-
American Journal of Veterinary Research May 2007To determine the durations of the local anesthetic effect and plasma procaine concentrations associated with 5- and 10-mg doses of procaine hydrochloride (with or... (Randomized Controlled Trial)
Randomized Controlled Trial
OBJECTIVE
To determine the durations of the local anesthetic effect and plasma procaine concentrations associated with 5- and 10-mg doses of procaine hydrochloride (with or without 100 microg of epinephrine) administered SC over the lateral palmar digital nerves of horses.
ANIMALS
6 healthy adult horses.
PROCEDURES
The hoof withdrawal reflex latency (HWRL) period was determined by use of a focused heat lamp before and after administration of procaine with and without epinephrine. Blood samples were collected immediately before determination of each HWRL period to assess plasma concentrations of procaine via liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry-mass spectrometry (LC-MS-MS).
RESULTS
10 but not 5 mg of procaine alone and 5 and 10 mg of procaine administered with epinephrine significantly prolonged the HWRL period (mean durations of effect, 5, 120 and 180 minutes, respectively), compared with baseline values. Plasma procaine concentrations did not correlate well with local anesthetic activity; for example, although the HWRL was prolonged to the maximum permitted duration of 20 seconds at 60 to 180 minutes following administration of the 5-mg dose of procaine with epinephrine in certain horses, plasma procaine concentrations were less than the limit of quantitation of the LC-MS-MS assay.
CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE
Small doses of procaine coadministered with epinephrine provided long-lasting local analgesia and resulted in plasma procaine concentrations that were not always detectable via LC-MS-MS. On the basis of these results, the use of regulatory limits or thresholds for procaine concentration in equine plasma samples obtained after racing should be seriously reconsidered.
Topics: Anesthesia, Local; Anesthetics, Local; Animals; Cross-Over Studies; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Female; Horses; Injections, Subcutaneous; Male; Procaine; Time Factors
PubMed: 17472448
DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.68.5.495 -
Arquivos de Neuro-psiquiatria Jun 2005A non-controlled, prognostic cohort study was performed with the aim of establishing markers of neurological development and defining a clinical and epidemiological...
UNLABELLED
A non-controlled, prognostic cohort study was performed with the aim of establishing markers of neurological development and defining a clinical and epidemiological profile of preterm newborns at 3, 6, 9, and 12 months of gestation-corrected age in terms of primitive reflexes evolution.
RESULTS
At 3 months old of corrected age, all primitive reflexes were present. At 6 months old, all children showed plantar grasp and 2.7% still showed Moro and palmar grasp. Plantar grasp was the unique primitive reflex found at 9 and 12 months of corrected age.
CONCLUSION
It was possible to evaluate the occurence, as well as the disappearing of primitive reflexes in preterm newborns. The results show delay in the disappearing of primitive reflexes even with the use of corrected age.
Topics: Child Development; Cohort Studies; Confidence Intervals; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Premature; Neurologic Examination; Reflex
PubMed: 16100977
DOI: 10.1590/s0004-282x2005000200017 -
Autonomic Neuroscience : Basic &... Mar 2005We have, by using newly developed ratemeters, attempted to examine the effects of exercise intensity, posture, pressure on the skin of the back, and ambient hyperthermic... (Clinical Trial)
Clinical Trial Comparative Study
We have, by using newly developed ratemeters, attempted to examine the effects of exercise intensity, posture, pressure on the skin of the back, and ambient hyperthermic conditions (approximately 30 degrees C) on the 5-s handgrip exercise-mediated responses of active palmar sweating in humans. Thirty-five right-handed male (n=5) and female (n=30) volunteer students (20.2+/-1.3 years old) participated in the present study. Oral explanation of only the isometric handgrip exercise (IHG) caused a rapid and oscillatory response (pre-operational) of active palmar sweating in almost all subjects (10 of 14 subjects). Performing the IHG for 5-s caused a significant increase in active sweating rate (operation-mediated response) in both ipsi- and contra-lateral palmar surfaces of the thumbs of all subjects. The operation-mediated responses of active palmar sweating to the IHG were reproducible, resulting in no habituation. The increase of operation-mediated responses to the IHG was dependent upon exercise intensity (100-25% maximal voluntary contractions). The IHG-mediated ipsi- and contra-lateral responses of active palmar sweating were significantly decreased by changing the body posture from a seated to a supine position or by pressing the skin of the back. Ambient hyperthermic conditions (approximately 30 degrees C) for 60 min also resulted in a significant decrease in the back-pressure-dependent reduction of the operation-mediated responses of active palmar sweating to the IHG. In conclusion, in order to optimize the precision and reproducibility of clinical tests involving palmar sweating responses, it is important that subjects maintain a constant handgrip force and posture and that ambient temperature be kept under normothermic conditions.
