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Heliyon Feb 2024Food fortification has always been an effective and proven practice for eradicating various nutrient deficiencies in Bangladesh. This study investigated different...
Food fortification has always been an effective and proven practice for eradicating various nutrient deficiencies in Bangladesh. This study investigated different quality parameters of three types (soybean, sunflower, and palm) of extensively consumed fortified edible oils in Bangladesh. Vitamin A analysis has shown that the vitamin A fortification level of most of the oil brands (73 %) did not comply with the Bangladesh Standard and Testing Institution (BSTI) standards (1.5-3.0 mg/100 g). Vitamin A contents of soybean, sunflower, and palm oil brands ranged from 0.13 to 2.06, 0.92-1.34, and 0.99-1.31 mg/100 g, respectively. Inter-brand values of vitamin A were also significantly different ( < 0.05). The majority of the samples were found to be within the acceptable ranges of Codex and BSTI, taking into account the significant chemical quality parameters for soybean, sunflower, and palm oil, such as acid value (0.31-0.93, 0.31-0.56, 0.39-0.81 mg KOH/g), free fatty acid (0.15-0.46, 0.15-0.28, 0.2-0.41 %), saponification (188.64-196.35, 186.53-188, 197.05-199.86 mg KOH/g), and peroxide values (0.06-2.9, 0.65-1.58, 1.35-1.75 meq O/kg) respectively. All the brands' physical quality parameters (density, specific gravity, pH, viscosity, smoke point, color, and RI) complied with Codex standards. Various physical and chemical quality parameters were analyzed for significant correlations at 0.01 and 0.05 levels of significance. Remarkably, significant correlations were found between vitamin A and peroxide value ( < 0.01), iodine value and viscosity ( < 0.01), saponification value and viscosity ( < 0.01), pH and viscosity ( < 0.01), and saponification value and pH ( < 0.05). In conclusion, although the vitamin A status of most of the fortified edible oil brands was poor, the key quality indicators (except iodine value) of most of the oils were within the Codex and BSTI standard limits and were acceptable for human consumption.
PubMed: 38356593
DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e25489 -
Nature Mar 2024Terrestrial animal biodiversity is increasingly being lost because of land-use change. However, functional and energetic consequences aboveground and belowground and...
Terrestrial animal biodiversity is increasingly being lost because of land-use change. However, functional and energetic consequences aboveground and belowground and across trophic levels in megadiverse tropical ecosystems remain largely unknown. To fill this gap, we assessed changes in energy fluxes across 'green' aboveground (canopy arthropods and birds) and 'brown' belowground (soil arthropods and earthworms) animal food webs in tropical rainforests and plantations in Sumatra, Indonesia. Our results showed that most of the energy in rainforests is channelled to the belowground animal food web. Oil palm and rubber plantations had similar or, in the case of rubber agroforest, higher total animal energy fluxes compared to rainforest but the key energetic nodes were distinctly different: in rainforest more than 90% of the total animal energy flux was channelled by arthropods in soil and canopy, whereas in plantations more than 50% of the energy was allocated to annelids (earthworms). Land-use change led to a consistent decline in multitrophic energy flux aboveground, whereas belowground food webs responded with reduced energy flux to higher trophic levels, down to -90%, and with shifts from slow (fungal) to fast (bacterial) energy channels and from faeces production towards consumption of soil organic matter. This coincides with previously reported soil carbon stock depletion. Here we show that well-documented animal biodiversity declines with tropical land-use change are associated with vast energetic and functional restructuring in food webs across aboveground and belowground ecosystem compartments.
Topics: Animals; Arthropods; Bacteria; Biodiversity; Birds; Carbon Sequestration; Feces; Food Chain; Fungi; Indonesia; Oligochaeta; Organic Chemicals; Palm Oil; Rainforest; Rubber; Soil; Tropical Climate; Energy Metabolism
PubMed: 38355803
DOI: 10.1038/s41586-024-07083-y -
International Journal of Molecular... Jan 2024Oil palm, a tropical woody oil crop, is widely used in food, cosmetics, and pharmaceuticals due to its high production efficiency and economic value. Palm oil is rich in...
