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Journal of Oleo Science 2024Effects of dry and wet grind on peanut oil and protein yield, oil bodies (OBs) stability, fatty acid composition, protein composition and functional characteristics were...
Effects of dry and wet grind on peanut oil and protein yield, oil bodies (OBs) stability, fatty acid composition, protein composition and functional characteristics were systematically analyzed. Results showed that peanut oil and protein yields reached highest at dry grind 90 s (92.56% and 83.05%, respectively), while peanut oil and protein yields were 94.58% and 85.36%, respectively, at wet grind 120 s. Peanut oil and protein yields by wet grind was 2.18% and 2.78% higher than that of dry grind, respectively. Surface protein concentration (Г) and absolute value of zeta potential of OBs extracted by wet grind (WOBs) were 11.53 mg/m and 18.51 mV, respectively, which were higher than OBs extracted by dry grind (DOBs), indicating stability of WOBs was higher than DOBs. Relative contents of oleic acid and linoleic acid in peanut oil, essential and hydrophobic amino acids in protein extracted by wet grind were higher than dry grind. There was little difference in protein composition between wet and dry grind, but thermal denaturation degree of protein obtained by wet grind was lower than dry grind. Solubility, oil retention, emulsion stability, foaming and foam stability of protein obtained by wet grind were better than dry grind. Results from this study provided theoretical basis for grind pretreatment selection of aqueous enzymatic method.
Topics: Peanut Oil; Arachis; Lipid Droplets; Fatty Acids; Solubility
PubMed: 38311410
DOI: 10.5650/jos.ess23128 -
Journal of Oleo Science 2024In the pursuit of reducing oil separation in peanut butter, oleogels synthesized from diacylglycerol (DAG)-rich peanut oils, using glycerol monostearate (GMS) as the...
In the pursuit of reducing oil separation in peanut butter, oleogels synthesized from diacylglycerol (DAG)-rich peanut oils, using glycerol monostearate (GMS) as the gelator, were examined as alternative stabilizers. In comparison to triacylglycerol (TAG)-rich peanut oils, the DAG oil-based oleogels exhibited better oil-binding capacities across increasing GMS concentrations. Intriguingly, thermal and rheological assessments pointed to a weaker network structure in DAG oil oleogels, as evidenced by their lower crystallization temperatures and reduced viscoelastic parameters (G' and G''). Insight from infrared spectroscopy revealed that this could stem from heightened intermolecular hydrogen bonding between the DAG oil and the gelator. When applied to peanut butter, DAG oil oleogels demonstrated efficacy in minimizing oil separation. Extended storage trials affirmed the long-term stability of peanut butter formulations incorporating these oleogels. Furthermore, sensory evaluations by panelists underscored favorable impressions, suggesting potential consumer acceptance. Overall, this study illuminates the promising role of DAG oleogels as effective, alternative stabilizers in peanut butter formulations.
Topics: Diglycerides; Arachis; Oils; Organic Chemicals
PubMed: 38311404
DOI: 10.5650/jos.ess23122 -
Food Chemistry Jun 2024Enzymatic glycerolysis is a biotechnological process for structuring vegetable oils. This study investigates the kinetics of glycerolysis of peanut oil and explores the...
Enzymatic glycerolysis is a biotechnological process for structuring vegetable oils. This study investigates the kinetics of glycerolysis of peanut oil and explores the potential of the resulting structured oil to enhance the physical stability of water-in-oil emulsions. Using a 1:1 glycerol-to-oil molar ratio and 4 % lipase B from Candida antarctica as a catalyst, the reaction was conducted at 65 °C with stirring at 400 rpm. Acylglyceride fractions changes were quantified through NMR and DSC. Fat crystal formation was observed using scanning electron microscopy. The results revealed a first-order decay pattern, converting triglycerides into monoacylglycerides and diacylglycerides in less than 16 h. Subsequently, water-in-oil emulsions prepared with glycerolized oil showed augmented stability through multiple light scattering techniques and visual assessment. The structured oils effectively delayed phase separation, highlighting the potential of glycerolysis in developing vegetable oil-based emulsions with improved functional properties and reduced saturated fatty acid content.
