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Biosensors Oct 2022Despite all the psychological advantages of alprazolam, its long list of toxic properties and interactions has caused concern and highlighted the need for a reliable...
Despite all the psychological advantages of alprazolam, its long list of toxic properties and interactions has caused concern and highlighted the need for a reliable sensing method. In this study, we developed a simple, highly sensitive electrochemical nanobiosensor to determine the desirable dose of alprazolam, averting the undesirable consequences of overdose. Gold nanourchins (AuNUs) and iron-nickel reduced graphene oxide (Fe-Ni@rGO) were immobilized on a glassy carbon electrode, which was treated beforehand. The electrode surface was characterized using cyclic voltammetry, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy/energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and differential pulse voltammetry. The fabricated sensor showed two linear ranges (4 to 500 µg L and 1 to 50 mg L), low limit of detection (1 µg L), high sensitivity, good repeatability, and good recovery. Increased -OH and carboxyl (-COOH) groups on the electrode surface, resulting in improved the adsorption of alprazolam and thus lower limit of detection. This nanobiosensor could detect alprazolam powder dissolved in diluted blood serum; we also studied other benzodiazepine drugs (clonazepam, oxazepam, and diazepam) with this nanobiosensor, and results were sensible, with a significant difference.
Topics: Alprazolam; Graphite; Nanocomposites; Gold; Electrodes; Electrochemical Techniques
PubMed: 36354454
DOI: 10.3390/bios12110945 -
Psychiatria Polska Jun 2022Alcohol addiction is one of the most common health problems. Long-term consumption of high doses of ethanol leads to numerous adaptive changes in the central and...
Pharmacotherapy of alcohol withdrawal syndromes - Recommendations of the Polish Psychiatric Association and the Pharmacotherapy Section of the Polish Society for Addiction Research.
Alcohol addiction is one of the most common health problems. Long-term consumption of high doses of ethanol leads to numerous adaptive changes in the central and peripheral nervous systems, most notably a decrease in the activity of inhibitory GABAergic pathways and an increase in the activity of excitatory glutamatergic pathways. Up to half of patients may develop alcohol withdrawal syndrome (AWS) when they stop drinking alcohol. This article contains the recommendations of the Polish Psychiatric Association and the Pharmacotherapy Section of the Polish Society for Addiction Research for the pharmaco�therapy of AWS. This paper presents the aetiopathogenesis, neurotransmitter and receptor mechanisms, symptoms and diagnostic criteria of AWS, medications used in the treatment of alcohol withdrawal syndromes, management of uncomplicated and complicated alcohol withdrawal syndromes, and discusses the management of special populations. First‑line drugs in the management of AWS are benzodiazepines (BDZ). Most studies have not shown a su�periority of any BDZ in the treatment of AWS. The decision to choose a formulation should be based on its pharmacokinetic properties, comorbidities, and the patient's current condi�tion. The most commonly used BDZs are diazepam, lorazepam, oxazepam, and clorazepate.
Topics: Humans; Substance Withdrawal Syndrome; Alcoholism; Poland; Benzodiazepines; Ethanol
PubMed: 36342978
DOI: 10.12740/PP/OnlineFirst/149321 -
Journal of Clinical and Experimental... 2022Alcohol withdrawal syndrome (AWS) is a common condition that is seen in treatment-seeking patients with Alcohol use disorder (AUD) and alcoholic liver disease (ALD).... (Review)
Review
Alcohol withdrawal syndrome (AWS) is a common condition that is seen in treatment-seeking patients with Alcohol use disorder (AUD) and alcoholic liver disease (ALD). AWS, which typically starts within 4-6 h of the last alcohol use, can range from mild symptoms such as insomnia, tremors, and autonomic hyperactivity to more severe symptoms such as seizures and delirium tremens. Clinical Institute Withdrawal Assessment Scale-Alcohol Revised (CIWA-Ar) is the most commonly used scale to assess AWS in clinical practice. The presence of moderate withdrawal as indicated by a score of more than 8 is an indication for pharmacotherapy. Lorazepam and oxazepam are preferred agents for the management of AWS in the setting of ALD. In severe ALD, benzodiazepines should be used cautiously with monitoring due to the risk of excessive sedation or precipitating hepatic encephalopathy.
PubMed: 36340306
DOI: 10.1016/j.jceh.2022.03.003 -
Pakistan Journal of Medical Sciences 2022To explore the effect of grouping motivational interviewing on psychological craving of patients with alcohol dependence in the rehabilitation.
OBJECTIVE
To explore the effect of grouping motivational interviewing on psychological craving of patients with alcohol dependence in the rehabilitation.
METHODS
In this prospective study one hundred patients with convalescent alcohol dependence admitted to Hebei Province Veterans Hospital from October 2017 to June 2019 were randomly divided into two groups, the experimental group and the control group, 50 cases in each. The experimental group was administrated oxazepam as a replacement therapy and the motivational interviewing. The control group was administrated oxazepam as a replacement therapy and routine health education. Both groups continued treatment for three months. Curative effect was assessed before treatment, and two weeks, four weeks and three months after treatment by using Penn Alcohol Craving Scale (PACS), Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAMD) and Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HAMA).