Oil palm, a tropical woody oil crop, is widely used in food, cosmetics, and pharmaceuticals due to its high production efficiency and economic value. Palm oil is rich in free fatty acids, polyphenols, vitamin E, and other nutrients, which are beneficial for human health when consumed appropriately. Therefore, investigating the dynamic changes in free fatty acid content at different stages of development and hypothesizing the influence of regulatory genes on free fatty acid metabolism is crucial for improving palm oil quality and accelerating industry growth. LC-MS/MS is used to analyze the composition and content of free fatty acids in the flesh after 95 days (MS1 and MT1), 125 days (MS2 and MT2), and 185 days (MS3 and MT3) of Seedless (MS) and Tenera (MT) oil palm species fruit pollination. RNA-Seq was used to analyze the expression of genes regulating free fatty acid synthesis and accumulation, with differences in genes and metabolites mapped to the KEGG pathway map using the KEGG (Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes) enrichment analysis method. A metabolomics study identified 17 types of saturated and 13 types of unsaturated free fatty acids during the development of MS and MT. Transcriptomic research revealed that 10,804 significantly different expression genes were acquired in the set differential gene threshold between MS and MT. The results showed that FabB was positively correlated with the contents of three main free fatty acids (stearic acid, myristate acid, and palmitic acid) and negatively correlated with the contents of free palmitic acid in the flesh of MS and MT. ACSL and FATB were positively correlated with the contents of three main free fatty acids and negatively correlated with free myristate acid. The study reveals that the expression of key enzyme genes, FabB and FabF, may improve the synthesis of free myristate in oil palm flesh, while FabF, ACSL, and FATB genes may facilitate the production of free palmitoleic acid. These genes may also promote the synthesis of free stearic acid and palmitoleic acid in oil palm flesh. However, the FabB gene may inhibit stearic acid synthesis, while ACSL and FATB genes may hinder myristate acid production. This study provides a theoretical basis for improving palm oil quality.
Topics: Humans; Fatty Acids, Nonesterified; Fatty Acids; Palm Oil; Chromatography, Liquid; Myristates; Arecaceae; Tandem Mass Spectrometry; Fatty Acids, Unsaturated; Palmitic Acid; Gene Expression Profiling; Stearic Acids; Plant Oils
PubMed: 38338979
DOI: 10.3390/ijms25031686 -
International Journal of Molecular... Jan 2024Catalases (CATs) play crucial roles in scavenging HO from reactive oxygen species, controlling the growth and development of plants. So far, genome-wide identification...
Catalases (CATs) play crucial roles in scavenging HO from reactive oxygen species, controlling the growth and development of plants. So far, genome-wide identification and characterization of CAT genes in oil palm have not been reported. In the present study, five genes were obtained through a genome-wide identification approach. Phylogenetic analysis divided them into two subfamilies, with closer genes sharing similar structures. Gene structure and conserved motif analysis demonstrated the conserved nature of intron/exon organization and motifs among the genes. Several cis-acting elements related to hormone, stress, and defense responses were identified in the promoter regions of s. Tissue-specific expression of genes in five different tissues of oil palm was also revealed by heatmap analysis using the available transcriptome data. Stress-responsive expression analysis showed that five genes were significantly expressed under cold, drought, and salinity stress conditions. Collectively, this study provided valuable information on the oil palm CAT gene family and the validated genes can be used as potential candidates for improving abiotic stress tolerance in oil palm and other related crops.
Topics: Catalase; Phylogeny; Hydrogen Peroxide; Transcriptome; Arecaceae; Stress, Physiological; Gene Expression Regulation, Plant; Palm Oil; Plant Proteins
PubMed: 38338758
DOI: 10.3390/ijms25031480 -
IScience Feb 2024In some places, NO emissions have doubled during the last 2-3 decades. Therefore, it is crucial to identify NO emission hotspots from terrestrial and aquatic systems.... (Review)
Review
In some places, NO emissions have doubled during the last 2-3 decades. Therefore, it is crucial to identify NO emission hotspots from terrestrial and aquatic systems. Large variation in NO emissions occur in managed as well as in natural areas. Natural unmanaged tropical and subtropical wet forests are important NO sources globally. Emission hotspots, often coupled to human activities, vary across climate zones, whereas NO emissions are most often a few kg N ha year from arable soils, drained organic soils in the boreal and temperate zones often release 20-30 kg N ha year. Similar high NO emissions occur from some tropical crops like tea, palm oil and bamboo. This strong link between increased NO emissions and human activities highlight the potential to mitigate large emissions. In contrast, water where oxic and anoxic conditions meet are NO emission hotspots as well, but not possible to reduce.