Topics: Adult; Atmospheric Pressure; Exercise; Exercise Test; Female; Functional Laterality; Galvanic Skin Response; Hand; Hand Strength; Humans; Hyperthermia, Induced; Male; Posture; Pressure; Sweating
PubMed: 15795186
DOI: 10.1016/j.autneu.2005.02.001 -
Reumatismo 2004Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic condition characterized by persistent hyperglycaemia with resultant morbidity and mortality related to its microvascular and... (Review)
Review
Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic condition characterized by persistent hyperglycaemia with resultant morbidity and mortality related to its microvascular and macrovascular complications. In addition diabetes is also associated with several musculoskeletal disorders of the hand, that can be debilitating. There is increased incidence of these abnormalities in patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes compared with the general population, related to disease duration but not to the age or sex. Typical diabetes associated hand condition include the palmar flexor tenosynovitis, Dupuytren's contracture, syndrome of limited joint mobility, carpal tunnel syndrome, Charcot arthropathy and reflex sympathetic dystrophy. Maintaining good glycaemic control by exercise, diet and drugs improves or prevents the development of these hand rheumatic condition. In this brief report we review the rational therapeutic approach to these disorders.
Topics: Arthropathy, Neurogenic; Carpal Tunnel Syndrome; Diabetes Complications; Diabetes Mellitus; Diabetic Neuropathies; Dupuytren Contracture; Hand; Humans; Musculoskeletal Diseases; Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy; Tenosynovitis
PubMed: 15470518
DOI: 10.4081/reumatismo.2004.139 -
American Journal of Veterinary Research Jul 2004To investigate whether facilitation of the nociceptive withdrawal reflex (NWR) can be evoked and quantified as a measure of temporal summation from the distal aspect of... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study
Investigation of the facilitation of the nociceptive withdrawal reflex evoked by repeated transcutaneous electrical stimulations as a measure of temporal summation in conscious horses.
OBJECTIVE
To investigate whether facilitation of the nociceptive withdrawal reflex (NWR) can be evoked and quantified as a measure of temporal summation from the distal aspect of the left forelimb and hind limb in standing nonsedated horses via repeated stimulations of various subthreshold intensities and frequencies.
ANIMALS
10 adult horses.
PROCEDURE
Surface electromyographic activity evoked by stimulation of the digital palmar and plantar nerves was recorded from the common digital extensor and cranial tibial muscles. For each horse, the NWR threshold intensity to a single stimulus was determined for the forelimb and hind limb. Repeated stimulations were performed at subthreshold intensities and at frequencies of 2, 5, and 10 Hz. The reflex amplitude was quantified, and the behavioral responses accompanying the stimulations were scored.
RESULTS
Repeated stimulations at subthreshold intensities were able to summate and facilitate the NWR in conscious horses. The reflex facilitation was significantly related to the intensity of the repeated stimuli, whereas no effect of stimulation frequency was found. Reaction scores increased significantly for increasing stimulation intensities.
CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE
Temporal summation obtained by repeated stimulations of subthreshold intensity appears to represent a new tool for investigating nociceptive pathophysiologic processes in horses; this experimental model may be useful to examine the mode of action and efficacy of analgesic and anesthetic interventions and possibly to assess sensory dysfunction in clinical settings.
Topics: Analysis of Variance; Animals; Electric Stimulation; Electromyography; Evoked Potentials; Forelimb; Hindlimb; Horses; Nociceptors; Pain; Pain Threshold; Reaction Time; Recruitment, Neurophysiological; Reflex
PubMed: 15281647
DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.2004.65.901 -
American Journal of Veterinary Research Jun 2003To compare nociceptive withdrawal reflexes (NWRs) evoked from the distal aspect of the left forelimb and hind limb in conscious standing horses and to investigate NWR... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study
OBJECTIVE
To compare nociceptive withdrawal reflexes (NWRs) evoked from the distal aspect of the left forelimb and hind limb in conscious standing horses and to investigate NWR recruitment for graded electrical stimulation intensities.
ANIMALS
20 adult horses.
