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Cureus Apr 2024Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is the most prevalent subtype of oral cancer. Detecting oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMDs) in their early stages is crucial...
BACKGROUND
Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is the most prevalent subtype of oral cancer. Detecting oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMDs) in their early stages is crucial to prevent their advancement into OSCC. One of the primary factors contributing to OSCC is tobacco use, which can lead to increased production of cytokines. Among these cytokines, interleukin-6 (IL-6), an immune molecule involved in inflammation, may serve as a valuable indicator for assessing the progression of OPMDs and OSCCs.
AIMS
The aim of this study is to assess the levels of IL6 in both serum and saliva using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) technique and to determine the prognostic value of these measurements in individuals with oral leukoplakia and OSCC.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The research involved 45 participants, who were categorized into three groups: OSCC (15), leukoplakia (15), and a control group consisting of healthy individuals (15). Saliva and serum samples were collected from each individual within all three groups and analyzed using the ELISA method. Subsequently, the gathered data underwent statistical analysis for evaluation.
RESULTS
There were elevated levels of IL-6 in both saliva and serum among individuals with OSCC in comparison to those with leukoplakia and the healthy control group, and this difference was statistically significant. The analysis of ROC (Receiver Operating Characteristic) curves demonstrated that salivary IL-6 was a more effective indicator than serum IL-6 for detecting the advancement of OSCC. As the histological grade of differentiation increased in both OSCC and leukoplakia cases, there was a corresponding rise in salivary IL-6 levels.
CONCLUSION
Both salivary and serum IL-6 levels have the potential to serve as valuable prognostic biomarkers for oral leukoplakia and OSCC which shows possible involvement of IL-6 in the development and progression of these conditions. Salivary IL-6 is a superior prognostic marker compared to serum IL-6 due to its non-invasive nature which makes it a useful tool for mass screening.
PubMed: 38803729
DOI: 10.7759/cureus.59113 -
Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial... 2024The aim of the study is to evaluate the expression of S100A7 levels in saliva of oral sub-mucous fibrosis, oral leukoplakia patients, and healthy control.
AIM
The aim of the study is to evaluate the expression of S100A7 levels in saliva of oral sub-mucous fibrosis, oral leukoplakia patients, and healthy control.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The study comprised of saliva samples from 15 patients each with clinically diagnosed oral sub-mucous fibrosis, oral leukoplakia, and healthy control. Salivary S100A7 levels were estimated using Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS. The significance level is fixed at 5% (α = 0.05). To compare the mean values of concentration between the disease group oral leukoplakia (OL) and oral submucous fibrosis (OSMF) and control, one-way analysis of variance was used followed by a test for multiple pairwise comparisons.
RESULTS
The results of the study indicated a statistically significant increase in the salivary S100A7 level among the OSMF and OL when compared with the control group. When a pairwise comparison was done between OSMF with a control group and leukoplakia with a control group, a statistically significant difference was observed, subsequently while comparing OSMF with leukoplakia, and no statistically significant difference was observed.
CONCLUSION
Results from this study demonstrated increased S100A7 levels in OSMF and OL when compared with control group. This indicated that salivary S100A7 can be used as an adjunctive marker to identify patients at risk of progression into oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC).
PubMed: 38800445
DOI: 10.4103/jomfp.jomfp_113_23 -
Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial... 2024The Bellary district in Karnataka, rich in mineral resources, is a major mining industry, but prolonged exposure to mining can lead to health hazards. The study aims to...
BACKGROUND
The Bellary district in Karnataka, rich in mineral resources, is a major mining industry, but prolonged exposure to mining can lead to health hazards. The study aims to assess the genotoxic impact of mining pollutants on mine workers using the micro-nucleus (MN) assay.
SETTING AND DESIGN
Cross-sectional study.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
A total of 250 individuals (198 males and 52 females) working in mining areas were examined, and their oral findings were recorded in a proforma. For the micro-nucleus assay, buccal smears from 30 individuals working in mining areas with habits, 30 individuals working in mining areas without habits, and 30 individuals residing in non-mining areas (control group) were selected. Smears were stained with Giemsa stain to identity and quantify the MNs.
