but usability and robustness of performance remain...
Gaze estimation is long been recognised as having potential as the basis for human-computer interaction (HCI) systems, but usability and robustness of performance remain challenging . This work focuses on systems in which there is a live video stream showing enough of the subjects face to track eye movements and some means to infer gaze location from detected eye features. Currently, systems generally require some form of calibration or set-up procedure at the start of each user session. Here we explore some simple strategies for enabling gaze based HCI to operate immediately and robustly without any explicit set-up tasks. We explore different choices of coordinate origin for combining extracted features from multiple subjects and the replacement of subject specific calibration by system initiation based on prior models. Results show that referencing all extracted features to local coordinate origins determined by subject start position enables robust immediate operation. Combining this approach with an adaptive gaze estimation model using an interactive user interface enables continuous operation with the 75th percentile gaze errors of 0.7 , and maximum gaze errors of 1.7 during prospective testing. There constitute state-of-the-art results and have the potential to enable a new generation of reliable gaze based HCI systems.
Topics: Humans; Fixation, Ocular; Eye Movements; User-Computer Interface; Male; Eye-Tracking Technology; Female; Adult
PubMed: 38778122
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-62365-9 -
PloS One 2024Recent eye tracking studies have linked gaze reinstatement-when eye movements from encoding are reinstated during retrieval-with memory performance. In this study, we...
Recent eye tracking studies have linked gaze reinstatement-when eye movements from encoding are reinstated during retrieval-with memory performance. In this study, we investigated whether gaze reinstatement is influenced by the affective salience of information stored in memory, using an adaptation of the emotion-induced memory trade-off paradigm. Participants learned word-scene pairs, where scenes were composed of negative or neutral objects located on the left or right side of neutral backgrounds. This allowed us to measure gaze reinstatement during scene memory tests based on whether people looked at the side of the screen where the object had been located. Across two experiments, we behaviorally replicated the emotion-induced memory trade-off effect, in that negative object memory was better than neutral object memory at the expense of background memory. Furthermore, we found evidence that gaze reinstatement was related to recognition memory for the object and background scene components. This effect was generally comparable for negative and neutral memories, although the effects of valence varied somewhat between the two experiments. Together, these findings suggest that gaze reinstatement occurs independently of the processes contributing to the emotion-induced memory trade-off effect.
Topics: Humans; Emotions; Female; Male; Young Adult; Adult; Eye-Tracking Technology; Memory; Eye Movements; Fixation, Ocular; Adolescent; Recognition, Psychology; Photic Stimulation
PubMed: 38758747
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0303755 -
Radiology Case Reports Aug 2024Choroidal detachment (CD) is a rare and potentially vision-threatening complication of glaucoma surgery. Inflammation and prolonged ocular hypotony can promote fluid...
Choroidal detachment (CD) is a rare and potentially vision-threatening complication of glaucoma surgery. Inflammation and prolonged ocular hypotony can promote fluid accumulation between the choroid and sclera. Risk factors include trauma, advanced age, use of anticoagulant medications, systemic hypertension, atherosclerosis, and diabetes. CD ultrasound findings will show 2 layers, detaching as far anteriorly as the ciliary bodies, that protrude convexly into the vitreous without extending to the optic disc, often described as the appositional or In contrast, retinal detachments will show a distinct "V" shape due to the retina's fixation to the optic nerve head posteriorly. In the case of hemorrhagic CD, therapy should be targeted at reducing intraocular pressure. In this case, the patient was started on atropine and prednisolone drops and discontinued on all glaucoma medications in the left eye. While serous choroidal detachments are usually benign, persistent choroidal effusions may cause significant morbidity with hemorrhagic CD having a worse prognosis. Point of care ultrasound can help emergency physicians quickly distinguish between choroidal and retinal detachments and thus guide management in a safe and timely manner.
PubMed: 38737180
DOI: 10.1016/j.radcr.2024.04.017 -
Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) Apr 2024In mobile eye-tracking research, the automatic annotation of fixation points is an important yet difficult task, especially in varied and dynamic environments such as...
