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Revista Iberoamericana de Micologia Jun 2024Paracoccidioidomycosis is a neglected tropical disease caused by fungi of the genus Paracoccidioides. A wide range of symptoms is related to the disease; however, lungs...
BACKGROUND
Paracoccidioidomycosis is a neglected tropical disease caused by fungi of the genus Paracoccidioides. A wide range of symptoms is related to the disease; however, lungs and skin are the sites predominantly affected. The disease is mostly seen in people living in rural areas in Latin America.
CASE REPORT
We present a pediatric case of severe disseminated paracoccidioidomycosis that slowly responded to the antifungal treatment. Within three months, symptoms evolved into hepatosplenomegaly, necrotic cervical and abdominal lymph nodes, and splenic abscess. Clinical response to amphotericin B deoxycholate and itraconazole was slow, resulting in pleural and peritoneal cavity effusions, heart failure and shock. Amphotericin B deoxycholate was replaced by the liposomal formulation, with no response. Subsequently, prednisone was added to the treatment, which led to improvement in the clinical response. Serological Paracoccidioides antibody titers were atypical, with very low titers in the critical phase and significant increase during the convalescence phase. The infection was finally cleared up with amphotericin B deoxycholate, liposomal amphotericin B and the use of corticosteroids. Paracoccidioidomycosis serology was non-reactive two years post-discharge.
CONCLUSIONS
Due to the intense inflammatory response triggered by Paracoccidioides cells, giving low-dose prednisone for a short period of time modulated the inflammatory response and supported antifungal treatment.
PubMed: 38897873
DOI: 10.1016/j.riam.2024.04.001 -
Clinical Microbiology and Infection :... Jun 2024This review aims to explore the characteristics of outbreaks of community-acquired community-onset methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (CO-MRSA) in low... (Review)
Review
OBJECTIVES
This review aims to explore the characteristics of outbreaks of community-acquired community-onset methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (CO-MRSA) in low prevalence areas, to understand the factors involved in its rise, and to translate this knowledge into public health policy and further research needs.
SOURCES
PubMed, EMBASE and Google Scholar were searched using combinations of the terms "transmission", "acquisition", "CA-MRSA" "MRSA", "community-acquired", "low prevalence", "genomic", "outbreak", "colonisation" and "carriage". Wherever evidence was limited, additional articles were sought specifically, via PubMed searches. Papers where materials were not available in English were excluded.
CONTENT
Community-acquired, community onset MRSA infection presents a significant public health challenge, even in low prevalence areas; where MRSA rates are historically lower. Despite successes in reducing hospital-onset MRSA (HO-MRSA), CO-MRSA rates are increasing globally, with a need to understand this trend, and the potential risk factors for re-emergence. Challenges in defining low prevalence areas and the significance of exposure to various risk factors for community acquisition, such as healthcare settings, travel, livestock, and environmental factors, are discussed. The importance of genomic surveillance in identifying outbreak strains and understanding the transmission dynamics is highlighted, along with the need for robust public health policies and control measures.
IMPLICATIONS
The findings emphasise the complexity of CO-MRSA transmission and the necessity of a multifaceted approach in low prevalence areas. This includes integrated and systematic surveillance of HO-, CO-, and livestock-associated MRSA (LA-MRSA), as has been effective in some Northern European countries. The evolution of CO-MRSA underscores the need for global collaboration, routine genomic surveillance, and comprehensive antimicrobial stewardship to mitigate the rise of CO-MRSA and address the broader challenge of antimicrobial resistance. These efforts are crucial for maintaining low MRSA prevalence and managing the increasing burden of CO-MRSA in both low and higher prevalence regions.
PubMed: 38897351
DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2024.06.006 -
Revista Brasileira de Parasitologia... 2024The saffron finch, Sicalis flaveola, a passerine bird, can be found in nearly all Brazilian territory and is also raised in captivity. The objective of this work was to...