RESULTS
The frequency of oral mucosal problems among 250 persons working in mining regions was 170 (68.0%) with no oral mucosal conditions, 79 (32.6%) with oral mucosal conditions, 25 (10%) with leukoplakia, 1 (0.4%) with lichen planus, and 8 (3.2%) with ulcerations. Acute necrotising gingivitis was reported in one person (0.4%), candidiasis in two (0.8%), abscess in two (0.8%), OSMF in 39 (15.6%), and oral cancer in two (0.8%). The mean MN count was 2.40 + 1.57 in mine employees with habits, 2.18 + 1.25 in mine workers without habits, and 1.40 + 0.55 in normal healthy controls.
CONCLUSION
Reduced occupational health risks brought on by exposure to mining contaminants require protective measures. After being exposed to mining pollutants, exfoliated buccal mucosal cells can be examined for genotoxicity.
PubMed: 38800431
DOI: 10.4103/jomfp.jomfp_414_23 -
Medicina Oral, Patologia Oral Y Cirugia... May 2024The relationship between salivary cortisol secretion and the presence of cancer in the oral cavity has not been completely clarified. Due to this, we proposed carrying...
BACKGROUND
The relationship between salivary cortisol secretion and the presence of cancer in the oral cavity has not been completely clarified. Due to this, we proposed carrying out a study to determine salivary cortisol levels in patients with potentially malignant disorders (PMD), oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) and healthy individuals.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
Cross-sectional case-control study, among 80 patients seen at the Faculty of Dentistry of the National University of Rosario, Argentina, between January 2018 and April 2020. 40 cases represented by Leukoplakia, Lichen, Erythroplakia and SCC and 40 controls were included. Smoking habit and alcohol consumption were included. The presence of stress was determined. Morning salivary cortisol levels were measured with the Roche electrochemiluminescence method (Traceability: St by ID-MS).
RESULTS
Patients with SCC presented elevated salivary cortisol values. Individuals with stage III tumors showed levels higher than 8.74 ng/ml in all cases. A significant association between cortisol levels and stress was detected in patients in the control group (p<0.005) and in individuals with PMD (p=0.009). This association was not significant in patients with SCC (p=0.999). After applying the logistic regression method, when adjusting odds ratios according to tobacco and alcohol consumption and the presence of stress, the association between cortisol levels and presence of stress was highly significant (p<0.001). The possibility of presenting undetectable cortisol results was 94% lower in patients with stress.
CONCLUSIONS
The increase in salivary cortisol levels in patients with PMD and SCC, is related to stress conditions, being able to generate alterations tending to immunosuppression of the cellular microenvironment.
PubMed: 38794939
DOI: 10.4317/medoral.26606 -
Oxford Medical Case Reports May 2024Dyskeratosis congenita (DKC) is a rare genetic disorder characterized by lacy reticular skin hyperpigmentation, bone marrow failure, nail dystrophy, and oral...
Dyskeratosis congenita (DKC) is a rare genetic disorder characterized by lacy reticular skin hyperpigmentation, bone marrow failure, nail dystrophy, and oral leukoplakia. To the best of our knowledge, only around 200 cases were reported in the medical literature, and in this report, we present another distinctive case from Syria. This case report describes a male patient with generalized reticular pigmentation and abnormal nails since childhood. The patient reported a history of recurrent urethral stenosis and corneal density. Dermoscopic examination revealed pigmented lines arranged in a netlike pattern. Histopathological findings were nonspecific. Hematological values were unremarkable. A contrast CT scan revealed changes in the bladder wall. The final diagnosis of Dyskeratosis Congenita was made based on the clinical criteria. This disorder can present with additional cutaneous manifestations and systemic complications. Treatment are generally prescribed to maintain bone marrow function, based on the fact that it is the major cause of death. Regular monitoring and screening for associated conditions are recommended.
PubMed: 38784779
DOI: 10.1093/omcr/omae049 -
Infection and Drug Resistance 2024Chronic Mucocutaneous Candidiasis (CMC) is a rare immunodeficiency disease characterized by chronic or recurrent superficial infections on the skin, nail, and mucous...
