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Frontiers in Pediatrics 2021It is well recognized that pacifier habit leads to occlusal and orofacial functional changes in children. However, the effects of the interruption of prolonged pacifier...
It is well recognized that pacifier habit leads to occlusal and orofacial functional changes in children. However, the effects of the interruption of prolonged pacifier habit on the development of the dento-facial complex has not yet been fully characterized. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate the influence of pacifier removal on aspects of oro-dentofacial morphology and function in preschool children. For that, a pacifier group ( = 28) and a control group ( = 32) of 4-year-old children with and without pacifier habit, respectively, were followed up by a group of dentists and speech therapists at baseline, 6 and 12 months after habit removal. Bite force and lip pressure were assessed using digital systems, and the evaluation of breathing and speech functions was performed using validated protocols, together with the measurements of dental casts and facial anthropometry. The Two-way mixed model ANOVA was used in data analysis. After 12 months, a decrease in malocclusion frequency was observed in pacifier group. Additionally, a change over time was observed in facial, intermolar and palate depth measurements, as well in bite and lip forces and speech function scores, increasing in both groups ( < 0.01). The upper and lower intercanine widths and breathing scores differed between groups at baseline and changed over time reducing the differences. The presence of speech distortions was more frequent in the pacifier group at baseline and decreased over time ( < 0.05). The interruption of pacifier habit improved the maxillary and mandibular intercanine widths, as well as the breathing and speech functions, overcoming the oro-dentofacial changes found. This clinical trial was registered in the Brazilian Clinical Trials Registry (ReBEC; http://www.ensaiosclinicos.gov.br/), protocol no. RBR-728MJ2.
PubMed: 34589451
DOI: 10.3389/fped.2021.703695 -
ENeuro 2021Gustometers have made it possible to deliver liquids in functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) settings for decades, and mouthpieces are a critical part of these...
Gustometers have made it possible to deliver liquids in functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) settings for decades, and mouthpieces are a critical part of these taste delivery systems. Here, we propose an innovative 3D-printed fMRI mouthpiece inspired by children's pacifiers, allowing human participants to swallow while lying down in an MRI scanner. We used a large sample to validate the effectiveness of our method. The results suggest that the mouthpiece can be used to deliver taste stimuli by showing significant clusters of activation in the insular and piriform cortex, which are regions that have been consistently identified in taste processing. This mouthpiece fulfills several criteria guaranteeing a gustatory stimulus of quality, making the delivery precise and reliable. Moreover, this new pacifier-shaped design is simple and cheap to manufacture, hygienic, comfortable to keep in the mouth, and flexible to use in diverse cases. We hope that this new method will promote and facilitate the study of taste and flavor perception in the context of reward processing in affective neuroscience, and thus, help provide an integrative approach to the study of the emotional nature of rewards.
Topics: Brain Mapping; Child; Humans; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Mouth; Pacifiers; Printing, Three-Dimensional; Taste; Taste Perception
PubMed: 34551958
DOI: 10.1523/ENEURO.0208-21.2021 -
European Journal of Paediatric Dentistry Sep 2021The present work aims to evaluate, through an epidemiological study, the prevalence of Early Childhood Caries in an Italian paediatric population, aged up to 71 months,...
AIM
The present work aims to evaluate, through an epidemiological study, the prevalence of Early Childhood Caries in an Italian paediatric population, aged up to 71 months, evaluating some determinants that will be illustrated in this study in order to adopt preventive care and intervene as early as possible to limit the development of this disease.
METHODS
The sample consisted of 76 children aged up to 71 months who were examined at the PAediatric Dentistry Clinic of the University of l'Aquila. Parents were informed of the research that was taking place. All read the information sheet explaining the study and signed the informed consent where it was emphasised that the data collected would be treated and stored in a strictly confidential manner, pursuant to the Legislative Decree 196/2003 in force in Italy since June 30, 2003, regarding the protection of individuals with regard to the processing of personal data. At the end of this study, a standardised questionnaire administered. The questionnaire, divided into two parts, made it possible to acquire information regarding the characteristics of the population. First part: General data of the child and the medical history of the mother and father; Second part: The age and gender of the child, the type and duration of breastfeeding, the use of sugary pacifiers, oral hygiene and frequency of consumption of sugars drinks and food, identifying the starting age.