PubMed: 38333714
DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.109042 -
Environmental Research Jun 2024Numerous fractionation methods have been developed in recent years for separating components such as cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin from lignocellulosic biomass...
Fractionation of oil palm fronds using ethanol-assisted deep eutectic solvent: Influence of ethanol concentration on enhancing enzymatic saccharification and lignin β-O-4 content.
Numerous fractionation methods have been developed in recent years for separating components such as cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin from lignocellulosic biomass wastes. Deep eutectic solvents (DES) have recently been widely investigated as captivating green solvents for biomass fractionation. However, most acidic-based deep eutectic solvent fractionation produces condensed lignin with low β-O-4 content. Besides, most DESs exhibit high viscosity, which results in poor mass transfer properties. This study aimed to address the challenges above by incorporating ethanol into the deep eutectic solvent at various concentrations (10-50 wt%) to fractionate oil palm fronds at a mild condition, i.e., 80 °C, 1 atm. Cellulose residues fractionated with ethanol-assisted deep eutectic solvent showed a maximum glucose yield of 85.8% when 20 wt% of ethanol was incorporated in the deep eutectic solvent, significantly higher than that achieved by pure DES (44.8%). Lignin extracted with ethanol-assisted deep eutectic solvent is lighter in color and higher in β-O-4 contents (up to 44 β-O-4 per 100 aromatic units) than pure DES-extracted lignin. Overall, this study has demonstrated that incorporating ethanol into deep eutectic solvents could enhance the applicability of deep eutectic solvents in the complete valorization of lignocellulosic biomass. Highly enzymatic digestible cellulose-rich solid and β-O-4-rich lignin attained from the fractionation could serve as sustainable precursors for the production of biofuels.
Topics: Lignin; Ethanol; Deep Eutectic Solvents; Chemical Fractionation; Biomass; Arecaceae; Solvents
PubMed: 38331153
DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2024.118366 -
Frontiers in Plant Science 2024[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1156869.].
[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1156869.].
PubMed: 38328703
DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1360323 -
Journal of Animal Science and... Feb 2024Oils are important sources of energy in pig diets. The combination of oils with different degree of saturation contributes to improve the utilization efficiency of the...
BACKGROUND
Oils are important sources of energy in pig diets. The combination of oils with different degree of saturation contributes to improve the utilization efficiency of the mixed oils and may reduce the cost of oil supplemented. An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of oils with different degree of saturation on the fat digestibility and corresponding additivity and bacterial community in growing pigs.
METHODS
Eighteen crossbred (Duroc × Landrace × Yorkshire) barrows (initial body weight: 29.3 ± 2.8 kg) were surgically fitted with a T-cannula in the distal ileum. The experimental diets included a fat-free basal diet and 5 oil-added diets. The 5 oil-added diets were formulated by adding 6% oil with different ratio of unsaturated to saturated fatty acids (U:S) to the basal diet. The 5 oils were palm oil (U:S = 1.2), canola oil (U:S = 12.0), and palm oil and canola oil were mixed in different proportions to prepare a combination of U:S of 2.5, 3.5 and 4.5, respectively.
RESULTS
The apparent and standardized ileal digestibility (AID and SID) of fat and fatty acids increased linearly (P < 0.05) as the U:S of dietary oils increased except for SID of fat and C18:2. The AID and SID of fat and fatty acids differed among the dietary treatments (P < 0.05) except for SID of unsaturated fatty acids (UFA) and C18:2. Fitted one-slope broken-line analyses for the SID of fat, saturated fatty acids (SFA) and UFA indicated that the breakpoint for U:S of oil was 4.14 (R = 0.89, P < 0.01), 2.91 (R = 0.98, P < 0.01) and 3.84 (R = 0.85, P < 0.01), respectively. The determined SID of fat, C18:1, C18:2 and UFA in the mixtures was not different from the calculated SID of fat, C18:1, C18:2 and UFA. However, the determined SID of C16:0, C18:0 and SFA in the mixtures were greater than the calculated SID values (P < 0.05). The abundance of Romboutsia and Turicibacter in pigs fed diet containing palm oil was greater than that in rapeseed oil treatment group, and the two bacteria were negatively correlated with SID of C16:0, C18:0 and SFA (P < 0.05).
CONCLUSIONS
The optimal U:S for improving the utilization efficiency of mixed oil was 4.14. The SID of fat and UFA for palm oil and canola oil were additive in growing pigs, whereas the SID of SFA in the mixture of two oils was greater than the sum of the values of pure oils. Differences in fat digestibility caused by oils differing in degree of saturation has a significant impact on bacterial community in the foregut.
