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Cancer Biomarkers : Section a of... 2023Programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) is the target of immune checkpoint inhibitor therapies in a growing number of tumor types, but a unanimous picture on PD-L1 expression...
BACKGROUND
Programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) is the target of immune checkpoint inhibitor therapies in a growing number of tumor types, but a unanimous picture on PD-L1 expression across cancer types is lacking.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
We analyzed immunohistochemical PD-L1 expression in 11,838 samples from 118 human tumor types and its relationship with tumor infiltrating CD8 positive lymphocytes.
RESULTS
At a cut-off level of 10% positive tumor cells, PD-L1 positivity was seen in 85 of 118 (72%) tumor types, including thymoma (100% positive), Hodgkin's lymphoma (93%), anaplastic thyroid carcinoma (76%), Kaposi sarcoma (71%), sarcomatoid urothelial carcinoma (71%), and squamous cell carcinoma of the penis (67%), cervix (65%), floor of the mouth (61%), the lung (53%), and pharynx (50%). In immune cells, PD-L1 positivity was detectable in 103 (87%) tumor types, including tumors of haematopoetic and lymphoid tissues (75% to 100%), Warthin tumors of the parotid glands (95%) and Merkel cell carcinoma (82%). PD-L1 positivity in tumor cells was significantly correlated with the number of intratumoral CD8 positive lymphocytes across all tumor types as well as in individual tumor types, including serous carcinoma of the ovary, invasive breast carcinoma of no special type, intestinal gastric adenocarcinoma, and liposarcoma (p< 0.0001 each).
CONCLUSIONS
PD-L1 expression in tumor and inflammatory cells is found in a wide range of human tumor types. Higher rates of tumor infiltrating CD8 positive lymphocytes in PD-L1 positive than in PD-L1 negative cancers suggest that the antitumor immune response may trigger tumoral PD-L1 expression.
Topics: Female; Humans; Male; B7-H1 Antigen; Carcinoma, Transitional Cell; CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes; Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating; Urinary Bladder Neoplasms
PubMed: 36683495
DOI: 10.3233/CBM-220030 -
Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) Jan 2023Primary urethral adenocarcinoma in females is an extremely rare malignancy with unclear origin and only a few retrospective cases have been reported. The controversy... (Review)
Review
Primary urethral adenocarcinoma in females is an extremely rare malignancy with unclear origin and only a few retrospective cases have been reported. The controversy continues to exist over the origin of primary urethral adenocarcinoma from periurethral glands (which include the Skene's glands), urethritis glandularis or intestinal metaplasia. Herein, we report one case of a 49-year-old female with distal urethral adenocarcinoma who presented with obstructive voiding. Abdominal and pelvic CT scans and chest radiology were unremarkable. Biopsy of the mass confirmed urethral adenocarcinoma. The patient underwent partial ureterectomy and was disease-free at the 2-years follow-up period. We also present another extremely rare case of primary urethral adenocarcinoma with mucinous features in a 58-year-old female who initially complained of external urethral orifice itching with painless urethral bleeding and was treated with local excision. The patient has not received any neoadjuvant or adjuvant therapy, and experienced tumor recurrence, inguinal lymph nodes metastasis, and even local iliopsoas metastasis during over 10-years follow-up. In conclusion, our current study emphasizes the importance of imaging studies and biopsy in making an accurate preoperative diagnosis of this rare disease, and further highlights the role of multimodal therapy. A combination of radiotherapy, chemotherapy and surgery is recommended for the optimal local and distant disease control. Moreover, better medical compliance and regular follow-up are required in these patients.
Topics: Humans; Female; Middle Aged; Retrospective Studies; Neoplasm Recurrence, Local; Urethra; Adenocarcinoma; Urethral Neoplasms
PubMed: 36676733
DOI: 10.3390/medicina59010109 -
Current Oncology (Toronto, Ont.) Dec 2022Penile squamous cell carcinoma is a rare disease entity with poor overall survival in an advanced stage. Few studies have investigated the role of immunotherapy in...
Penile squamous cell carcinoma is a rare disease entity with poor overall survival in an advanced stage. Few studies have investigated the role of immunotherapy in advanced penile squamous cell carcinoma. Herein, we report a case of stage IV unresectable penile squamous cell carcinoma presenting with anal bleeding and urethra obstruction who responded dramatically to combination therapy of durvalumab and cisplatin-based chemotherapy. The patient had HPV-positive penile squamous cell carcinoma, cT3N3M0, with concomitant anus squamous cell carcinoma. After 2 months of the combination treatment, almost all bulky inguinal lymph nodes shrank, and the main tumor of the anus and penis responded completely. A durable response was seen 16 months after initiating the combination therapy. This case report highlights the potential role of the combination of immunotherapy and chemotherapy in patients with advanced penile cancer. The promising results of this combination resulted in the conversion of unresectable disease to a potentially curable disease.