In mobile eye-tracking research, the automatic annotation of fixation points is an important yet difficult task, especially in varied and dynamic environments such as outdoor urban landscapes. This complexity is increased by the constant movement and dynamic nature of both the observer and their environment in urban spaces. This paper presents a novel approach that integrates the capabilities of two foundation models, YOLOv8 and Mask2Former, as a pipeline to automatically annotate fixation points without requiring additional training or fine-tuning. Our pipeline leverages YOLO's extensive training on the MS COCO dataset for object detection and Mask2Former's training on the Cityscapes dataset for semantic segmentation. This integration not only streamlines the annotation process but also improves accuracy and consistency, ensuring reliable annotations, even in complex scenes with multiple objects side by side or at different depths. Validation through two experiments showcases its efficiency, achieving 89.05% accuracy in a controlled data collection and 81.50% accuracy in a real-world outdoor wayfinding scenario. With an average runtime per frame of 1.61 ± 0.35 s, our approach stands as a robust solution for automatic fixation annotation.
Topics: Humans; Fixation, Ocular; Eye-Tracking Technology; Video Recording; Algorithms; Eye Movements
PubMed: 38732772
DOI: 10.3390/s24092666 -
Journal of AAPOS : the Official... May 2024To assess the feasibility and performance of Vivid Vision Perimetry (VVP), a new virtual reality (VR)-based visual field platform.
PURPOSE
To assess the feasibility and performance of Vivid Vision Perimetry (VVP), a new virtual reality (VR)-based visual field platform.
METHODS
Children 7-18 years of age with visual acuity of 20/80 or better undergoing Humphrey visual field (HVF) testing were recruited to perform VVP, a VR-based test that uses suprathreshold stimuli to test 54 field locations and calculates a fraction seen score. Pearson correlation coefficients were calculated to evaluate correlation between HVF mean sensitivity and VVP mean fraction seen scores. Participants were surveyed regarding their experience.
RESULTS
A total of 37 eyes of 23 participants (average age, 12.9 ± 3.1 years; 48% female) were included. All participants successfully completed VVP testing. Diagnoses included glaucoma (12), glaucoma suspect (7), steroid-induced ocular hypertension (3), and craniopharyngioma (1). Sixteen participants had prior HVF experience, and none had prior VVP experience, although 7 had previously used VR. Of the 23 HVF tests performed, 9 (39%) were unreliable due to fixation losses, false positives, or false negatives. Similarly, 35% of VVP tests were unreliable (as defined by accuracy of blind spot detection). Excluding unreliable HVF tests, the correlation between HVF average mean sensitivity and VVP mean fraction seen score was 0.48 (P = 0.02; 95% CI, 0.09-0.74). When asked about preference for the VVP or HVF examination, all participants favored the VVP, and 70% were "very satisfied" with VVP.
CONCLUSIONS
In our cohort of 23 pediatric subjects, VVP proved to be a clinically feasible VR-based visual field testing, which was uniformly preferred over HVF.
PubMed: 38729256
DOI: 10.1016/j.jaapos.2024.103933 -
PloS One 2024Free throw is an important means of scoring in basketball games. With the improvement of basketball competition level and the enhancement of confrontation degree, the... (Randomized Controlled Trial)
Randomized Controlled Trial
BACKGROUND
Free throw is an important means of scoring in basketball games. With the improvement of basketball competition level and the enhancement of confrontation degree, the number of free throws in the game gradually increases, so the score of free throw will have an important impact on the result of the game. The purpose of this study is to explore the relationship between visual attention characteristics and hit rate of basketball players in free throw psychological procedure training, so as to provide scientific basis for basketball teaching and training.
METHODS
Forty players with similar free throw abilities were randomly assigned to the experimental group (10 males, 10 females) and control group (10 males, 10 females). The experimental group was free throw psychological procedure training, while the control group was trained with routine training, Eye movement indices (number of fixations, fixation duration, and pupil dilation) and the free throw hit rate and analyzed before and after the experiment. Group differences were examined using t-tests, while paired sample t-tests were conducted to compare pre- and post-test results within each group. The training time and training times of the two groups were the same.
RESULTS
There were significant differences in fixation duration, number of fixations, pupil diameter and free throw hit rate between pre-test and post-test in the experimental group (P < 0.05). Post-test, there were significant differences in number of fixations, fixation duration, pupil diameter and free throw hit rate between the two groups (P < 0.05). There was a significant positive correlation between number of fixations and free throw hit rate in top (P < 0.01), and there was a significant positive correlation between fixation duration and hit rate in front (P < 0.01).
CONCLUSIONS
The psychological procedure training can improve the visual information search strategy and information processing ability of free throw, and significantly improve the free throw hit rate. There was a positive correlation between the front fixation time and the free throw hit rate, and there was a positive correlation between the top number of fixations and the free throw hit rate.
Topics: Humans; Male; Female; Basketball; Young Adult; Fixation, Ocular; Athletic Performance; Attention; Eye Movements; Adult
PubMed: 38723019
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0293436