PubMed: 38326917
DOI: 10.1186/s40104-023-00990-6 -
Heliyon Feb 2024The sustainability issues resulting from Malaysian palm oil production have garnered much interest in the palm oil industry. Consequently, Malaysian palm oil industry is...
The sustainability issues resulting from Malaysian palm oil production have garnered much interest in the palm oil industry. Consequently, Malaysian palm oil industry is indirectly exposed to sustainability risks, including boycott and reputational and regulatory risks. Hence, the industry encounters intense pressure from numerous stakeholders to address sustainability issues. Prior studies propounded that sustainability risk management (SRM) could minimise the adverse impact of sustainability risks by addressing sustainability issues. Nevertheless, the implementation of sustainability risk management in Malaysia remains low as numerous companies are not ready for it. Drawing on contingency theory, the objective of this study is to investigate the influence of contextual factors that can influence companies' readiness in implementing sustainability risk management. Data was collected through the distribution of questionnaires between July and December 2020. A total of 407 questionnaires were distributed, with a response rate of 29 %. Resultantly, sustainability strategy, business size, top management support, and regulatory pressure positively and significantly influenced sustainability risk management implementation. The findings also expanded the current theoretical knowledge with valuable insights for policymakers regarding the factors influencing to companies' readiness in implementing SRM.
PubMed: 38317937
DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e24681 -
PeerJ 2024Oil palm ( Jacq.) is one of the major oil-producing crops. Improving the quality and increasing the production yield of oil palm have been the primary focuses of both...
BACKGROUND
Oil palm ( Jacq.) is one of the major oil-producing crops. Improving the quality and increasing the production yield of oil palm have been the primary focuses of both conventional and modern breeding approaches. However, the conventional breeding approach for oil palm is very challenging due to its longevity, which results in a long breeding cycle. Thus, the establishment of marker assisted selection (MAS) for oil palm breeding programs would speed up the breeding pipeline by generating new oil palm varieties that possess high commercial traits. With the decreasing cost of sequencing, Genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS) is currently feasible to many researchers and it provides a platform to accelerate the discovery of single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) as well as insertion and deletion (InDel) markers for the construction of a genetic linkage map. A genetic linkage map facilitates the identification of significant DNA regions associated with the trait of interest quantitative trait loci (QTL) analysis.
METHODS
A mapping population of 112 F individuals from a cross of Deli and Serdang was used in this study. GBS libraries were constructed using the double digestion method with III and I enzymes. Reduced representation libraries (RRL) of 112 F progeny and their parents were sequenced and the reads were mapped against the reference genome. To construct the oil palm genetic linkage map, informative SNP and InDel markers were used to discover significant DNA regions associated with the traits of interest. The nine traits of interest in this study were fresh fruit bunch (FFB) yield, oil yield (OY), oil to bunch ratio (O/B), oil to dry mesocarp ratio (O/DM) ratio, oil to wet mesocarp ratio (O/WM), mesocarp to fruit ratio (M/F), kernel to fruit ratio (K/F), shell to fruit ratio (S/F), and fruit to bunch ratio (F/B).
RESULTS
A total of 2.5 million SNP and 153,547 InDel markers were identified. However, only a subset of 5,278 markers comprising of 4,838 SNPs and 440 InDels were informative for the construction of a genetic linkage map. Sixteen linkage groups were produced, spanning 2,737.6 cM for the maternal map and 4,571.6 cM for the paternal map, with average marker densities of one marker per 2.9 cM and one per 2.0 cM respectively, were produced. A QTL analysis was performed on nine traits; however, only QTL regions linked to M/F, K/F and S/F were declared to be significant. Of those QTLs were detected: two for M/F, four for K/F and one for S/F. These QTLs explained 18.1-25.6% of the phenotypic variance and were located near putative genes, such as casein kinase II and the zinc finger CCCH domain, which are involved in seed germination and growth. The identified QTL regions for M/F, K/F and S/F from this study could be applied in an oil palm breeding program and used to screen palms with desired traits marker assisted selection (MAS).
Topics: Humans; Quantitative Trait Loci; Chromosome Mapping; Genotype; Plant Breeding; Genetic Linkage; DNA
PubMed: 38313025
DOI: 10.7717/peerj.16570