The saffron finch, Sicalis flaveola, a passerine bird, can be found in nearly all Brazilian territory and is also raised in captivity. The objective of this work was to determine the prevalence and load of oocysts in captive saffron finches in the municipality of Campos dos Goytacazes, state of Rio de Janeiro and in free-living saffron finches in the municipality of Eugenopolis, state of Minas Gerais. In this analysis, 30 captive and 30 wild birds were assessed. Feces eliminated in a 24-hour period were collected and weighed to determine the number of oocysts per gram of feces (OoPG). Statistical analyses were performed using Microsoft Excel and GraphPad Prism Software. All birds in the present study were positive for one or more species of coccidia. Captive birds had a mean total oocyst count higher than that of wild birds. No significant differences in OoPG counts were observed when comparing males and females or captive and wild birds. We can conclude that due to the fact that birds both eat and defecate in their cages, it is essential to keep them as clean as possible, since captive birds have a higher prevalence of coccidia.
Topics: Animals; Finches; Prevalence; Female; Male; Brazil; Bird Diseases; Oocysts; Animals, Wild; Parasite Load; Animals, Zoo; Feces
PubMed: 38896754
DOI: 10.1590/S1984-29612024029 -
Revista Brasileira de Parasitologia... 2024Astyanax lacustris is a small characid fish widely distributed in Brazil, with fast-growing and omnivorous feeding habits. Although the species presents economic and...
Astyanax lacustris is a small characid fish widely distributed in Brazil, with fast-growing and omnivorous feeding habits. Although the species presents economic and ecological importance, little is known about its parasitological fauna in stream environments. This study aimed to characterize the parasitic fauna of A. lacustris in two streams in the state of Paraná, Brazil. Fifty-two specimens of A. lacustris were collected, 22 from the Carolina stream (Lower Iguaçu River) and 30 from the Carreira stream (Upper Paraná River), in July and September 2018. In both streams, there was a low richness of parasites, and the structure of the parasitic community was predominantly composed of monogeneans. These findings may be associated with the gregarious behavior of the host species. Moreover, the low occurrence of endohelminths, may be associated with the fact that in streams, the energy flow is low, and depends directly on the input of allochthonous matter, which favors the formation of shelters for the establishment of macroinvertebrates, which represent important sources of food for the ichthyofauna, and may act as intermediate and paratenic hosts of parasites. These environments require further studies to support conservation measures aimed at maintaining the balance of ecological relationships in these preserved ecosystems.
Topics: Animals; Brazil; Rivers; Characiformes; Characidae; Fish Diseases
PubMed: 38896753
DOI: 10.1590/S1984-29612024025 -
Revista Brasileira de Epidemiologia =... 2024To analyze the transmission dynamics of dengue, a public health problem in Brazil and the Metropolitan Region of Belo Horizonte (MRBH).
OBJECTIVE
To analyze the transmission dynamics of dengue, a public health problem in Brazil and the Metropolitan Region of Belo Horizonte (MRBH).
METHODS
The spatiotemporal evolution of the occurrence of dengue in the municipality of Contagem, state of Minas Gerais, a region with high arbovirus transmission, was analyzed. Furthermore, epidemic and non-epidemic periods were analyzed, based on probable cases of dengue. This is an ecological study that used the Notifiable Diseases Information System (SINAN) national database. The analyses were carried out considering the period from epidemiological week (EW) 40 of 2011 to 39 of 2017. Spatial analysis tools (crude and smoothed incidence rate, directional distribution ellipse, global Moran index and local Moran index, and spatial scanning time with definition of epidemiological risk) were used.
RESULTS
The 2012 to 2013 and 2015 to 2016 epidemic cycles presented high incidence rates. The disease was concentrated in more urbanized areas, with a small increase in cases throughout the municipality. Seven statistically significant local clusters and areas with a high rate of cases and accentuated transmission in epidemic cycles were observed throughout the municipality. Spatial autocorrelation of the incidence rate was observed in all periods.
CONCLUSION
The results of the present study highlight a significant and heterogeneous increase in dengue notifications in Contagem over the years, revealing distinct spatial patterns during epidemic and non-epidemic periods. Geoprocessing analysis identified high-risk areas, a piece of knowledge that can optimize the allocation of resources in the prevention and treatment of the disease for that municipality.
Topics: Humans; Dengue; Brazil; Incidence; Epidemics; Spatio-Temporal Analysis; Cities; Time Factors; Disease Notification
PubMed: 38896646
DOI: 10.1590/1980-549720240023 -
Memorias Do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz 2024The impact of Schistosoma mansoni infection over the immune response and the mechanisms involved in pathogenesis are not yet completely understood.