RESULTS
Evaluating the dmft of each child, 40.79% of our sample population is affected by ECC; 57.89% of the children used the pacifier and 13,16% of them have or have used it with honey with a p value of 0.001, therefore this parameter was statistically significant, together with the intake of candies, chocolates and sugar drinks. The data was collected for a period of about 12 months, consequently a descriptive statistical analysis was conducted in which the characteristics of the population under consideration were outlined. Discrete and nominal variables have been described with frequencies and percentages. The percentage differences were evaluated using the chi-square test and the Fisher test. Quantitative variables were expressed in terms of mean and standard deviation and significance was assessed by the Mann-Whitney test. The level of significance was established as p <0.05. A Logistic Regression was conducted to evaluate the risk factors associated with a dmft>0 setting, dmft=0/dmft>0 as the dependent variable and the variables investigated as explanatory variables. The evaluation of the association was reported as the Odds Ratio with the 95% confidence interval. The statistical analysis was carried out using the Stata 12/1C statistical package.
CONCLUSION
ECC is a multifactorial disease in which eating habits play a very important role. A diet that from childhood is characterised by a high consumption of sugar-rich food and drinks is highly associated with the incidence of ECC in later years.
Topics: Child; Child, Preschool; Cross-Sectional Studies; Dental Caries; Dental Caries Susceptibility; Epidemiologic Studies; Female; Humans; Italy; Prevalence; Risk Factors
PubMed: 34544246
DOI: 10.23804/ejpd.2021.22.03.3 -
Trials Sep 2021Most hospitalized preterm infants experience difficulties in transitioning from tube feeding to full oral feeding. Interventions to promote full oral feeding in preterm...
Early skin contact combined with mother's breastfeeding to shorten the process of premature infants ≤ 30 weeks of gestation to achieve full oral feeding: the study protocol of a randomized controlled trial.
BACKGROUND
Most hospitalized preterm infants experience difficulties in transitioning from tube feeding to full oral feeding. Interventions to promote full oral feeding in preterm infants in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) are limited to pacifier use or bottle-feeding exercises. Skin contact has been shown to be beneficial to start and maintain lactation and provide preterm infants with the opportunity to suck on the mother's breast, which may promote further development of the preterm infant's suckling patterns. The objective of this study is to compare and evaluate the effects of skin contact combined with breastfeeding (suck on the mother's empty breast) as compared to the routine pacifier suckling training model in achieving full oral feeding for infants whose gestational age are ≤ 30 weeks.
METHODS
This is a single-center, randomized controlled clinical trial conducted in the NICU and designed according to the SPIRIT Statement. The subjects included in the study are premature infants born between April 2020 and July 2021 with a gestational age of ≤30 weeks, birth weight of <1500 g, admission age of <72 h, and absence of congenital malformations. Those with oxygenation indices of >40 and those born to mothers with poor verbal communication skills will be excluded. A sample of 148 infants is needed. The infants will be randomized to the intervention (skin contact combined with mother's breastfeeding model) or control group (routine pacifier sucking training model). The primary outcome is the time required to achieve full oral feeding. The secondary outcomes are the breastfeeding abilities of preterm infants as assessed by the Preterm Infant Breastfeeding Behavior Scale (PIBBS), breastfeeding rates at 3 and 6 months corrected gestational age, complication rates, duration of oxygen requirement, days of hospital stay, and satisfaction of parents.
DISCUSSION
This paper describes the first single-center, open-label, randomized clinical trial on this topic and will provide crucial information to support the implementation of skin contact combined with the breastfeeding model in the NICU setting.
TRIAL REGISTRATION
ClinicalTrials.gov NCT04283682. Registered on 8 February 2020.
Topics: Breast Feeding; Female; Humans; Infant; Infant, Low Birth Weight; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Premature; Intensive Care Units, Neonatal; Mothers; Pregnancy; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic
PubMed: 34535164
DOI: 10.1186/s13063-021-05605-x -
BMC Pediatrics Sep 2021We looked at existing recommendations and supporting evidence for successful strategies to prevent the sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS).We conducted a literature... (Review)
Review
We looked at existing recommendations and supporting evidence for successful strategies to prevent the sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS).We conducted a literature search up to the 14th of December 2020 by using key terms and manual search in selected sources. We summarized the recommendations and the strength of the recommendation when and as reported by the authors. We summarized the main findings of systematic reviews with the certainty of the evidence as reported.Current evidence supports statistical associations between risk factors and SIDS, but there is globally limited evidence by controlled studies assessing the effect of the social promotion strategies to prevent SIDS through knowledge, attitude and practices, due to obvious ethical reasons. A dramatic decline in SIDS incidence has been observed in many countries after the introduction of "Back to Sleep" campaigns for prevention of SIDS. All infants should be placed to sleep in a safe environment including supine position, a firm surface, no soft objects and loose bedding, no head covering, no overheating, and room-sharing without bed-sharing. Breastfeeding on demand and the use of pacifier during sleep time protect against SIDS and should be recommended. Parents should be advised against the use of tobacco, alcohol and illicit drugs during gestation and after birth.
