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Royal Society Open Science Apr 2024The Jurassic period was a time of major diversification for Mesozoic marine reptiles, including Ichthyosauria, Plesiosauria and thalattosuchian Crocodylomorpha. The...
The Jurassic period was a time of major diversification for Mesozoic marine reptiles, including Ichthyosauria, Plesiosauria and thalattosuchian Crocodylomorpha. The latter originated in the Early Jurassic and thrived during the Late Jurassic. Unfortunately, the Middle Jurassic, a crucial time in their evolution, has a poor fossil record. Here, we document the first evidence of macrophagous/durophagous Machimosaurini-tribe teleosauroid thalattosuchians from the late Bajocian ( 169 Ma) in the form of three robust tooth crowns with conical blunt shapes and anastomosed pattern of thick enamel ridges towards the apex, associated with the skeleton of a large ichthyosaur lacking preserved tooth crowns. The tooth crowns were found on the posterior section of the lower jaw (left angular), a lacrimal and the axis neural arch of the ichthyosaur. In addition, some of the distal sections of the posterior dorsal ribs of the ichthyosaur skeleton exhibit rounded bite marks and some elongated furrows that fit in size and shape with the Machimosaurini teeth. These marks, together with the absence of healing in the rib bone are interpreted here as the indicators of peri- to post-mortem scavenging by a Machimosaurini teleosauroid after the large ichthyosaur carcass settled on the floor of a shallow ocean.
PubMed: 38601027
DOI: 10.1098/rsos.240071 -
Journal of Pharmacy & Bioallied Sciences Feb 2024Open bite is a common orthodontic malocclusion that can have functional and aesthetic implications. Traditional orthodontic treatments have been used to correct open...
BACKGROUND
Open bite is a common orthodontic malocclusion that can have functional and aesthetic implications. Traditional orthodontic treatments have been used to correct open bites, but the effectiveness of Invisalign, a clear aligner therapy, in open bite correction remains a topic of interest.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
A retrospective analysis was conducted on a cohort of 50 patients with open bites who underwent Invisalign treatment. Pre-treatment and post-treatment records, including cephalometric radiographs, dental models, and clinical photographs, were assessed. The open bite was defined as a negative overbite greater than 2 mm. Treatment duration, number of aligners used, and patient compliance were also recorded. Statistical analysis, including paired t-tests and subjective patient feedback, was employed to evaluate the treatment outcomes.
RESULTS
The mean pre-treatment open bite was -3.5 mm (SD = 1.2), and the mean treatment duration was 18 months (SD = 2.5). On average, patients received 24 sets of aligners (SD = 4.1) during the treatment. Post-treatment evaluation showed that the mean overbite improved to + 1.5 mm (SD = 0.8), indicating successful open bite correction. The paired -test revealed a statistically significant difference between pre-treatment and post-treatment open bite measurements ( < 0.001). Patient satisfaction was high, with 90% of participants reporting improved aesthetics and comfort.
CONCLUSION
Invisalign treatment demonstrates effectiveness in correcting open bites, with statistically significant improvements in overbite measurements.
PubMed: 38595389
DOI: 10.4103/jpbs.jpbs_1058_23 -
Journal of Dental Research, Dental... 2023Posterior intrusion with skeletal anchorage is one of the effective methods in the treatment of anterior open bite. Knowing the effects of posterior intrusion, the... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Posterior intrusion with skeletal anchorage is one of the effective methods in the treatment of anterior open bite. Knowing the effects of posterior intrusion, the amount of possible molar intrusion using skeletal anchorage, and its impact on clinical and cephalometric indicators can help the clinician choose the optimal treatment method, especially in borderline surgical cases.
METHODS
In this systematic review, a series of articles were collected through a systematic search in databases, and the titles and summaries of all these articles were reviewed. After removing the irrelevant articles, the full texts of the related articles were read carefully, and their validity was evaluated. Only RCTs and observational studies that complied with PICO questions were included. The Cochrane Risk of Bias 2.0 (RoB 2), ROBINS-I, and GRADE were used to assess the risk of bias in the included studies. The relevant information on selected articles was extracted, and a meta-analysis was performed with Review Manager 5.4 software.