Topics: Plant Oils; Water; Emulsions; Oils; Glycerol; Fatty Acids
PubMed: 38301566
DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.138596 -
Aquaculture Nutrition 2024The effects of plant protein sources (PPSs) on the health of the liver and intestine of the largemouth bass, , were compared to verify the potential damaging effects of...
The effects of plant protein sources (PPSs) on the health of the liver and intestine of the largemouth bass, , were compared to verify the potential damaging effects of dietary fiber (DF). A diet containing 55% fish meal (FM) was used as the control. The test diets contained 25% soybean meal (SBM), rapeseed meal (RSM), cottonseed meal, or peanut meal, and the FM content was decreased to 30%. The protein and lipid contents of these five diets were balanced by casein and oil. Fish were raised for 8 weeks. The fish fed the diet containing PPS showed a trend of decreasing growth and apparent digestibility coefficients. The contents of total bile acid, lipid, and collagen in the liver were increased, and the mRNA expression levels of genes encoding inflammatory factors and enzymes involved in fatty acid synthesis and bile acid synthesis were upregulated. Both the lipid and collagen contents in the liver were positively correlated with the DF content in the diet significantly. Morphology and histology showed reduced liver size, hepatic steatosis, and fibrosis in fish fed diets containing PPS. The lowest hepatosomatic index was observed in fish fed the SBM diet, and the most severe damage was observed in fish fed the RSM diet. No obvious histological abnormalities were observed in the hindgut. The bile acid profile in the liver could be used to distinguish the types of PPS very well by Fisher discriminant analysis. These results indicated that 25% of each of the four PPSs in the diet exceeded the tolerance range of largemouth bass and caused liver damage, which might be mediated by bile acid. DF in PPS might be an important agent contributing to liver damage.
PubMed: 38298207
DOI: 10.1155/2024/6337005 -
Toxins Jan 2024(1) Background: Safety problems associated with aflatoxin B (AFB) contamination have always been a major threat to human health. Removing AFB through adsorption is...
(1) Background: Safety problems associated with aflatoxin B (AFB) contamination have always been a major threat to human health. Removing AFB through adsorption is considered an attractive remediation technique. (2) Methods: To produce an adsorbent with a high AFB adsorption efficiency, a magnetic reduced graphene oxide composite (FeO@rGO) was synthesized using one-step hydrothermal fabrication. Then, the adsorbent was characterized using a series of techniques, such as SEM, TEM, XRD, FT-IR, VSM, and nitrogen adsorption-desorption analysis. Finally, the effects of this nanocomposite on the nutritional components of treated foods, such as vegetable oil and peanut milk, were also examined. (3) Results: The optimal synthesis conditions for FeO@rGO were determined to be 200 °C for 6 h. The synthesis temperature significantly affected the adsorption properties of the prepared material due to its effect on the layered structure of graphene and the loading of FeO nanoparticles. The results of various characterizations illustrated that the surface of FeO@rGO had a two-dimensional layered nanostructure with many folds and that FeO nanoparticles were distributed uniformly on the surface of the composite material. Moreover, the results of isotherm, kinetic, and thermodynamic analyses indicated that the adsorption of AFB by FeO@rGO conformed to the Langmuir model, with a maximum adsorption capacity of 82.64 mg·g; the rapid and efficient adsorption of AFB occurred mainly through chemical adsorption via a spontaneous endothermic process. When applied to treat vegetable oil and peanut milk, the prepared material minimized the loss of nutrients and thus preserved food quality. (4) Conclusions: The above findings reveal a promising adsorbent, FeO@rGO, with favorable properties for AFB adsorption and potential for food safety applications.
Topics: Humans; Graphite; Aflatoxin B1; Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared; Adsorption; Plant Oils; Magnetic Phenomena; Nanocomposites; Water Pollutants, Chemical; Kinetics
PubMed: 38276533
DOI: 10.3390/toxins16010057 -
Genes Jan 2024Peanuts play a pivotal role as an economic crop on a global scale, serving as a primary source of both edible oil and protein. Peanut rust ( Speg.) disease constitutes a... (Review)
Review
Peanuts play a pivotal role as an economic crop on a global scale, serving as a primary source of both edible oil and protein. Peanut rust ( Speg.) disease constitutes a significant global biotic stress, representing a substantial economic threat to the peanut industry by inducing noteworthy reductions in seed yields and compromising oil quality. This comprehensive review delves into the distinctive characteristics and detrimental symptoms associated with peanut rust, scrutinizing its epidemiology and the control strategies that are currently implemented. Notably, host resistance emerges as the most favored strategy due to its potential to surmount the limitations inherent in other approaches. The review further considers the recent advancements in peanut rust resistance breeding, integrating the use of molecular marker technology and the identification of rust resistance genes. Our findings indicate that the ongoing refinement of control strategies, especially through the development and application of immune or highly resistant peanut varieties, will have a profound impact on the global peanut industry.