Topics: Beds; Humans; Infant; Pacifiers; Prone Position; Risk Factors; Sleep; Sudden Infant Death; Supine Position; Systematic Reviews as Topic
PubMed: 34496779
DOI: 10.1186/s12887-021-02536-z -
Revista Da Escola de Enfermagem Da U S P 2021To identify the effect of the category gestational age at term on breastfeeding in he first hour of life, the duration of exclusive breastfeeding, and practice of...
OBJECTIVE
To identify the effect of the category gestational age at term on breastfeeding in he first hour of life, the duration of exclusive breastfeeding, and practice of breastfeeding twelve months from birth.
METHOD
Single cohort, with a one-year prospective follow-up of 541 children. A hierarchical analysis was performed, with models adjusted per Cox regression, considering critical p < 0.05.
RESULTS
During raw analysis there was a statistical difference on breastfeeding in the first hour of life (RR = 1.54; CI 95% = 1.12-2.12; p = 0.008). However, in the final analysis, there was no association between gestational age at term and breastfeeding in the first hour of life, duration of exclusive breastfeeding, and the practice of breastfeeding twelve months from birth. Secondarily, higher age and education, cesarean section, birth at private services, and the need for resuscitation were observed to have a negative influence. Duration of previous pregnancy favored breastfeeding in the first hour of life. Using baby bottle and pacifier was negative for breastfeeding in the first year of life.
CONCLUSION
There was no association between the category gestational age at term and breastfeeding. The association of outcomes pointed out by the scientific literature have been confirmed.
Topics: Breast Feeding; Cesarean Section; Child; Cohort Studies; Female; Gestational Age; Humans; Infant; Male; Pregnancy; Prospective Studies; Time Factors
PubMed: 34448802
DOI: 10.1590/1980-220X-REEUSP-2020-0381 -
European Review For Medical and... Aug 2021Chemicals that disrupt the endocrine homeostasis of the human body, otherwise known as endocrine disruptors (EDCs), are found in the blood, urine, amniotic fluid, or... (Review)
Review
OBJECTIVE
Chemicals that disrupt the endocrine homeostasis of the human body, otherwise known as endocrine disruptors (EDCs), are found in the blood, urine, amniotic fluid, or adipose tissue. This paper presents the current knowledge about EDCs and the reproductive system.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The article is an overview of the impact of EDCs and their mechanism of action, with particular emphasis on gonads, based on the information available on medical databases (PubMed, Web of Science, EMBASE and Google Scholar, EMBASE and Web of Science) until May 2021.
RESULTS
EDCs occur in everyday life, e.g., they are components of adhesives, brake fluids, and flame retardants; they are used in the production of polyvinyl chloride (PVC), plastic food boxes, pacifiers, medicines, cosmetics (bisphenol A, phthalates), hydraulic fluids, printing inks (polychlorinated biphenyls - PCBs), receipts (bisphenol A, BSA) and raincoats (phthalates); they are also a component of polyvinyl products (e.g. toys) (phthalates), air fresheners and cleaning agents (phthalates); moreover, they can be found in the smoke from burning wood (dioxins), and in soil or plants (pesticides). EDCs are part of our diet and can be found in vegetables, fruits, green tea, chocolate and red wine (phytoestrogens). In addition to infertility, they can lead to premature puberty and even cause uterine and ovarian cancer. However, in men, they reduce testosterone levels, reduce the quality of sperm, and cause benign testicular tumors.
CONCLUSIONS
Therefore, this article submits that EDCs negatively affect our health, disrupting the functioning of the endocrine system, and particularly affecting the functioning of the gonads.
Topics: Endocrine Disruptors; Environmental Exposure; Environmental Pollutants; Female; Genitalia; Humans; Male
PubMed: 34355365
DOI: 10.26355/eurrev_202108_26450 -
International Journal of Surgery... 2021Oro-motor intervention methods were previously adopted to improve the sucking pattern but there is still a lag in the structured protocol for improving sucking behavior...
BACKGROUND
Oro-motor intervention methods were previously adopted to improve the sucking pattern but there is still a lag in the structured protocol for improving sucking behavior in infants with immature sucking. Thus, this study is aimed to develop a structured protocol for the Oro-motor intervention to improve sucking behavior.