RESULTS
The meta-analysis revealed a significant average molar intrusion of 2.89 mm using temporary anchorage devices (TADs). A subgroup analysis showed that miniplates achieved greater intrusion (3.29 mm) compared to miniscrews (2.25 mm) (=0.03). The level of applied force did not significantly affect the degree of intrusion. Dental parameters such as overbite and overjet were notably altered, with overbite increasing by 4.81 mm and overjet decreasing by 2.06 mm on average. As for the skeletal cephalometric characteristics, SNB, ANB, and SN-Pog increased while mandibular plane angle and lower anterior facial height (LAFH) decreased, and these changes were significant. Meanwhile, SNA and palatal angle changes were not significant.
CONCLUSION
TADs have proved effective in achieving significant intrusion of maxillary molars, leading to marked improvements in dental and skeletal characteristics in patients with open bite malocclusion. Miniplates proved more effective in achieving greater intrusion.
PubMed: 38584993
DOI: 10.34172/joddd.2023.40754 -
Journal of the American Dental... May 2024Orthodontic treatment for patients with dentinogenesis imperfecta (DGI) can be risky because of the fragility of their dental hard tissue. Although the Invisalign (Align...
BACKGROUND
Orthodontic treatment for patients with dentinogenesis imperfecta (DGI) can be risky because of the fragility of their dental hard tissue. Although the Invisalign (Align Technology) clear aligner system should be a suitable orthodontic appliance for patients with DGI, to the authors' knowledge, there has been no related research.
CASE DESCRIPTION
A 28-year-old woman with DGI sought treatment with a 1 mm open bite, edge-to-edge occlusion of the central incisors, and a bilateral Class III cusp-to-cusp molar relationship. Invisalign was applied for her treatment, and after 3 and one-half years of orthodontic therapy, a normal overjet and overbite were achieved, accompanied by retraction of the lower lip as well as a bilateral Class I molar relationship. In addition, there was no iatrogenic injury to the patient's teeth.
PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS
The Invisalign system may be a suitable orthodontic appliance for patients with DGI because clear aligners lessen the tensile stress to the teeth, decrease the number and area of bonds to the teeth, and offer protective effects through a full wrap of plastic that covers the crowns of the teeth.
Topics: Humans; Female; Adult; Dentinogenesis Imperfecta; Orthodontic Appliances, Removable; Tooth Movement Techniques; Orthodontics, Corrective; Orthodontic Appliance Design
PubMed: 38573273
DOI: 10.1016/j.adaj.2024.01.007 -
Cureus Feb 2024Introduction Evaluating craniofacial growth is an essential component of orthodontic treatment, and it is assessed by examining the cranial base. The anterior cranial...
Introduction Evaluating craniofacial growth is an essential component of orthodontic treatment, and it is assessed by examining the cranial base. The anterior cranial base is regarded as a stable structure, and the frontal sinus is also recognised as a contributing component in the formation of the cranial base. The frontal sinus, a cavity present in the frontal bone, displays variation in both size and shape and has an impact on the overall structure of the skull and face. This study aims to evaluate the impact of vertical skeletal pattern and gender on the volume of the frontal sinus. Materials and methodology In this study, 90 cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) scans from the record's section were included, comprising 46 males (55.44%) and 44 females (48.88%) aged 20 to 35 undergoing orthodontic treatment. The assessment involved evaluating vertical skeletal patterns using a lateral cephalogram derived from the CBCT scans, and volumetric analysis of the frontal sinus was conducted using Dolphin Imaging software (version 11.9; Dolphin Imaging and Management Solutions, Chatsworth, California). Statistical analysis was performed on the collected data using SPSS software, version 20.0 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY). Pearson correlation, a one-way ANOVA test to determine any statistically significant differences between the means of both frontal sinus volume and cranial base length groups individually and an independent t-test to compare the sample means between the frontal sinus volume and cranial base length groups were performed. Results: A non-significant association was observed between frontal sinus volume and cranial base length in skeletal open bite (p = 0.73) and skeletal deep bite (p = 0.12) between males and females, which implies there is no substantial association between frontal sinus volume (p = 0.08) and cranial base length (p = 0.41) in the different vertical skeletal patterns. Conclusion: Frontal sinus volume was similar in subjects with a skeletal open bite and a deep bite. Males and females did not show a difference in frontal sinus volume. Hence, it was concluded that frontal sinus volume and anterior cranial base cannot be used as parameters to predict vertical malocclusions.
PubMed: 38558665
DOI: 10.7759/cureus.55099 -
Bioengineering (Basel, Switzerland) Mar 2024Mandibular fractures are very common in maxillofacial trauma surgery. While previous studies have focused on possible risk factors related to post-operative...