Topics: Arachis; Plant Breeding; Puccinia; Basidiomycota; Connective Tissue Diseases; Eczema; Seeds
PubMed: 38254991
DOI: 10.3390/genes15010102 -
Genes Jan 2024Improving seed oil quality in peanut () has long been an aim of breeding programs worldwide. The genetic resources to achieve this goal are limited. We used an advanced...
Improving seed oil quality in peanut () has long been an aim of breeding programs worldwide. The genetic resources to achieve this goal are limited. We used an advanced recombinant inbred line (RIL) population derived from JH5 × KX01-6 to explore quantitative trait loci (QTL) affecting peanut oil quality and their additive effects, epistatic effects, and QTL × environment interactions. Gas chromatography (GC) analysis suggested seven fatty acids components were obviously detected in both parents and analyzed in a follow-up QTL analysis. The major components, palmitic acid (C16:0), oleic acid (C18:1), and linoleic acid (C18:2), exhibited considerable phenotypic variation and fit the two major gene and minor gene mixed-inheritance model. Seventeen QTL explained 2.57-38.72% of the phenotypic variation in these major components, with LOD values of 4.12-37.56 in six environments, and thirty-five QTL explained 0.94-32.21% of the phenotypic variation, with LOD values of 5.99-150.38 in multiple environments. Sixteen of these QTL were detected in both individual and multiple environments. Among these, was a novel QTL with stable, valuable and major effect. Two other major-effect QTL, and , share the same physical position as and , respectively. Eleven stable epistatic QTL involving nine loci explained 1.30-34.97% of the phenotypic variation, with epistatic effects ranging from 0.09 to 6.13. These QTL could be valuable for breeding varieties with improved oil quality.
Topics: Arachis; Quantitative Trait Loci; Plant Breeding; Fatty Acids; Plant Oils
PubMed: 38254964
DOI: 10.3390/genes15010075 -
Scientific Reports Jan 2024Water stress is an important factor that substantially impacts crop production. As a result, there is a need for various strategies that can mitigate these negative...
Water stress is an important factor that substantially impacts crop production. As a result, there is a need for various strategies that can mitigate these negative effects. One such strategy is the application of potassium humate (Kh) and cobalt (Co), which have been reported to enhance the resistance of crop plants. Therefore, the present experiment was designed to investigate whether the application of Kh and Co could positively affect proline, chlorophyll and mineral elements contents, and antioxidant defense systems which in turn will mitigate the negative impact of water stress under different irrigation strategies. In 2021 and 2022, an open-field experiments were conducted by using a split-plot design. The main plots were divided to represent different irrigation strategies (ST), with additional control of full irrigation requirements (ST1). Four STs were implemented, with ST1, followed by the application of 75%, 50%, and 25% irrigation strategies in ST2, ST3, and ST4 respectively, in the next irrigation, followed by the full requirements, and so on. In the subplots, peanut plants were treated with tap water (Control), Kh at 2 g l and 3 g l, Co, Co + Kh 2 g l and Co + Kh 3 g l. The yield was negatively affected by the implementation of ST4, despite the increase in proline contents. Furthermore, there was a decrease in relative water content, chlorophyll content, antioxidant enzymes, protein, and mineral nutrient elements. However, the application of Kh or Co showed better improvements in most of the studied parameters. It is worth noting that there was an antagonistic relationship between Co and iron/manganese, and the intensity of this relationship was found to depend on the STs implemented. The highest mineral nutrient accumulation, chlorophyll content, relative water content, protein content, oil content, seed yield, and water productivity were observed when peanut plants were treated with Kh 3 g l + Co under the ST2 water strategy.