PROCEDURE
Surface electromyographic (EMG) activity evoked by transcutaneous electrical stimulation of the digital palmar (or plantar) nerve was recorded from the common digital extensor and cranial tibial muscles. Stimuli consisted of 25-millisecond train-of-5 constant current pulses. Current intensity was gradually increased until NWR threshold intensity was reached. The EMG signal was analyzed for quantification of the NWR. Behavioral responses accompanying the reflex were scored (scale, 0 to 5). The NWR recruitment curves were determined at 0.9, 1.1, 1.2, and 1.3 times the NWR threshold intensity.
RESULTS
The NWR threshold was significantly higher for the hind limb (median value, 6.6 mA; range, 3 to 10 mA) than the forelimb (median, 3 mA; range, 1.7 to 5.5 mA). The NWR of the hind limb had a significantly longer latency (median, 122.8 milliseconds; range, 106 to 172 milliseconds), compared with the forelimb (median, 98 milliseconds; range, 86 to 137 milliseconds), and it was associated with significantly stronger behavioral reactions. Gradual increase of NWR amplitude was evident at increasing stimulation intensities and supported by the behavioral observations.
CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE
We documented NWRs evoked from the forelimb and hind limb and their recruitment with stimuli of increasing intensity in horses. These results provide a basis for use of NWRs in studies on nociceptive modulation in horses.
Topics: Animals; Consciousness; Female; Forelimb; Hindlimb; Horses; Male; Nociceptors; Pain; Pain Threshold; Recruitment, Neurophysiological; Reflex
PubMed: 12828255
DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.2003.64.700 -
American Journal of Veterinary Research Apr 2003To evaluate the local analgesic effect of ketamine in a palmar digital nerve block at the base of the proximal sesamoid (abaxial sesamoid block) in horses. (Clinical Trial)
Clinical Trial Randomized Controlled Trial
OBJECTIVE
To evaluate the local analgesic effect of ketamine in a palmar digital nerve block at the base of the proximal sesamoid (abaxial sesamoid block) in horses.
ANIMALS
36 mature healthy Andalusian horses.
PROCEDURE
Horses were randomly assigned to 4 groups of 9 horses each and received an abaxial sesamoid block in a randomly chosen forelimb with 1 of the following: saline (0.9% NaCl) solution, 1% ketamine solution, 2% ketamine solution, or 3% ketamine solution. To determine analgesia, the radiant heat lamp-hoof withdrawal model was used as a noxious thermal stimulus. Before each nerve block, baseline hoof withdrawal reflex latency (HWRL, time between lamp illumination and withdrawal of the hoof) was determined; after the nerve block, local analgesic effects were determined by measuring HWRL at 2 and 5 minutes after injection and then every 5 minutes for a total period of 1 hour.
RESULTS
Significant differences in HWRL were found between baseline values and values at 2 to 15 minutes following a nerve block with ketamine. Significant differences were found between HWRL values at every time point from 2 to 10 minutes following a nerve block with saline solution, compared with 1 or 2% ketamine solution. Similarly, significant differences were found between HWRL values at every time point from 2 to 15 minutes following a nerve block with saline solution, compared with 3% ketamine solution.
CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE
Abaxial sesamoid block with ketamine ensures adequate analgesia in horses with an onset of action of 2 minutes and a maximal duration of action of 15 minutes.
Topics: Anesthesia, Local; Anesthetics, Local; Animals; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Hoof and Claw; Horses; Ketamine; Nerve Block; Reflex; Sesamoid Bones; Time Factors
PubMed: 12693539
DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.2003.64.475 -
Scandinavian Journal of Work,... Oct 2002This study attempted to elucidate the effects of hand-arm vibration frequency on palmar sweating response. (Clinical Trial)
Clinical Trial
OBJECTIVES
This study attempted to elucidate the effects of hand-arm vibration frequency on palmar sweating response.
METHODS
Palmar sweating was measured before and during vibration exposure on the right palm of six healthy men. The left hand was exposed for 3 minutes to the following root mean square (rms) acceleration magnitudes and frequencies of vibration: 5 m/s2 at 31.5 Hz, 10 m/s2 at 63 Hz, 20 m/s2 at 125 Hz, 40 m/s2 at 250 Hz, and 50 m/s2 at 315 Hz. According to international standard ISO 5349, these vibration levels generate the same frequency-weighted acceleration magnitude of 2.5 m/s2 rms. A control condition consisted of grasping a handle without vibration. As the index of the activated central nervous system, plasma 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol (MHPG) was measured before and immediately after each vibration exposure.