Mandibular fractures are very common in maxillofacial trauma surgery. While previous studies have focused on possible risk factors related to post-operative complications, none have tried to identify pre-existing conditions that may increase the risk of mandibular fractures. We hypothesized, through clinical observation, that anatomical conditions involving poor dental contacts, such as malocclusions, may increase the risk of mandibular fractures. This work was subdivided into two parts. In the first part, Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine (DICOM) data of four healthy patients characterized by different dentoskeletal occlusions (class I, class II, class III, and anterior open bite) have been used to develop four finite element models (FEMs) that accurately reproduce human bone structure. A vertical and lateral impact have been simulated at increasing speed on each model, analyzing the force distribution within the mandibular bone. Both vertical and lateral impact showed higher level of stress at the impact point and in the condylar area in models characterized by malocclusion. Specifically, the class III and the open bite models, at the same speed of impact, had higher values for a longer period, reaching critical stress levels that are correlated with mandibular fracture, while normal occlusion seems to be a protective condition. In the second part of this study, the engineering results were validated through the comparison with a sample of patients previously treated for mandibular fracture. Data from 223 mandibular fractures, due to low-energy injuries, were retrospectively collected to evaluate a possible correlation between pre-existing malocclusion and fracture patterns, considering grade of displacement, numbers of foci, and associated CFI score. Patients were classified, according to their occlusion, into Class I, Class II, Class III, and anterior open bite or poor occlusal contact (POC). Class I patients showed lower frequencies of fracture than class II, III, and open bite or POC patients. Class I was associated with displaced fractures in 16.1% of cases, class II in 47.1%, class III in 48.8% and open bite/POC in 65.2% of cases (-value < 0.0001). In class I patients we observed a single non-displaced fracture in 51.6% of cases, compared to 12.9% of Class II, 19.5% of Class III and 22.7% of the open bite/POC group. Our analysis shows that class I appears to better dissipate forces applied on the mandible in low-energy injuries. A higher number of dental contacts showed a lower rate of multifocal and displaced fractures, mitigating the effect of direct forces onto the bone. The correlation between clinical data and virtual simulation on FEM models seems to point out that virtual simulation successfully predicts fracture patterns and risk of association with different type of occlusion. Better knowledge of biomechanics and force dissipation on the human body may lead to the development of more effective safety devices, and help select patients to plan medical, orthodontic/dental, and/or surgical intervention to prevent injuries.
PubMed: 38534548
DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering11030274 -
Journal of Orthodontic Science 2024Anterior open bite (AOB) malocclusion is one of the highly challenging malocclusions. Cephalometric radiographs have been used for the diagnosis of occlusal anomalies in...
BACKGROUND
Anterior open bite (AOB) malocclusion is one of the highly challenging malocclusions. Cephalometric radiographs have been used for the diagnosis of occlusal anomalies in the vertical and anteroposterior directions. This study aims to compare skeletal and dental features in open and non-open bite subjects to identify factors that help predict and categorize open bites in a Nigerian population.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Pretreatment cephalometric radiographs of 82 patients were recruited into this study. This study comprised 41 AOB patients and 41 (Class 1 malocclusion) patients (control group). The radiographs were obtained from the orthodontic unit, Department of Child Dental Health of the Lagos University Teaching Hospital, Idi-Araba Lagos. Cephalometric tracing and analysis of the obtained radiographs were used to identify and compare the skeletal and dental differences between the two groups.
RESULTS
The mean age of the participants was 20.47 ± 8.05 years. The patients consisted of 26 (31.7%) males and 56 (68.3%) females. There was a significant difference in the open bite depth indicator (ODI) of the open bite ( value < 0.001). There was a statistically significant increase in the vertical skeletal parameters - lower facial height (LFH), total facial height (TFH), posterior facial height (PFH), Frankfort-mandibular plane angle (FMA), mandibular-maxillary angle (MMA), and gonial angle in the AOB group compared to the control group. The vertical height of the dentoalveolar segments measured was all significantly increased in the open bite group compared to the control group.
CONCLUSION
The results suggest that the skeletal and dental vertical parameters, including ODI of the open bite subjects, varied compared with the non-open bite subjects in the Nigerian population studied and could be used to predict AOB tendency.
PubMed: 38516112
DOI: 10.4103/jos.jos_56_23 -
Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery.... Mar 2024Because the auricle plays an important role in facial aesthetics, all earlobe operations must seek to limit postoperative ear deformity. This report describes the...
