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Chemical Science Jun 2018Oncosis is a non-apoptotic form of programmed cell death (PCD), which differs from apoptosis in both morphological changes and inner pathways, and might hold the key to...
Oncosis is a non-apoptotic form of programmed cell death (PCD), which differs from apoptosis in both morphological changes and inner pathways, and might hold the key to defeating a major obstacle in cancer therapy - drug-resistance, which is often a result of the intrinsic apoptosis resistance of tumours. However, despite the fact that the term "oncosis" was coined and used much earlier than apoptosis, little effort has been made to discover new drugs which can initiate this form of cell death, in comparison to drugs inducing apoptosis or any other type of PCD. So herein, we present the synthesis of a series of mitochondria-targeting cyclometalated Ir(iii) complexes, which activated the oncosis-specific protein porimin and calpain in cisplatin-resistant cell line A549R, and determined their cytotoxicity against a wide range of drug-resistant cancer types. To the best of our knowledge, these complexes are the very first metallo-components to induce oncosis in drug-resistant cancer cells.
PubMed: 29997872
DOI: 10.1039/c8sc01142g -
Infection and Immunity Aug 2018subsp. is a highly pathogenic intracellular bacterium that suppresses host inflammation by impairing the metabolic shift from oxidative phosphorylation to glycolysis....
subsp. is a highly pathogenic intracellular bacterium that suppresses host inflammation by impairing the metabolic shift from oxidative phosphorylation to glycolysis. Decreased mitochondrial metabolism is central to initiating a metabolic shift to glycolysis and regulating inflammation, but subsp. manipulation of host mitochondrial function has not been explored. We demonstrate, using extracellular flux analysis, that subsp. infection initially improves host macrophage mitochondrial bioenergetics in a capsule-dependent manner. Enhancement of mitochondrial function by subsp. allowed for modest replication and inhibition of apoptosis early after infection. However, using live cell imaging, we found that subsp. facilitated the loss of mitochondrial function at later time points during infection in a capsule-independent fashion. This loss of function was paired with oncosis and rapid bacterial replication. Inhibition of oncosis reduced intracellular bacterial numbers, underscoring the requirement for this process during subsp. infection. These findings establish that temporal mitochondrial manipulation by subsp. is critical for maintenance of a noninflammatory environment and subsequently aids in optimal replication and dissemination of this pathogenic organism.
Topics: Animals; Bacterial Capsules; Bacterial Load; Cell Death; Cells, Cultured; Cytoplasm; Energy Metabolism; Female; Francisella tularensis; Host-Pathogen Interactions; Immune Evasion; Inflammation; Intravital Microscopy; Macrophages; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Mitochondria
PubMed: 29760217
DOI: 10.1128/IAI.00044-18 -
Oxidative Medicine and Cellular... 2018Rapidly growing malignant tumors frequently encounter hypoxia and nutrient (e.g., glucose) deprivation, which occurs because of insufficient blood supply. This results... (Review)
Review
Rapidly growing malignant tumors frequently encounter hypoxia and nutrient (e.g., glucose) deprivation, which occurs because of insufficient blood supply. This results in necrotic cell death in the core region of solid tumors. Necrotic cells release their cellular cytoplasmic contents into the extracellular space, such as high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1), which is a nonhistone nuclear protein, but acts as a proinflammatory and tumor-promoting cytokine when released by necrotic cells. These released molecules recruit immune and inflammatory cells, which exert tumor-promoting activity by inducing angiogenesis, proliferation, and invasion. Development of a necrotic core in cancer patients is also associated with poor prognosis. Conventionally, necrosis has been thought of as an unregulated process, unlike programmed cell death processes like apoptosis and autophagy. Recently, necrosis has been recognized as a programmed cell death, encompassing processes such as oncosis, necroptosis, and others. Metabolic stress-induced necrosis and its regulatory mechanisms have been poorly investigated until recently. Snail and Dlx-2, EMT-inducing transcription factors, are responsible for metabolic stress-induced necrosis in tumors. Snail and Dlx-2 contribute to tumor progression by promoting necrosis and inducing EMT and oncogenic metabolism. Oncogenic metabolism has been shown to play a role(s) in initiating necrosis. Here, we discuss the molecular mechanisms underlying metabolic stress-induced programmed necrosis that promote tumor progression and aggressiveness.