RESULTS
Each condition of vibration induced a palmar sweating response. Among the six vibration conditions, vibration of 125 Hz and 63 Hz caused large palmar sweating responses compared with those of 315 Hz andthe control condition. Plasma MHPG did not increase significantly after either vibrationexposure.
CONCLUSIONS
The palmar sweating response to vibration with the same frequency-weightedacceleration magnitude suggested dependency on frequency. The study suggests that the somatosympathetic reflex is associated with different palmar sweating responses.
Topics: Adult; Analysis of Variance; Arm; Hand; Humans; Male; Occupational Exposure; Sweating; Vibration
PubMed: 12432985
DOI: 10.5271/sjweh.681 -
American Journal of Veterinary Research Nov 2002To evoke and measure the nociceptive withdrawal reflex (NWR) by use of electromyographic recordings and to score the behavioral nociceptive responses to electrical...
OBJECTIVES
To evoke and measure the nociceptive withdrawal reflex (NWR) by use of electromyographic recordings and to score the behavioral nociceptive responses to electrical pulses in standing nonsedated horses.
ANIMALS
10 adult horses.
PROCEDURE
The lateral palmar digital nerve of the forelimb was transcutaneously stimulated, and surface electromyographic responses were recorded from the ulnaris lateralis, extensor carpi radialis, and common digital extensor muscles. Stimuli consisted of a 25-millisecond train of 5 constant-current pulses delivered by a computer-controlled stimulator. The 80- to 250-milliseconds poststimulation interval was analyzed to detect the NWR. The current intensity was increased in steps of 0.5 mA until the NWR threshold intensity (lt) was reached. The stimulus at It was repeated twice. Latency and amplitude of the NWR, together with the behavioral reaction of horses, were analyzed. The latter was scored according to a scale from 0 (no reaction) to 5 (vigorous reaction). Finally, 3 suprathreshold stimuli at 1.2 X It were analyzed.
RESULTS
The median It to elicit NWR was 2.5 mA. Median onset latency of the NWR was 96.0 milliseconds at It and 89.6 milliseconds for suprathreshold stimuli. The amplitude of the reflexes was higher for suprathreshold stimulations, and behavioral reactions were slightly stronger when stimulus intensity increased.
CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE
Results of our study indicate that it is possible to record NWR in conscious standing horses, to define a reflex threshold, and to measure reflexes in response to increasing stimulus intensity.
Topics: Animals; Electromyography; Female; Horses; Male; Nociceptors; Pain; Pain Measurement; Pain Threshold; Reflex; Transcutaneous Electric Nerve Stimulation
PubMed: 12428666
DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.2002.63.1551 -
Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and... Mar 2002The sympathetic skin response (SSR) is a technique to assess the sympathetic cholinergic pathways, and it can be used to study the central sympathetic pathways in spinal...
OBJECTIVES
The sympathetic skin response (SSR) is a technique to assess the sympathetic cholinergic pathways, and it can be used to study the central sympathetic pathways in spinal cord injury (SCI). This study investigated the capacity of the isolated spinal cord to generate an SSR, and determined the relation between SSR, levels of spinal cord lesion, and supraspinal connections.
METHODS
Palmar and plantar SSR to peripheral nerve electrical stimulation (median or supraorbital nerve above the lesion, and peroneal nerve below the lesion) were recorded in 29 patients with SCI at various neurological levels and in 10 healthy control subjects.
RESULTS
In complete SCI at any neurological level, SSR was absent below the lesion. Palmar SSR to median nerve stimuli was absent in complete SCI with level of lesion above T6. Plantar SSR was absent in all patients with complete SCI at the cervical and thoracic level. In incomplete SCI, the occurrence of SSR was dependent on the preservation of supraspinal connections. For all stimulated nerves, there was no difference between recording from ipsilateral and contralateral limbs.
CONCLUSIONS
No evidence was found to support the hypothesis that the spinal cord isolated from the brain stem could generate an SSR. The results indicate that supraspinal connections are necessary for the SSR, together with integrity of central sympathetic pathways of the upper thoracic segments for palmar SSR, and possibly all thoracic segments for plantar SSR.
Topics: Adult; Brain Stem; Electric Stimulation; Female; Galvanic Skin Response; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Neurologic Examination; Peripheral Nerves; Skin; Spinal Cord; Spinal Cord Injuries; Sympathetic Nervous System
PubMed: 11861696
DOI: 10.1136/jnnp.72.3.356