BACKGROUND
The impact of Schistosoma mansoni infection over the immune response and the mechanisms involved in pathogenesis are not yet completely understood.
OBJECTIVES
This study aimed to evaluate the expression of innate immune receptors in three distinct mouse lineages (BALB/c, C57BL/6 and Swiss) during experimental S. mansoni infection with LE strain.
METHODS
The parasite burden, intestinal tissue oogram and presence of hepatic granulomas were evaluated at 7- and 12-weeks post infection (wpi). The mRNA expression for innate Toll-like receptors, Nod-like receptors, their adaptor molecules, and cytokines were determined at 2, 7 and 12 wpi in the hepatic tissue by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR).
FINDINGS
Swiss mice showed 100% of survival, had lower parasite burden and intestinal eggs, while infected BALB/c and C57BL/6 presented 80% and 90% of survival, respectively, higher parasite burden and intestinal eggs. The three mouse lineages displayed distinct patterns in the expression of innate immune receptors, their adaptor molecules and cytokines, at 2 and 7 wpi.
MAIN CONCLUSIONS
Our results suggest that the pathogenesis of S. mansoni infection is related to a dynamic early activation of innate immunity receptors and cytokines important for the control of developing worms.
Topics: Animals; Schistosomiasis mansoni; Immunity, Innate; Mice, Inbred BALB C; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Cytokines; Mice; Schistosoma mansoni; Disease Models, Animal; Female; Toll-Like Receptors; Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; Parasite Egg Count; Male; RNA, Messenger; Receptors, Immunologic
PubMed: 38896633
DOI: 10.1590/0074-02760240013 -
Microbial Genomics Jun 2024Since the introduction of the 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13) in Malawi in 2011, there has been persistent carriage of vaccine serotype (VT) , despite...
Expansion of pneumococcal serotype 23F and 14 lineages with genotypic changes in capsule polysaccharide locus and virulence gene profiles post introduction of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in Blantyre, Malawi.
Since the introduction of the 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13) in Malawi in 2011, there has been persistent carriage of vaccine serotype (VT) , despite high vaccine coverage. To determine if there has been a genetic change within the VT capsule polysaccharide (cps) loci since the vaccine's introduction, we compared 1022 whole-genome-sequenced VT isolates from 1998 to 2019. We identified the clonal expansion of a multidrug-resistant, penicillin non-susceptible serotype 23F GPSC14-ST2059 lineage, a serotype 14 GPSC9-ST782 lineage and a novel serotype 14 sequence type GPSC9-ST18728 lineage. Serotype 23F GPSC14-ST2059 had an I253T mutation within the capsule oligosaccharide repeat unit polymerase Wzy protein, which is predicted to alter the protein pocket cavity. Moreover, serotype 23F GPSC14-ST2059 had SNPs in the DNA binding sites for the cps transcriptional repressors CspR and SpxR. Serotype 14 GPSC9-ST782 harbours a non-truncated version of the large repetitive protein (Lrp), containing a Cna protein B-type domain which is also present in proteins associated with infection and colonisation. These emergent lineages also harboured genes associated with antibiotic resistance, and the promotion of colonisation and infection which were absent in other lineages of the same serotype. Together these data suggest that in addition to serotype replacement, modifications of the capsule locus associated with changes in virulence factor expression and antibiotic resistance may promote vaccine escape. In summary, the study highlights that the persistence of vaccine serotype carriage despite high vaccine coverage in Malawi may be partly caused by expansion of VT lineages post-PCV13 rollout.
Topics: Streptococcus pneumoniae; Pneumococcal Vaccines; Humans; Serogroup; Malawi; Bacterial Capsules; Pneumococcal Infections; Vaccines, Conjugate; Polysaccharides, Bacterial; Virulence; Genotype; Whole Genome Sequencing; Bacterial Proteins; Virulence Factors; Child, Preschool; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; Infant; Male
PubMed: 38896467
DOI: 10.1099/mgen.0.001264 -
Studies in Mycology Jun 2023is acknowledged as a highly ubiquitous genus including saprobic, parasitic, or endophytic fungi that inhabit a variety of environments. Species of this genus are...