Topics: Apoptosis; Autophagy; Cell Death; Disease Progression; Humans; Necrosis; Neoplasms
PubMed: 29636841
DOI: 10.1155/2018/3537471 -
Physiological Reviews Apr 2018Neuronal cell death occurs extensively during development and pathology, where it is especially important because of the limited capacity of adult neurons to proliferate... (Review)
Review
Neuronal cell death occurs extensively during development and pathology, where it is especially important because of the limited capacity of adult neurons to proliferate or be replaced. The concept of cell death used to be simple as there were just two or three types, so we just had to work out which type was involved in our particular pathology and then block it. However, we now know that there are at least a dozen ways for neurons to die, that blocking a particular mechanism of cell death may not prevent the cell from dying, and that non-neuronal cells also contribute to neuronal death. We review here the mechanisms of neuronal death by intrinsic and extrinsic apoptosis, oncosis, necroptosis, parthanatos, ferroptosis, sarmoptosis, autophagic cell death, autosis, autolysis, paraptosis, pyroptosis, phagoptosis, and mitochondrial permeability transition. We next explore the mechanisms of neuronal death during development, and those induced by axotomy, aberrant cell-cycle reentry, glutamate (excitoxicity and oxytosis), loss of connected neurons, aggregated proteins and the unfolded protein response, oxidants, inflammation, and microglia. We then reassess which forms of cell death occur in stroke and Alzheimer's disease, two of the most important pathologies involving neuronal cell death. We also discuss why it has been so difficult to pinpoint the type of neuronal death involved, if and why the mechanism of neuronal death matters, the molecular overlap and interplay between death subroutines, and the therapeutic implications of these multiple overlapping forms of neuronal death.
Topics: Animals; Apoptosis; Cell Death; Humans; Microglia; Neurons; Phagocytosis; Signal Transduction
PubMed: 29488822
DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00011.2017 -
Oncoimmunology 2017Despite recent advances in high-risk neuroblastoma therapy, the prognosis for patients remains poor. In addition, many patients suffer from complications related to...
Despite recent advances in high-risk neuroblastoma therapy, the prognosis for patients remains poor. In addition, many patients suffer from complications related to available therapies that are highly detrimental to their quality of life. New treatment modalities are, thus, urgently needed to further improve the efficacy and reduce the toxicity of existing therapies. Since antibodies specific for O-acetyl GD2 ganglioside display pro-apoptotic activity against neuroblastoma cells, we hypothesized that combination of immunotherapy could enhance tumor efficacy of neuroblastoma chemotherapy. We demonstrate here that combination of anti-O-acetyl GD2 monoclonal antibody 8B6 with topotecan synergistically inhibited neuroblastoma cell proliferation, as shown by the combination index values. Mechanistically, we evidence that mAb 8B6 induced plasma cell membrane lesions, consistent with oncosis. Neuroblastoma tumour cells treated with mAb 8B6 indeed showed an increased uptake of topotecan by the tumor cells and a more profound tumor cell death evidenced by increased caspase-3 activation. We also found that the combination with topotecan plus monoclonal antibody 8B6 showed a more potent anti-tumor efficacy than either agent alone. Importantly, we used low-doses of topotecan with no noticeable side effect. Our data suggest that chemo-immunotherapy combinations may improve the clinical efficacy and safety profile of current chemotherapeutic modalities of neuroblastoma.
PubMed: 29296527
DOI: 10.1080/2162402X.2017.1373232 -
Cell Death Discovery 2017Infection with ssp. () strain SchuS4 causes an often lethal disease known as tularemia in rodents, non-human primates, and humans. subverts host cell death programs...