Because the auricle plays an important role in facial aesthetics, all earlobe operations must seek to limit postoperative ear deformity. This report describes the single-stage posterior-auricle bilobed cartilage-skin flap technique for reconstructing the earlobe. A 31-year-old man incurred a left earlobe deficiency due to a human bite. Earlobe reconstruction was conducted 102 days later. A bilobed flap was designed on the posterior-auricular skin. Both flaps were pedicled in the caudal posterior-auricular area. The first incision raised the upper lobe, which consisted of posterior-auricle skin and conchal cartilage. The skin was sutured to the auricle base so that it formed the anterior earlobe. The cartilage was then cut to separate and processed to the natural curve. The second incision elevated the second flap from the caudal posterior-auricular area. This was sutured to the first flap so that it formed the posterior earlobe. The donor sites were closed with simple sutures. The reconstructed earlobe had no obvious contracture after surgery. Most donor-site scarring was hidden behind the auricle. At 9 months postoperative, the patient was satisfied with the result. Our technique allows us to harvest cartilage from the same operative field, perform a single-stage reconstruction, and recreate a relatively large earlobe with good size and shape. The posterior auricle bilobed cartilage-skin flap technique is useful for earlobe reconstruction.
PubMed: 38510329
DOI: 10.1097/GOX.0000000000005693 -
Cureus Feb 2024In this case report, we discuss a 32-year-old diabetic male patient who presented with right foot pain three days following a spider bite. The foot progressively became...
In this case report, we discuss a 32-year-old diabetic male patient who presented with right foot pain three days following a spider bite. The foot progressively became swollen, preventing the patient from bearing weight on it. After admission to the emergency department, the examination showed discoloration of the dorsum of the proximal phalanx of the first toe with an open wound and pus. The patient received fluid resuscitation along with a course of metronidazole and levofloxacin. Subsequently, the patient was referred to an orthopedic and podiatric team where he underwent a complete foot fasciotomy. The procedure was successful, and the patient recovered well. This case showcases a rare manifestation of necrotizing fasciitis (NF) and highlights the importance of future research regarding NF and its association with diabetes mellitus.
PubMed: 38481912
DOI: 10.7759/cureus.54062 -
Scientific Reports Mar 2024This single-center trial aimed to longitudinally compare the oral health-related quality of life (OHRQOL), adaptation and discomfort during anterior open bite (AOB)... (Randomized Controlled Trial)
Randomized Controlled Trial
This single-center trial aimed to longitudinally compare the oral health-related quality of life (OHRQOL), adaptation and discomfort during anterior open bite (AOB) treatment with lingual spurs and build-ups (SBU) versus spurs only (S) approaches. Children (7-11 years) with AOB were randomly allocated into two treatment groups (SBU or S). The Child Perception Questionnaire (CPQ) was applied 1 and 12 months after installation of the appliances. Questionnaires evaluating functional adaptation and discomfort during the first month of treatment were also applied. A visual analog scale (VAS) was used in these questionnaires. Generalized mixed models were used for analyzing OHRQOL and discomfort data. Generalized linear models were used to assess adaptation outcomes (α = 0.05). The SBU group included 24 patients (7 males and 17 females; mean age 8.2 years) and the S group included 25 patients (11 males and 14 females; mean age 8.3 years). Regardless of the treatment type, overall OHRQOL scores at 12 months were 0.69 times those recorded at 1 month after the appliances installation (i.e., ~ 31% reduction; exp (β) = 0.69; 95% CI: 0.55, 0.88). A significant interaction between treatment and time was detected for the 'functional limitations' domain. For this domain, a significant improvement from the first to the twelfth month was observed in the S group (P < 0.001). Patients in both treatment groups showed similar and easy adaptation to the appliances. Independent of the type of treatment, tongue-related discomfort decreased over time. One week and one month after the appliance's delivery, the discomfort scores were 0.19 (i.e., ~ 81% reduction; exp (β) = 0.19; 95% CI: 0.13, 0.28; P < 0.001) and 0.02 (i.e., ~ 98% reduction; exp (β) = 0.02; 95% CI: 0.01, 0.07; P < 0.001) times, respectively, those issued immediately after the installation of the appliances. Regardless of treatment type; overall OHRQOL improved from the first to the twelfth month of AOB treatment. The functional limitations score decreased in the S group. Children showed easy adaptation, and their discomfort decreased 1 week after the installation of the appliances.Trial registration: Clinicaltrials.gov; NCT03702881, date of registration: October 11, 2018.
Topics: Male; Child; Female; Humans; Open Bite; Quality of Life; Tongue; Surveys and Questionnaires
PubMed: 38459254
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-56363-0