Chronic Mucocutaneous Candidiasis (CMC) is a rare immunodeficiency disease characterized by chronic or recurrent superficial infections on the skin, nail, and mucous membranes. Here, we present four Chinese patients with CMC who manifested oral mucosal leukoplakia and nail thickening during early childhood, all displaying fissured tongue lines. The causative pathogens isolated from their oral mucosa and nails were identified as and through morphology and molecular sequencing. Notably, among the four patients, one presented with vitiligo, while another had hypothyroidism. We have also conducted a review of reported cases of CMC in China and worldwide over the last five years, highlighting potential approaches for diagnosis and treatment. The current molecular evidence in the literature suggests potential for the development of early diagnosis methods, such as screening genetic variables on and . Additionally, potential treatment avenues, including gene-targeted analogues and GM-CSF analogues, could be explored in conjunction with traditional antifungal therapy.
PubMed: 38745679
DOI: 10.2147/IDR.S456121 -
Journal of Clinical and Experimental... Apr 2024Verruciform xanthoma represents a reactive lesion, common in the skin and somewhat rare in the mouth. Cases description: Two cases of verrucous white plaques, located on...
Verruciform xanthoma represents a reactive lesion, common in the skin and somewhat rare in the mouth. Cases description: Two cases of verrucous white plaques, located on the tongue and the floor of mouth of different 30-years-old man and woman and clinically diagnosed as leukoplakia, are described. The histopathological analyses confirmed the diagnosis of oral verruciform xanthomas for both lesions. Practical implications: Despite of uncommon in the oral cavity, the verruciform xanthoma, particularly when affecting regions with a higher risk of developing oral cancer, should be included in differential diagnosis of oral potentially malignant disorders. The histopathological analysis remains as "gold standard technique" for a more accurate diagnosis of oral verruciform xanthoma. Foam cells, Verruciform xanthoma, Leukoplakia, Tongue.
PubMed: 38725810
DOI: 10.4317/jced.61411 -
Cureus Apr 2024The significant malignant transformation rates of oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMDs) demand early diagnosis and proper management of OPMDs not only to reduce...
Knowledge About the Importance of Early Diagnosis and Treatment of Oral Potentially Malignant Disorders Among the South Indian Population: An Institutional Retrospective Study.
BACKGROUND
The significant malignant transformation rates of oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMDs) demand early diagnosis and proper management of OPMDs not only to reduce symptoms but also to prevent their aggressive outcomes. This retrospective study aimed to quantify the need for patient-related awareness in identifying OPMDs by quantitatively evaluating the association between the type of referral in OPMD cases. This study also aims to analyze the association between gender and types of referral in OPMDs.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The sample size of n=1577 (500-leukoplakia, 500-oral submucous fibrosis (OSMF), 500-lichen planus, 77-lichenoid reaction) was considered in the present retrospective study. Data regarding the sample cases were extracted from the common patient database of the Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals from June 2019 to February 2024. Random sampling method was used, and the OPMDs were categorized into two groups based on the chief complaint as self-referred and specialist-referred cases. The segregated data were tabulated in Microsoft Excel (Microsoft® Corp., Redmond, WA) and then exported to IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 23 (Released 2015; IBM Corp., Armonk, New York, United States) for statistical analysis. Pearson's chi-square test was conducted to analyze the association of referral type, OPMDs, and gender.
RESULTS
Out of 1577 OPMD cases, 929 (58.9%) were specialist-referral cases and 648 (41.1%) were self-referral cases. Among OPMDs, lichen planus was the most self-referred 310 (62%) and leukoplakia was the most specialist-referred 470 (78.6%) category. This study found a statistically significant correlation between the type of referrals and the type of OPMDs (p=0.000). Self-referral was more commonly observed in females (23.3%) than males (17.8%) in general and among all categories of OPMDs except lichenoid reactions. This observation was also statistically significant (p=0.000). Conclusion: Among OPMDs selected in the present study, lichen planus and OSMF were more self-referred and leukoplakia cases were mostly specialist-referred. This study highlights the need of detecting less symptomatic lesions, such as leukoplakia, which has a high risk of malignant transformation. The lack of awareness about the identification of OPMDs among patients can result in delayed diagnosis and treatment, which may further result in progression to aggressive outcomes.