is acknowledged as a highly ubiquitous genus including saprobic, parasitic, or endophytic fungi that inhabit a variety of environments. Species of this genus are extensively exploited in industrial, commercial, pharmaceutical, and biocontrol applications, and proved to be a rich source of novel and bioactive secondary metabolites. has been recognised as a taxonomically difficult group of ascomycetes, due to the reduced and high plasticity of morphological characters, wide ecological distribution and substrate range. Recent advances in molecular phylogenies, revealed that is highly polyphyletic and members of belong to at least three distinct orders of , of which numerous orders, families and genera with acremonium-like morphs remain undefined. To infer the phylogenetic relationships and establish a natural classification for acremonium-like taxa, systematic analyses were conducted based on a large number of cultures with a global distribution and varied substrates. A total of 633 cultures with acremonium-like morphology, including 261 ex-type cultures from 89 countries and a variety of substrates including soil, plants, fungi, humans, insects, air, and water were examined. An overview phylogenetic tree based on three loci (ITS, LSU, ) was generated to delimit the orders and families. Separate trees based on a combined analysis of four loci (ITS, LSU, , ) were used to delimit species at generic and family levels. Combined with the morphological features, host associations and ecological analyses, acremonium-like species evaluated in the present study are currently assigned to 63 genera, and 14 families in and , mainly in the families , and and five new hypocrealean families, namely , , , and . Among them, 17 new genera and 63 new combinations are proposed, with descriptions of 65 new species. Furthermore, one epitype and one neotype are designated to stabilise the taxonomy and use of older names. Results of this study demonstrated that most species of grouped in genera of , including the type . . A phylogenetic backbone tree is provided for , in which 183 species are recognised and 39 well-supported genera are resolved, including 10 new genera. Additionally, and are proposed as potential DNA barcodes for the identification of taxa in . L.W. Hou, L. Cai & Crous, L.W. Hou, L. Cai & Crous, L.W. Hou, L. Cai & Crous, L.W. Hou, L. Cai & Crous, L.W. Hou, L. Cai & Crous. : L.W. Hou, L. Cai & Crous, L.W. Hou, L. Cai & Crous, L.W. Hou, L. Cai & Crous, L.W. Hou, L. Cai & Crous, L.W. Hou, L. Cai & Crous, L.W. Hou, L. Cai & Crous, L.W. Hou, L. Cai & Crous, L.W. Hou, L. Cai & Crous, L.W. Hou, L. Cai & Crous, L.W. Hou, L. Cai & Crous; L.W. Hou, L. Cai & Crous; L.W. Hou, L. Cai & Crous; L.W. Hou, L. Cai & Crous; L.W. Hou, L. Cai & Crous, L.W. Hou, L. Cai & Crous; L.W. Hou, L. Cai & Crous; L.W. Hou, L. Cai & Crous. L.W. Hou, L. Cai & Crous, L.W. Hou, L. Cai & Crous, L.W. Hou, L. Cai & Crous, L.W. Hou, L. Cai & Crous, L.W. Hou, L. Cai & Crous, L.W. Hou, Rämä, L. Cai & Crous, L.W. Hou, L. Cai & Crous, L.W. Hou, L. Cai & Crous, L.W. Hou, Rämä, L. Cai & Crous, L.W. Hou, L. Cai & Crous, K. Fletcher, F.C. Küpper & P. van West, L.W. Hou, L. Cai & Crous, L.W. Hou, Rämä, L. Cai & Crous, L.W. Hou, L. Cai & Crous, L.W. Hou, L. Cai & Crous, L.W. Hou, L. Cai & Crous, L.W. Hou, L. Cai & Crous, L.W. Hou, L. Cai & Crous, L.W. Hou, L. Cai & Crous, L.W. Hou, L. Cai & Crous, L.W. Hou, L. Cai & Crous, L.W. Hou, L. Cai & Crous, L.W. Hou, L. Cai & Crous, L.W. Hou, L. Cai & Crous, Lechat & J. Fourn., L.W. Hou, L. Cai & Crous, L.W. Hou, L. Cai & Crous, L.W. Hou, L. Cai, Rämä & Crous, L.W. Hou, L. Cai & Crous, L.W. Hou, L. Cai & Crous, L.W. Hou, L. Cai & Crous, L.W. Hou, L. Cai & Crous, L.W. Hou, L. Cai & Crous, L.W. Hou, L. Cai & Crous, L.W. Hou, L. Cai & Crous, L.W. Hou, L. Cai & Crous, L.W. Hou, L. Cai & Crous, L.W. Hou, L. Cai & Crous, L.W. Hou, L. Cai & Crous, L.W. Hou, L. Cai & Crous, L.W. Hou, L. Cai & Crous; L.W. Hou, L. Cai & Crous; L.W. Hou, L. Cai & Crous; L.W. Hou, L. Cai & Crous, L.W. Hou, L. Cai & Crous; L.W. Hou, L. Cai & Crous, L.W. Hou, L. Cai & Crous; Trichothecium hongkongense L.W. Hou, L. Cai & Crous; L.W. Hou, L. Cai & Crous, L.W. Hou, L. Cai & Crous; L.W. Hou, L. Cai & Crous, L.W. Hou, L. Cai & Crous, L.W. Hou, L. Cai & Crous, L.W. Hou, L. Cai & Crous, L.W. Hou, L. Cai & Crous, L.W. Hou, L. Cai & Crous, L.W. Hou, L. Cai & Crous, L.W. Hou, L. Cai & Crous, L.W. Hou, L. Cai & Crous, L.W. Hou, L. Cai & Crous, L.W. Hou, L. Cai & Crous, L.W. Hou, L. Cai & Crous, L.W. Hou, L. Cai & Crous; L.W. Hou, L. Cai & Crous, L.W. Hou, L. Cai & Crous. (Sukapure & Thirum.) L.W. Hou, L. Cai & Crous, (Malloch) L.W. Hou, L. Cai & Crous, (Tad. Ito .) L.W. Hou, L. Cai & Crous, (W. Gams) L.W. Hou, L. Cai & Crous, (Negroni) L.W. Hou, L. Cai & Crous, (Sigler ) L.W. Hou, L. Cai & Crous, (Pers.) L.W. Hou, L. Cai & Crous, (Summerb. ) L.W. Hou, L. Cai & Crous, (A. Giraldo et al.) L.W. Hou, L. Cai & Crous, (W. Gams & Lodha) L.W. Hou, L. Cai & Crous, (Gams) L.W. Hou, L. Cai & Crous, (Berk. & Broome) L.W. Hou, L. Cai & Crous, (Thirum. & Sukapure) L.W. Hou, L. Cai & Crous, (W. Gams) L.W. Hou, L. Cai & Crous, (Malloch & Cain) L.W. Hou, L. Cai & Crous, (Malloch & Cain) L.W. Hou, L. Cai & Crous, (C.A. Jørg.) L.W. Hou, L. Cai & Crous, (Lechat & J. Fourn.) L.W. Hou, L. Cai & Crous, (W. Gams) L.W. Hou, L. Cai & Crous, (Lechat & Gardiennet) L.W. Hou, L. Cai & Crous, (P. Karst.) L.W. Hou, L. Cai & Crous, (W. Gams) L.W. Hou, L. Cai & Crous, (Samuels) L.W. Hou, L. Cai & Crous, (Samuels) L.W. Hou, L. Cai & Crous, (Lechat & J. Fourn.) L.W. Hou, L. Cai & Crous, (Berk. & Broome) L.W. Hou, L. Cai & Crous, (R.F. Castañeda) L.W. Hou, L. Cai & Crous, (Sawada) L.W. Hou, L. Cai & Crous, (Jaap) L.W. Hou, L. Cai & Crous, (A. Giraldo ) L.W. Hou, L. Cai & Crous, (A. Giraldo .) L.W. Hou, L. Cai & Crous, (Samuels) L.W. Hou, L. Cai & Crous, (Samuels)L.W. Hou, L. Cai & Crous, (J.F. Li .) L.W. Hou, L. Cai & Crous, (Fuckel) L.W. Hou, L. Cai & Crous, (Lechat & J. Fourn.) L.W. Hou, L. Cai & Crous, (W. Gams) L.W. Hou, L. Cai & Crous, (Matr.)L.W. Hou, L. Cai & Crous, (Gams & Sivasith.) L.W. Hou, L. Cai & Crous, (Nicot) L.W. Hou, L. Cai & Crous, (W. Gams & Veenb.-Rijks) L.W. Hou, L. Cai & Crous, (A. Giraldo .) L.W. Hou, L. Cai & Crous, (A. Giraldo ) L.W. Hou, L. Cai & Crous, (Samuels) L.W. Hou, L. Cai & Crous, (Nicot) L.W. Hou, L. Cai & Crous, (W. Gams) L.W. Hou, L. Cai & Crous, (A. Giraldo ) L.W. Hou, L. Cai & Crous, (A. Giraldo ) L.W. Hou, L. Cai & Crous, (Petch) L.W. Hou, L. Cai & Crous; (W. Gams & J. Lacey) L.W. Hou, L. Cai & Crous; (W. Gams) L.W. Hou, L. Cai & Crous; : (W. Gams) L.W. Hou, L. Cai & Crous; (W. Gams) L.W. Hou, L. Cai & Crous; (Sukapure & Thirum.) L.W. Hou, L. Cai & Crous; (K.L. Pang .) L.W. Hou, L. Cai & Crous; (W. Gams) L.W. Hou, L. Cai & Crous; (W. Gams) L.W. Hou, L. Cai & Crous, (W. Gams) L.W. Hou, L. Cai & Crous; (W. Gams .) L.W. Hou, L. Cai & Crous; (W. Gams) L.W. Hou, L. Cai & Crous, (Sukapure & Thirum.) L.W. Hou, L. Cai & Crous; (C.H. Dickinson) L.W. Hou, L. Cai & Crous, (G. Sm.) L.W. Hou, L. Cai & Crous. J.C. Schmidt ex Fr. Matr. Hou LW, Giraldo A, Groenewald JZ, Rämä T, Summerbell RC, Zang P, Cai L, Crous PW (2023). Redisposition of acremonium-like fungi in . : 23-203. doi: 10.3114/sim.2023.105.02.