RESULTS
PACS, HAMD and HAMA in the experimental group were significantly lower than those in the control group (P < 0.05).
CONCLUSION
Grouping motivational interviewing can effectively reduce the degree of psychological dependence on alcohol and improve the symptoms of anxiety and depression in patients with alcohol dependence during rehabilitation period.
PubMed: 36246683
DOI: 10.12669/pjms.38.7.4741 -
Advanced Biomedical Research 2022This study aimed to compare the efficacy of gabapentin and oxazepam on sleep quality, the severity of anxiety, and pain level in patients admitted to the coronary care...
Comparison the Effects of Gabapentin and Oxazepam on Sleep Quality, Anxiety, and Pain in Unstable Angina Patients Admitted to Coronary Care Unit of Hazrat Rasool Akram Hospital.
BACKGROUND
This study aimed to compare the efficacy of gabapentin and oxazepam on sleep quality, the severity of anxiety, and pain level in patients admitted to the coronary care unit (CCU).
MATERIALS AND METHODS
This double-blind randomized clinical trial was done on the patients with unstable angina (UA) admitted to the CCU of Hazrat Rasool Akram Hospital in Tehran. A total of 56 patients were entered the study and randomly divided into two groups of 26. The first group was given a gabapentin capsule at a dose of 300-1200 mg/day, and the second group was given 10-20 mg of oxazepam tablets per day until hospitalization in the CCU. On the first and 4 days of hospitalization, Groningen sleep quality score (GSQS), Beck Anxiety Inventory, and severity of pain experienced by Visual Analogue Scale were recorded, and the mean frequency of chest pains was calculated in 24 h during the first 4 days. The amount of drug (morphine) prescription in CCU also compared between the two groups.
RESULTS
There was no significant difference in GSQS scores between both groups. The mean score of Beck's anxiety scale did not differ significantly between the two groups. However, the incidence of chest pain was significantly lower in the gabapentin-receiving group than in the oxazepam-receiving group (<0.001). The days that the patients experienced chest pain were significantly less in the gabapentin-receiving group than in the oxazepam-receiving group (<0.001).
CONCLUSION
The results of our study showed that gabapentin compared to oxazepam could significantly reduce chest pain in patients with UA.
PubMed: 36124023
DOI: 10.4103/abr.abr_154_20 -
Evidence-based Complementary and... 2022To explore the efficacy of risperidone orally disintegrating tablets combined with oxazepam in the treatment of schizophrenia.
OBJECTIVE
To explore the efficacy of risperidone orally disintegrating tablets combined with oxazepam in the treatment of schizophrenia.
METHODS
From May 2019 to May 2021, 60 patients with schizophrenia treated in our hospital were recruited and assigned into an observation group (risperidone orally disintegrating tablets combined with oxazepam treatment) and a control group (alprazolam combined with chlorpromazine treatment) according to the random number table method. The positive and negative symptom score (PANSS), quality of life score (QOL-75), ability of daily living score (ADL), clinical efficacy, incidence of adverse reactions, and disease recurrence were compared between the two groups before and after treatment.
RESULTS
The PANSS scores were similar in the two groups before treatment ( > 0.05). The two groups presented a declining trend in PANSS score after treatment, whereas a remarkable lower score in the observation group was observed ( < 0.05). The QOL scores of the two groups of patients before treatment was not significantly different ( > 0.05). Both groups witnessed improvements one month and three months after treatment, with considerable improvements being obtained in the observation group (all < 0.05). The two groups did not differ in ADL scores before treatment ( > 0.05). At 1 month and 3 months after treatment, the ADL scores of the two groups were improved, with a higher score in the observation group ( < 0.05). The observation group had a markedly higher total effective rate as compared to the control group ( = 5.455, =0.020). Adverse reaction occurred in both groups, with milder results in the observation group. The recurrence rate of the two groups was not statistically different one month after treatment ( > 0.05), while two and three months after treatment, they were lower than those of the control group (all < 0.05).
CONCLUSION
Risperidone orally disintegrating tablets combined with oxazepam shows potential in the treatment of schizophrenia by relieving patients' mental symptoms, improving quality of life and activities of daily living, and minimizing the incidence of adverse reactions.
PubMed: 35990853
DOI: 10.1155/2022/2344946 -
Case Reports in Otolaryngology 2022Disturbed pitch perception is a rare but well-known side effect of the antiepileptic drug carbamazepine and its derivates. A patient is presented who used three...
Disturbed Pitch Perception during Antidepressant Therapy of a Combination of Lithium, Nortriptyline, and Oxazepam: A Rare Unexpected and Undesirable Side Effect for a Violinist.
Disturbed pitch perception is a rare but well-known side effect of the antiepileptic drug carbamazepine and its derivates. A patient is presented who used three antidepressants because of depression. After recovering, the medication was continued, but as a violinist, the patient was told that his intonation was too low with the consequence that he was not allowed to participate in the orchestra where he had been for years. After phasing out the medications, his pitch perception returned to normal. This observation is unique as no other examples of this side effect are found in the literature in relation to antidepressants.