PubMed: 38716030
DOI: 10.7759/cureus.57740 -
Ear, Nose, & Throat Journal May 2024To provide an in-depth analysis of noninvasive methods for the early diagnosis of oral premalignant lesions, focusing on novel biomarkers and optical technologies, and... (Review)
Review
To provide an in-depth analysis of noninvasive methods for the early diagnosis of oral premalignant lesions, focusing on novel biomarkers and optical technologies, and to discuss their potential in improving the prognosis of patients with oral oncological diseases. This state-of-the-art review examines various noninvasive diagnostic techniques, including the utilization of salivary microRNAs and optical technologies such as Raman spectroscopy, elastic scattering spectroscopy, diffuse reflectance spectroscopy, narrow-band imaging, autofluorescence imaging, toluidine blue staining, and microendoscopy. Several noninvasive techniques have shown varying degrees of effectiveness in detecting oral cancer. Autofluorescence imaging exhibited sensitivities up to 100% but had variable specificity. toluidine blue staining reported sensitivity between 77% and 100% for high-risk lesions or cancer, with specificity around 45% to 67%. Spectroscopy techniques achieved 72% to 100% sensitivities and specificities of 75% to 98%. Microendoscopy presented a sensitivity of 84% to 95% and a specificity of 91% to 95%. The review highlights the strengths and limitations of each noninvasive diagnostic method and their recent advancements. Although promising results have been demonstrated, there is a need for further development of reliable strategies for early detection and intervention in oral oncology.
PubMed: 38695398
DOI: 10.1177/01455613241245204 -
Nigerian Journal of Clinical Practice Apr 2024Tobacco smoking statistics are alarming and the oral mucosa is the first human part of the body that is exposed to the toxic substances of smoking. (Observational Study)
Observational Study
BACKGROUND
Tobacco smoking statistics are alarming and the oral mucosa is the first human part of the body that is exposed to the toxic substances of smoking.
AIMS
Considering the high prevalence rate of tobacco-associated problems in the oral cavity and few studies on the Iranian population regarding the effects of smoking on the oral cavity, this study aimed to evaluate the relationship between smoking and oral lesions in the Iranian population.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Observational study. In this observational study, the oral cavities of 200 participants (smokers = 100 and non-smokers = 100) were examined by a trained dental student under the supervision of an oral and maxillofacial medicine expert, and the presence of coated tongue, leukoedema, leukoplakia, smoker's palate, smoker's melanosis, erythroplakia, frictional hyperkeratosis, acute pseudomembranous candidiasis, and erythematous candidiasis were recorded. Xerostomia was evaluated based on participants' self-reporting through a questionnaire. All data were analyzed using T-test, Chi-square test, odd ratio, 95% confidence interval, Fisher's exact test, and Spearman's rank correlation coefficient.
RESULTS
The results of this study showed smoking is significantly associated with an increased risk of coated tongue (OR: 1.80, 95% CI: 1.32-3.54, P = 0.005), smoker's melanosis (OR: 6.176, 95% CI: 3.28-11.62, P = 0.00002), and frictional hyperkeratosis (OR: 1.33, 95% CI: 0.68-2.60, P = 0.005). However, no significant association was observed between smoking and leukoedema (OR: 1, 95% CI: 0.51-1.94, P = 1). None of the participants presented smoker's palate, erythroplakia, and candidiasis.
CONCLUSIONS
This study's results showed that smokers exhibited a greater chance of developing oral lesions compared to non-smokers.
Topics: Humans; Iran; Male; Female; Mouth Mucosa; Adult; Middle Aged; Mouth Diseases; Smokers; Smoking; Non-Smokers; Prevalence; Young Adult; Xerostomia; Aged; Leukoplakia, Oral
PubMed: 38679769
DOI: 10.4103/njcp.njcp_702_23