Infection with ssp. () strain SchuS4 causes an often lethal disease known as tularemia in rodents, non-human primates, and humans. subverts host cell death programs to facilitate their exponential replication within macrophages and other cell types during early respiratory infection (⩽72 h). The mechanism(s) by which cell death is triggered remains incompletely defined, as does the impact of on mitochondria, the host cell's organellar 'canary in a coal mine'. Herein, we reveal that infection of host cells, particularly macrophages and polymorphonuclear leukocytes, drives necroptosis via a receptor-interacting protein kinase 1/3-mediated mechanism. During necroptosis mitochondria and other organelles become damaged. -induced mitochondrial damage is characterized by: (i) a decrease in membrane potential and consequent mitochondrial oncosis or swelling, (ii) increased generation of superoxide radicals, and (iii) release of intact or damaged mitochondria into the lung parenchyma. Host cell recognition of and response to released mitochondria and other damage-associated molecular patterns engenders a sepsis-like syndrome typified by production of TNF, IL-1, IL-6, IL-12p70, and IFN- during late-phase tularemia (⩾72 h), but are absent early during infection.
PubMed: 28955505
DOI: 10.1038/cddiscovery.2017.56 -
Frontiers in Oncology 2017Oncolytic viruses and radiotherapy represent two diverse areas of cancer therapy, utilizing quite different treatment modalities and with non-overlapping cytotoxicity... (Review)
Review
Oncolytic viruses and radiotherapy represent two diverse areas of cancer therapy, utilizing quite different treatment modalities and with non-overlapping cytotoxicity profiles. It is, therefore, an intriguing possibility to consider that oncolytic ("cancer-killing") viruses may act as cancer-selective radiosensitizers, enhancing the therapeutic consequences of radiation treatment on tumors while exerting minimal effects on normal tissue. There is a solid mechanistic basis for this potential synergy, with many viruses having developed strategies to inhibit cellular DNA repair pathways in order to protect themselves, during genome replication, from unwanted interference by cell processes that are normally triggered by DNA damage. Exploiting these abilities to inhibit cellular DNA repair following damage by therapeutic irradiation may well augment the anticancer potency of the approach. In this review, we focus on oncolytic adenovirus, the most widely developed and best understood oncolytic virus, and explore its various mechanisms for modulating cellular DNA repair pathways. The most obvious effects of the various adenovirus serotypes are to interfere with activity of the MRE11-Rad50-Nbs1 complex, temporally one of the first sensors of double-stranded DNA damage, and inhibition of DNA ligase IV, a central repair enzyme for healing double-stranded breaks by non-homologous end joining (NHEJ). There have been several preclinical and clinical studies of this approach and we assess the current state of progress. In addition, oncolytic viruses provide the option to promote a localized proinflammatory response, both by mediating immunogenic death of cancer cells by oncosis and also by encoding and expressing proinflammatory biologics within the tumor microenvironment. Both of these approaches provide exciting potential to augment the known immunological consequences of radiotherapy, aiming to develop systems capable of creating a systemic anticancer immune response following localized tumor treatment.
PubMed: 28791251
DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2017.00153 -
Biophysical Journal Jun 2017Although it has previously been shown that the spectral analysis of ultrasound backscatter data is sensitive to the cellular changes caused by apoptosis, the sensitivity...
Although it has previously been shown that the spectral analysis of ultrasound backscatter data is sensitive to the cellular changes caused by apoptosis, the sensitivity of spectral analysis to oncosis or ischemic cell death had not previously been studied. Whereas many anticancer treatments induce apoptosis, others induce cell starvation, or oncosis. HT-29 colon adenocarcinoma cells were formed into pellets and covered in phosphate-buffered saline at room temperature for 56 h. The pellets were imaged every 8 h with high-frequency (55 MHz) ultrasound and the raw radio-frequency data processed. The lack of nutrients available to the cells induced cell death due to oncosis. The attenuation slope, speed of sound, spectral slope, and midband fit were estimated at each of the eight time points to identify changes as the cells died due to starvation. The spectral slope decreased monotonically over the 56 h, whereas the attenuation slope showed an increase between 1 and 48 h, followed by a slight decrease between 48 and 56 h. The midband fit did not vary over time. The speed of sound increased from 1514 to 1532 m/s over the first 24 h, after which time it plateaued. These in vitro results indicate different trends in ultrasound parameter changes from those of in vitro apoptotic cells, suggesting that these different methods of cell death can be identified not only by morphological markers, but also by specific ultrasound signatures.