PubMed: 38895703
DOI: 10.3114/sim.2023.105.02 -
BioRxiv : the Preprint Server For... Jun 2024infections elicit strong humoral immune responses to two main groups of antigens expressed by blood-stage parasites: merozoite antigens that are involved in the...
infections elicit strong humoral immune responses to two main groups of antigens expressed by blood-stage parasites: merozoite antigens that are involved in the erythrocyte invasion process and variant surface antigens that mediate endothelial sequestration of infected erythrocytes. Long-lived B cells against both antigen classes can be detected in the circulation for years after exposure, but have not been directly compared. Here, we studied the phenotype of long-lived memory and atypical B cells to merozoite antigens (MSP1 and AMA1) and variant surface antigens (the CIDRα1 domain of PfEMP1) in Ugandan adults before and after local reduction of transmission. After a median of 1.7 years without infections, the percentage of antigen-specific activated B cells declined, but long-lived antigen-specific B cells were still detectable in all individuals. The majority of MSP1/AMA1-specific B cells were CD95CD11c memory B cells, which are primed for rapid differentiation into antibody-secreting cells, and FcRL5T-bet atypical B cells. On the other hand, most CIDRα1-specific B cells were CD95CD11c memory B cells. CIDRα1-specific B cells were also enriched among a subset of atypical B cells that seem poised for antigen presentation. These results point to differences in how these antigens are recognized or processed by the immune system and how -specific B cells will respond upon re-infection.
PubMed: 38895251
DOI: 10.1101/2024.06.01.596978 -
Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) May 2024In this paper, a wide-band, low-profile antenna is presented for a high-integration phased array system. The proposed antenna, implemented using a tightly coupled array,...
In this paper, a wide-band, low-profile antenna is presented for a high-integration phased array system. The proposed antenna, implemented using a tightly coupled array, operates over roughly the X-K frequency band and is performant at 8 GHz-18.5 GHz. The antenna can scan to ±60 degrees in both the E- and H-planes. Compared to previous tightly coupled antennas with smaller element spacing, the antenna in this paper reaches 9.4 mm, which corresponds to 0.58 λ of high frequency, suitable for engineering application conditions in production. The antenna can be soldered to BGA T/R chips in this space. Additionally, to facilitate flexible assembly for large arrays, the antenna is manufactured modularly using four elements and its parasitic radiation is analyzed. Then, a method for repressing parasitic radiation is presented. Finally, the antenna is fabricated and measured in a microwave chamber, exhibiting an excellent pattern and scanning radiation. The measured performance agrees with the full-wave finite array simulations.
PubMed: 38894088
DOI: 10.3390/s24113295