Topics: Male; Humans; Penile Neoplasms; Carcinoma, Squamous Cell; Combined Modality Therapy; Lymph Nodes
PubMed: 36661675
DOI: 10.3390/curroncol30010026 -
Cureus Dec 2022Penile cancer is a rare disease. Delay in diagnosis and treatment frequently occurs and high morbidity can be observed in affected patients. The management is based on...
Penile cancer is a rare disease. Delay in diagnosis and treatment frequently occurs and high morbidity can be observed in affected patients. The management is based on surgical resection. The inguinal node staging depends on the disease-related risk. We herein report a 95-year-old male patient, with a history of a right inguinal hernia, surgically treated. He presented with a swollen painful glans penis. The glans biopsy identified a moderately differentiated invasive squamous cell carcinoma. We have performed a complete penectomy with a bilateral inguinal lymph node dissection. The patient is currently receiving adjuvant chemotherapy based on cisplatin.
PubMed: 36660518
DOI: 10.7759/cureus.32660 -
Journal of Cancer Research and... Jan 2023Electron beams represent an important treatment modality for providing an accurate dose of therapy to superficial cancers. This case reports important findings of dermal...
Electron beams represent an important treatment modality for providing an accurate dose of therapy to superficial cancers. This case reports important findings of dermal invasion in patients with extramammary Paget's disease (EMPD) using microscopic measurements and electron beam coverage. EMPD is a rare cutaneous adenocarcinoma generally arising in the anogenital region. Surgery is still a curable treatment option for patients with EMPD, whereas radiation therapy (RT) is an alternative for inoperable cases and is necessary in cases where surgery is not performed. This case report describes our experience and reviews the relevant literature on the feasibility of electron RT according to the dermal invasion length. An 80-year-old patient was diagnosed with EMPD and presented for definite radiation treatment. We observed no grade 3 toxicities during electron RT, and at the last follow-up visit, no signs of relapse were observed. There are no reports of electron irradiation as a feasible treatment option for EMPD considering the epidermal invasion length.
Topics: Male; Humans; Aged, 80 and over; Paget Disease, Extramammary; Scrotum; Electrons; Neoplasm Recurrence, Local; Penis
PubMed: 38384101
DOI: 10.4103/jcrt.jcrt_506_21 -
Cureus Nov 2022Priapism is one of the most common urologic emergencies and is characterized by a prolonged and painful erectile state unrelated to sexual stimulation or sexual desire....
Priapism is one of the most common urologic emergencies and is characterized by a prolonged and painful erectile state unrelated to sexual stimulation or sexual desire. Neoplasm-associated priapism is a rare condition and is usually caused by corporeal metastases of other pelvic area malignancies. Primary penile malignancy-related malignant priapism is extremely rare. In this reported case, an 82-year-old male presented with priapism. The penile doppler ultrasound and pelvic magnetic resonance imaging were compatible with ischemic priapism and corporal mass. Subsequently, the patient underwent total penectomy and bilateral superficial inguinal lymphadenectomy. The pathology report was consistent with primary penile squamous cell cancer (SCC), so the patient underwent adjuvant radiotherapy. However, he developed multiple metastases and could survive for about six months. The patient had undergone radical cystectomy (RC) and urethrectomy 19 and 2 years ago due to urothelial carcinoma, respectively. To the best of our knowledge, this is the second case of malignant priapism due to primary penile SCC and represents one of the longest urethral recurrence periods after RC. When a patient presents with malignant priapism, primary penile malignancies should be considered in differential diagnosis, even if the patient has a history of pelvic area malignancies.
PubMed: 36579286
DOI: 10.7759/cureus.31875 -
BMC Cancer Dec 2022Penile cancer is a rare disease in demand for new therapeutic options. Frequently used combination chemotherapy with 5 fluorouracil (5-FU) and cisplatin (CDDP) in...
BACKGROUND/INTRODUCTION
Penile cancer is a rare disease in demand for new therapeutic options. Frequently used combination chemotherapy with 5 fluorouracil (5-FU) and cisplatin (CDDP) in patients with metastatic penile cancer mostly results in the development of acquired drug resistance. Availability of cell culture models with acquired resistance against standard therapy could help to understand molecular mechanisms underlying chemotherapy resistance and to identify candidate treatments for an efficient second line therapy.
METHODS
We generated a cell line from a humanpapilloma virus (HPV) negative penile squamous cell carcinoma (UKF-PEC-1). This cell line was subject to chronic exposure to chemotherapy with CDDP and / or 5-FU to induce acquired resistance in the newly established chemo-resistant sublines (PEC-1CDDP, adapted to 2500 ng/ml CDDP; UKF-PEC-15-FU, adapted to 500 ng/ml 5- FU; UKF-PEC1CDDP/5-FU, adapted to 2500 ng/ml CDDP and 500 ng/ml 5 -FU). Afterwards cell line pellets were formalin-fixed, paraffin embedded and subject to sequencing as well as testing for homologous recombination deficiency (HRD). Additionally, exemplary immunohistochemical stainings for p53 and gammaH2AX were applied for verification purposes. Finally, UKF-PEC-1CDDP, UKF-PEC-15-FU, UKF-PEC1CDDP/5-FU, and UKF-PEC-3 (an alternative penis cancer cell line) were tested for sensitivity to paclitaxel, docetaxel, olaparib, and rucaparib.
RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS
The chemo-resistant sublines differed in their mutational landscapes. UKF-PEC-1CDDP was characterized by an increased HRD score, which is supposed to be associated with increased PARP inhibitor and immune checkpoint inhibitor sensitivity in cancer. However, UKF-PEC-1CDDP did not display sensitivity to PARP inhibitors.
Topics: Humans; Male; Cisplatin; Penile Neoplasms; Drug Resistance, Neoplasm; Fluorouracil; Cell Line, Tumor; Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols
PubMed: 36564761
DOI: 10.1186/s12885-022-10432-7 -
Dermatologie (Heidelberg, Germany) Mar 2023A 59-year-old man presented with a growing tumor on the glans penis, which we excised. Histologically, there was an acanthotic epidermis under which the papillary...
A 59-year-old man presented with a growing tumor on the glans penis, which we excised. Histologically, there was an acanthotic epidermis under which the papillary dermis was filled with foamy macrophages, best seen in a CD 68 stain. Verruciform xanthoma was diagnosed. Knowledge of this benign diagnosis may prevent an overly hasty, aggressive approach, since the differential diagnosis of penile carcinoma requires much more radical therapy, and mutilating penile surgery is associated with considerable psychosexual distress for patients.
Topics: Male; Humans; Middle Aged; Penis; Penile Neoplasms; Xanthomatosis; Dermis; Keratosis
PubMed: 36512101
DOI: 10.1007/s00105-022-05085-3 -
Journal of Medical Case Reports Dec 2022Condyloma acuminatum is a rare finding of the urinary bladder. There are many morphological variants that exist. It has been previously reported that some of these...
BACKGROUND
Condyloma acuminatum is a rare finding of the urinary bladder. There are many morphological variants that exist. It has been previously reported that some of these variants were found to be associated with subsequent or concurrent squamous cell carcinoma. However, there are limited cases that describe this underlying malignancy found in patients with bladder condyloma.
CASE PRESENTATION
A 38-year-old African American female presented with condyloma acuminatum of the urinary bladder and underlying squamous cell carcinoma, which also invaded the neighboring uterus, urethra, and anterior vagina. Initial attempts at treatment began with cystoscopic resection of the condyloma; however, due to diffuse transformation, we pursued radical cystectomy with adjuvant chemotherapy and radiation.
CONCLUSION
As such a finding is rare in the urinary bladder, with few reports discussing its association with ensuing squamous cell carcinoma, we hope that this continues to generate awareness and consideration in the treatment of affected individuals.
Topics: Humans; Female; Adult; Urinary Bladder; Pelvis; Carcinoma, Squamous Cell; Urethra; Cystectomy
PubMed: 36457102
DOI: 10.1186/s13256-022-03669-0 -
Medicine Nov 2022Extramammary Paget's disease (EMPD) is a rare skin cancer that commonly occurs in sites rich in apocrine glands, such as perineum, vulva, axilla, scrotum, and penis. On...
RATIONALE
Extramammary Paget's disease (EMPD) is a rare skin cancer that commonly occurs in sites rich in apocrine glands, such as perineum, vulva, axilla, scrotum, and penis. On the other hand, condyloma acuminatum (CA; also referred to as anogenital warts) is a common benign neoplasm caused by human papillomavirus. Few cases of coexistent EMPD and CA have been reported because of the rarity of the condition.
PATIENT CONCERNS AND DIAGNOSIS
A 72-year-old man with a genital mass, which appeared to be composed of multiple papillomatous masses, was referred for surgical resection. The lesion was first noticed 6 months previously and grew rapidly. CO2 ablative laser therapy was performed twice at a primary clinic, but the mass recurred.
INTERVENTION AND OUTCOMES
Excisional biopsy revealed the presence of coexistent EMPD and CA. Additional wide excision was performed, and postoperative biopsy confirmed no residual tumor. Two years after surgery, no recurrence had occurred.
LESSONS
CA can co-occur with several types of skin malignancies, and a skin malignancy coexisting with CA is difficult to diagnose visually. Therefore, even if a skin lesion in the genital region is considered to be CA, we recommend punch biopsy before treatment because it can benefit prognosiss.
Topics: Male; Female; Humans; Aged; Paget Disease, Extramammary; Scrotum; Condylomata Acuminata; Penis; Skin Neoplasms
PubMed: 36397375
DOI: 10.1097/MD.0000000000031754