PubMed: 35911473
DOI: 10.1155/2022/4494284 -
Ugeskrift For Laeger Jun 2022In this case report we describe a life-threatening episode of delirium in a 51-year-old man. The condition was triggered by an abrupt withdrawal of benzodiazepines. The...
In this case report we describe a life-threatening episode of delirium in a 51-year-old man. The condition was triggered by an abrupt withdrawal of benzodiazepines. The patient had been taking multiple sedatives for several years but a large proportion of the drugs were not available in Denmark. His general practitioner substituted and prescribed oxazepam and zolpidem for ten days. Afterwards the patient did not have access to benzodiazepines and developed a severe benzodiazepine withdrawal delirium. He was treated with diazepam and olanzapine with gradual dose reduction.
Topics: Alcohol Withdrawal Delirium; Benzodiazepines; Delirium; Diazepam; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Oxazepam; Substance Withdrawal Syndrome
PubMed: 35703059
DOI: No ID Found -
The Science of the Total Environment Aug 2022Soil Aquifer Treatment (SAT) can provide supplementary treatment of trace organic compounds (TrOCs) such as pharmaceutical and industrial compounds present in Secondary...
Soil Aquifer Treatment (SAT) can provide supplementary treatment of trace organic compounds (TrOCs) such as pharmaceutical and industrial compounds present in Secondary Treated Wastewater (STWW). Concern on presence of unregulated TrOCs in natural systems has raised recently as well as the interest in SAT systems for remediation. The present study quantifies, at the field scale over35 m of lateral groundwater flow, the effectiveness of the Agon-Coutainville SAT system (Manche, Normandy, France) for TrOCs removal by sorption and biodegradation through monitoring of seven TrOCs (oxazepam, carbamazepine, benzotriazole, tolyltriazole, caffein, paracetamol, ibuprofen) and major inorganic compounds as intrinsic tracers in STWW and groundwater during a 34-day STWW infiltration experiment during operational use of the SAT. Cationic exchanges and mixing between groundwater and STWW during the experiment were highlighted by major ions and geochemical simulations. Due to the low thickness of the unsaturated zone, a 1D analytical solution of the advection-dispersion equation (ADE) was applied on chloride data. Chloride was used as conservative intrinsic tracer to calibrate the horizontal flow and transport parameters such as the aquifer dispersion coefficient (D) and the average pore water velocity (ν) allowing estimation of the groundwater residence time. Transport and attenuation of the TrOCs were simulated assuming first-order degradation constant (μ) and linear retardation coefficient (R), calibrated to simulate the observed temporal changes in the breakthrough of TrOCs. Sorption was found to play a role in the transport of TrOCs, notably for oxazepam with a higher linear retardation coefficient value of 2.2, whereas no significant differences of retardation were observed for carbamazepine, tolyltriazole, benzotriazole (1.37, 1.35, 1.36 respectively). Estimated first order degradation rate constants, between 0.03d for carbamazepine and 0.09d for tolyltriazole, were generally high compared to the literature, possibly due to favourable redox conditions and important microbial activities within the system. This study provides evidence of the efficiency of the Agon-Coutainville SAT system for the removal of TrOCs.
Topics: Carbamazepine; Chlorides; Felodipine; Groundwater; Organic Chemicals; Oxazepam; Soil; Wastewater; Water Pollutants, Chemical
PubMed: 35513148
DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.155643 -
International Journal of Psychiatry in... Mar 2023The COVID-19 pandemic has negatively impacted the general population in all aspects of life. Estimates of mental health medication dispensing in Alberta were...
BACKGROUND
The COVID-19 pandemic has negatively impacted the general population in all aspects of life. Estimates of mental health medication dispensing in Alberta were investigated to elucidate areas of need within mental health and pharmacy practice during the pandemic.
METHODS
We employed an interrupted time series analysis using linear regression models to estimate community and outpatient medication dispensing trends of 46 medications used to treat mental health disorders. Three parameters were examined. The first was the medication dispensing slope before COVID-19. The second was the immediate effect of COVID-19 on dispensing (i.e., the difference in dispensing rate between the month before and after the first case of COVID-19) and the third was the medication dispensing slope during COVID-19.
RESULTS
Dispensing rates of 61% ( = 34) of the examined medications remained similar before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. However, eight medications (i.e., amitriptyline, escitalopram, fluoxetine, paroxetine, bupropion, desvenlafaxine, venlafaxine, and oxazepam) showed an immediate and significant increase in dispensing rate following the onset of the pandemic that was sustained over the first 13-months of the pandemic.
CONCLUSION
Initial increases in dispensing patterns of antidepressants may be attributed to a "stockpiling phenomenon" but the sustained higher levels of dispensing suggest an unfavorable shift in the population's mental health. Monitoring of medication dispensing patterns during COVID-19 may serve as a useful indicator of the population's mental health during the current pandemic and better prepare community pharmacists in future pandemic planning, medication dispensing strategies, and care of chronic medical conditions.
Topics: Humans; COVID-19; Alberta; Pandemics; Mental Health; Interrupted Time Series Analysis
PubMed: 35502998
DOI: 10.1177/00912174221084818