METHOD
Using the prospective observational study design, neonates with poor suck (producing less than 10 sucks per minute), under NG tube feeding, and maintaining oxygen saturation at room air were included. A total of 6 subjects were enrolled in this study and they were treated with Oro-motor intervention protocol. The Sucking rate and LATCH score were taken as the outcome measures and measured at beginning of intervention and after 2 weeks of intervention.
RESULT
The mean pre-test and post-test values for sucking rate were is (8.66), (32.5) and LATCH were (4.66), (8.16) respectively. The data collected showed that the protocol framed for Oro-motor intervention was significantly effective in improving quality of feeding among infants with immature sucking behavior.
CONCLUSION
The structured Oro-motor intervention protocol improves the feeding performance in infants with poor sucking behavior and improves the LATCH score. All the infants included in this study where under nasogastric tube feeding, thus the structured protocol can be considered to be helpful in weaning from NG tube feeding.
PubMed: 34327289
DOI: 10.29337/ijsp.152 -
Turkish Archives of Pediatrics Mar 2021Breast milk is the ideal food that meets all kinds of nutritional contents of babies. The World Health Organization recommends that all babies be fed exclusively...
OBJECTIVE
Breast milk is the ideal food that meets all kinds of nutritional contents of babies. The World Health Organization recommends that all babies be fed exclusively breastfeeding for the first 6 months. This study aimed to evaluate the relationship between the perception of breast milk of mothers and fathers with term babies and exclusively breastfeeding status in the first 6 months and to investigate the factors affecting exclusively breastfeeding status.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
Our longitudinal type study includes healthy/term infants and their parents born between 1 July-30 September 2018. In the postpartum period "adult's perception level of breast milk scale" was completed by the parents. The nutritional properties of the babies were recorded by reaching the families by phone when they were 2, 4, and 6 months old. Of the 341 families that participated in the study, 332 were evaluated and the study was completed with 304, 297, and 292 families at the 2, 4, and 6 months, respectively.
RESULTS
Exclusively breastfeeding ratio was 85.5%, 68%, and 50% in the 2, 4, and 6 months, respectively. The mean score of the mothers on perception level of milk scale was significantly higher than the fathers (133.97±10.01 vs 123.91±13.41, p<0.001, respectively). The scale score of the mothers receiving breastfeeding training was significantly higher than the mothers without training (135.19±8.55 vs 130.91±12.25, respectively, p=0.008). The mode of delivery is related to the level of perception of breast milk of mothers and fathers. Mothers who had the last cesarean section had lower scale scores than those who delivered normally (131.71±12.11 vs 134.94±8.80, respectively, p=0.007). In the fathers whose spouse had a cesarean section, the scale scores were significantly higher than those whose spouses had normal delivery (126.42±12.73 vs 122.83±13.57, p=0.026, respectively). There was no correlation between exclusively breastfeeding status and breastmilk perception levels of the parents in the first 6 months. The mother's breastfeeding her previous child for ≥6 months and the use of pacifier/baby bottle were associated with exclusively breastfeeding status in the first 6 months.
CONCLUSION
Fathers should be included in breastmilk and breastfeeding training.
PubMed: 34286328
DOI: 10.14744/TurkPediatriArs.2020.75875 -
Revista Brasileira de Enfermagem 2021to assess the sustainability of the Breastfeeding-Friendly Primary Care Initiative by analyzing compliance with the Ten Steps in accredited units; and association with...
OBJECTIVES
to assess the sustainability of the Breastfeeding-Friendly Primary Care Initiative by analyzing compliance with the Ten Steps in accredited units; and association with maternal satisfaction and exclusive breastfeeding.
METHODS
a cross-sectional study conducted in 2016. An assessment of compliance, conducted by interviews with health professionals, pregnant women, and mothers. An association between compliance and satisfaction, analyzed by Spearman›s correlation test; and association between contextual/individual characteristics and exclusive breastfeeding, by the multilevel Poisson regression.
RESULTS
compliance was 5.4-10 points and satisfaction was 36.8%-100%. Prevalence of exclusive breastfeeding was 56.7%. There was a correlation between compliance and satisfaction. Higher education, prenatal orientation, hospital discharge on exclusive breastfeeding, attendance in mixed units, and female gender of the child were associated with higher prevalence of exclusive breastfeeding; on the other hand, increasing age and pacifier use were associated with lower prevalence.
CONCLUSIONS
the Initiative proved to be sustainable; compliance with the Ten Steps was high and was reflected in maternal satisfaction.
Topics: Breast Feeding; Child; Cross-Sectional Studies; Female; Health Promotion; Humans; Infant; Mothers; Pregnancy; Pregnant Women; Primary Health Care
PubMed: 34259729
DOI: 10.1590/0034-7167-2020-0869