Topics: Antioxidants; Arachis; Potassium; Dehydration; Cobalt; Proline; Interleukin-1 Receptor-Like 1 Protein; Minerals; Chlorophyll; Homeostasis; Nutrients
PubMed: 38238388
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-50714-z -
BMC Genomics Jan 2024Pod shell thickness (PST) is an important agronomic trait of peanut because it affects the ability of shells to resist pest infestations and pathogen attacks, while also...
BACKGROUND
Pod shell thickness (PST) is an important agronomic trait of peanut because it affects the ability of shells to resist pest infestations and pathogen attacks, while also influencing the peanut shelling process. However, very few studies have explored the genetic basis of PST.
RESULTS
An F segregating population derived from a cross between the thick-shelled cultivar Yueyou 18 (YY18) and the thin-shelled cultivar Weihua 8 (WH8) was used to identify the quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for PST. On the basis of a bulked segregant analysis sequencing (BSA-seq), four QTLs were preliminarily mapped to chromosomes 3, 8, 13, and 18. Using the genome resequencing data of YY18 and WH8, 22 kompetitive allele-specific PCR (KASP) markers were designed for the genotyping of the F population. Two major QTLs (qPSTA08 and qPSTA18) were identified and finely mapped, with qPSTA08 detected on chromosome 8 (0.69-Mb physical genomic region) and qPSTA18 detected on chromosome 18 (0.15-Mb physical genomic region). Moreover, qPSTA08 and qPSTA18 explained 31.1-32.3% and 16.7-16.8% of the phenotypic variation, respectively. Fifteen genes were detected in the two candidate regions, including three genes with nonsynonymous mutations in the exon region. Two molecular markers (Tif2_A08_31713024 and Tif2_A18_7198124) that were developed for the two major QTL regions effectively distinguished between thick-shelled and thin-shelled materials. Subsequently, the two markers were validated in four F lines selected.
CONCLUSIONS
The QTLs identified and molecular markers developed in this study may lay the foundation for breeding cultivars with a shell thickness suitable for mechanized peanut shelling.
Topics: Quantitative Trait Loci; Arachis; Chromosome Mapping; Plant Breeding; Phenotype
PubMed: 38229017
DOI: 10.1186/s12864-024-10005-x -
BMC Plant Biology Jan 2024Cultivated peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) represents one of the most important oil and cash crops world-widely. Unlike many other legumes, peanuts absorb nitrogen through...
Cultivated peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) represents one of the most important oil and cash crops world-widely. Unlike many other legumes, peanuts absorb nitrogen through their underground pods. Despite this unique feature, the relationship between yield and nitrogen uptake within the pod zone remains poorly understood. In our pot experiment, we divided the underground peanut part into two zones-pod and root-and investigated the physiological and agronomic traits of two peanut cultivars, SH11 (large seeds, LS) and HY23 (small seeds, SS), at 10 (S1), 20 (S2), and 30 (S3) days after gynophores penetrated the soil, with nitrogen application in the pod zone. Results indicated that nitrogen application increased pod yield, kernel protein content, and nitrogen accumulation in plants. For both LS and SS peanut cultivars, optimal nitrogen content was 60 kg·hm, leading to maximum yield. LS cultivar exhibited higher yield and nitrogen accumulation increases than SS cultivar. Nitrogen application up-regulated the expression of nitrogen metabolism-related genes in the pod, including nitrate reductase (NR), nitrite reductase (NIR), glutamine synthetase (GS), glutamate synthase (NADH-GOGAT), ATP binding cassette (ABC), and nitrate transporter (NRT2). Additionally, nitrogen application increased enzyme activity in the pod, including NR, GS, and GOGAT, consistent with gene expression levels. These nitrogen metabolism traits exhibited higher up-regulations in the large-seeded cultivar than in the small-seeded one and showed a significant correlation with yield in the large-seeded cultivar at S2 and S3. Our findings offer a scientific basis for the judicious application and efficient utilization of nitrogen fertilization in peanuts, laying the groundwork for further elucidating the molecular mechanisms of peanut nitrogen utilization.
Topics: Arachis; Nitrogen; Proteins; Seeds; Glutamate-Ammonia Ligase; Nitrate Reductase
PubMed: 38216909
DOI: 10.1186/s12870-024-04725-1