Topics: Cell Count; Cell Culture Techniques; Cell Death; Cell Line, Tumor; Cell Nucleus Size; Cell Size; Humans; In Situ Nick-End Labeling; Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted; Ultrasonography
PubMed: 28636919
DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2017.05.017 -
Nanoscale Research Letters Dec 2017Artemisinin and its derivatives were considered to exert a broad spectrum of anti-cancer activities, and they induced significant anti-cancer effects in tumor cells....
Artemisinin and its derivatives were considered to exert a broad spectrum of anti-cancer activities, and they induced significant anti-cancer effects in tumor cells. Artemisinin and its derivatives could be absorbed quickly, and they were widely distributed, selectively killing tumor cells. Since low concentrations of artesunate primarily depended on oncosis to induce cell death in tumor cells, its anti-tumor effects were undesirable and limited. To obtain better anti-tumor effects, in this study, we took advantage of a new nanotechnology to design novel artesunate-loaded bovine serum albumin nanoparticles to achieve the mitochondrial accumulation of artesunate and induce mitochondrial-mediated apoptosis. The results showed that when compared with free artesunate's reliance on oncotic death, artesunate-loaded bovine serum albumin nanoparticles showed higher cytotoxicity and their significant apoptotic effects were induced through the distribution of artesunate in the mitochondria. This finding indicated that artesunate-loaded bovine serum albumin nanoparticles damaged the mitochondrial integrity and activated mitochondrial-mediated cell apoptosis by upregulating apoptosis-related proteins and facilitating the rapid release of cytochrome C.
PubMed: 28610396
DOI: 10.1186/s11671-017-2169-7 -
Cell Death and Differentiation Apr 2017Pyroptosis is a lytic form of cell death distinguished from apoptosis, ferroptosis, necrosis, necroptosis, NETosis, oncosis, pyronecrosis and autophagy. Proinflammatory... (Review)
Review
Pyroptosis is a lytic form of cell death distinguished from apoptosis, ferroptosis, necrosis, necroptosis, NETosis, oncosis, pyronecrosis and autophagy. Proinflammatory caspases cleave a gasdermin D (GSDMD) protein to generate a 31 kDa N-terminal domain. The cleavage relieves the intramolecular inhibition on the gasdermin-N domain, which then moves to the plasma membrane to exhibit pore-forming activity. Thus, GSDMD acts as the final and direct executor of pyroptotic cell death. Owing to the selective targeting of the inner leaflet of the plasma membrane with the pore-forming that determines pyroptotic cell death, GSDMD could be a potential target to control cell death or extracellular bacterial infections. Intriguingly, other gasdermin family members also share similar N-terminal domains, but they present different cell death programs. Herein, we summarize features and functions of the novel player proteins in cell death, including GSDMD triggering pyroptosis, Gsdma3/GSDMA initiating autophagy/apoptosis and DFNA5 inducing apoptosis/secondary necrosis. The gasdermin N terminus appears to be a novel pore-forming protein. This provides novel insight into the underlying roles and mechanisms of lytic or nonlytic forms of programmed cell death, as well as their potential applications in inflammation-associated diseases.
Topics: Autophagy; Caspases; Humans; Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; Neoplasm Proteins; Phosphate-Binding Proteins; Pyroptosis; Receptors, Estrogen; Saccharomyces cerevisiae; Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins; Signal Transduction; Transforming Growth Factor beta
PubMed: 28362726
DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2017.24