-
Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy =... Dec 2021The consumption of a high-fat diet can cause metabolic syndrome and induces host gut microbial dysbiosis and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). We evaluated the...
The consumption of a high-fat diet can cause metabolic syndrome and induces host gut microbial dysbiosis and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). We evaluated the effect of polyphenol-rich jaboticaba peel and seed powder (JPSP) on the gut microbial community composition and liver health in a mouse model of NAFLD. Three-month-old C57BL/6 J male mice, received either a control (C, 10% of lipids as energy, n = 16) or high-fat (HF, 50% of lipids as energy, n = 64) diet for nine weeks. The HF mice were randomly subdivided into four groups (n = 16 in each group), three of which (HF-J5, HF-J10, and HF-J15) were supplemented with dietary JPSP for four weeks (5%, 10%, and 15%, respectively). In addition to attenuating weight gain, JPSP consumption improved dyslipidemia and insulin resistance. In a dose-dependent manner, JPSP consumption ameliorated the expression of hepatic lipogenesis genes (AMPK, SREBP-1, HGMCoA, and ABCG8). The effects on the microbial community structure were determined in all JPSP-supplemented groups; however, the HF-J10 and HF-J15 diets led to a drastic depletion in the species of numerous bacterial families (Bifidobacteriaceae, Mogibacteriaceae, Christensenellaceae, Clostridiaceae, Dehalobacteriaceae, Peptococcaceae, Peptostreptococcaceae, and Ruminococcaceae) compared to the HF diet, some of which represented a reversal of increases associated with HF. The Lachnospiraceae and Enterobacteriaceae families and the Parabacteroides, Sutterella, Allobaculum, and Akkermansia genera were enriched more in the HF-J10 and HF-J15 groups than in the HF group. In conclusion, JPSP consumption improved obesity-related metabolic profiles and had a strong impact on the microbial community structure, thereby reversing NAFLD and decreasing its severity.
Topics: Animals; Bacteria; Blood Glucose; Diet, High-Fat; Disease Models, Animal; Dysbiosis; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Inflammation Mediators; Intestines; Lipid Metabolism; Liver; Male; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Myrtaceae; Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease; Plant Extracts; Powders; Prebiotics; Mice
PubMed: 34634561
DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.112314 -
Microorganisms Jul 2021-Alkanes, a major fraction of the solvents used in bitumen extraction from oil sand ores, are slow to biodegrade in anaerobic tailings ponds. We investigated...
-Alkanes, a major fraction of the solvents used in bitumen extraction from oil sand ores, are slow to biodegrade in anaerobic tailings ponds. We investigated methanogenic biodegradation of -alkane mixtures comprising either three (2-methylbutane, 2-methylpentane, 3-methylpentane) or five (2-methylbutane, 2-methylpentane, 2-methylhexane, 2-methylheptane, 2-methyloctane) -alkanes representing paraffinic and naphtha solvents, respectively. Mature fine tailings (MFT) collected from two tailings ponds, having different residual solvents (paraffinic solvent in Canadian Natural Upgrading Limited (CNUL) and naphtha in Canadian Natural Resources Limited (CNRL)), were amended separately with the two mixtures and incubated in microcosms for ~1600 d. The indigenous microbes in CNUL MFT produced methane from the three--alkane mixture after a lag of ~200 d, completely depleting 2-methylpentane while partially depleting 2-methylbutane and 3-methylpentane. CNRL MFT exhibited a similar degradation pattern for the three -alkanes after a lag phase of ~700 d, but required 1200 d before beginning to produce methane from the five--alkane mixture, preferentially depleting components in the order of decreasing carbon chain length. members were key -alkane-degraders in both CNUL and CNRL MFT but were associated with different archaeal partners. Co-dominance of acetoclastic () and hydrogenotrophic ( and ) methanogens was observed in CNUL MFT during biodegradation of three--alkanes whereas CNRL MFT was enriched in during biodegradation of three--alkanes and in with five--alkanes. This study highlights the different responses of indigenous methanogenic microbial communities in different oil sands tailings ponds to -alkanes.
PubMed: 34442648
DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9081569 -
Animals : An Open Access Journal From... Jul 2021The study assessed changes in the gut microbiota of pigs after dietary supplementation with protected sodium butyrate (PSB) during the growing-fattening period (≈90...
The study assessed changes in the gut microbiota of pigs after dietary supplementation with protected sodium butyrate (PSB) during the growing-fattening period (≈90 days). One gram of colon content from 18 pigs (9 from the treatment group -TG- and 9 from the control group -CG-) was collected. Bacterial DNA was extracted and 16S rRNA high-throughput amplicon sequencing used to assess microbiota changes between groups. The groups shared 75.4% of the 4697 operational taxonomic units identified. No differences in alpha diversity were found, but significant differences for some specific taxa were detected between groups. The low-represented phylum , which is associated with the production of carotenoids with antioxidant, anti-apoptotic, and anti-inflammatory properties, was increased in the TG ( = 0.032). , , , , and were increased in the TG. Members of these families have the ability to ferment complex dietary polysaccharides and produce larger amounts of short chain fatty acids. Regarding species, only was increased in the TG ( = 0.048). is well-known as probiotic in humans, but it has also been associated with overall positive gut effects (increased villus height, improved body weight, reduction of diarrhea, etc.) in weanling pigs. Although the use of PSB did not modify the overall richness of microbiota composition of these slaughter pigs, it may have increased specific taxa associated with better gut health parameters.
PubMed: 34359264
DOI: 10.3390/ani11072137 -
Frontiers in Microbiology 2021Previous work demonstrated that microbial Fe(III)-reduction contributes to void formation, and potentially cave formation within Fe(III)-rich rocks, such as banded iron...
Hydrologic Alteration and Enhanced Microbial Reductive Dissolution of Fe(III) (hydr)oxides Under Flow Conditions in Fe(III)-Rich Rocks: Contribution to Cave-Forming Processes.
Previous work demonstrated that microbial Fe(III)-reduction contributes to void formation, and potentially cave formation within Fe(III)-rich rocks, such as banded iron formation (BIF), iron ore and canga (a surficial duricrust), based on field observations and static batch cultures. Microbiological Fe(III) reduction is often limited when biogenic Fe(II) passivates further Fe(III) reduction, although subsurface groundwater flow and the export of biogenic Fe(II) could alleviate this passivation process, and thus accelerate cave formation. Given that static batch cultures are unlikely to reflect the dynamics of groundwater flow conditions , we carried out comparative batch and column experiments to extend our understanding of the mass transport of iron and other solutes under flow conditions, and its effect on community structure dynamics and Fe(III)-reduction. A solution with chemistry approximating cave-associated porewater was amended with 5.0 mM lactate as a carbon source and added to columns packed with canga and inoculated with an assemblage of microorganisms associated with the interior of cave walls. Under anaerobic conditions, microbial Fe(III) reduction was enhanced in flow-through column incubations, compared to static batch incubations. During incubation, the microbial community profile in both batch culture and columns shifted from a Proteobacterial dominance to the Firmicutes, including Clostridiaceae, Peptococcaceae, and Veillonellaceae, the latter of which has not previously been shown to reduce Fe(III). The bacterial Fe(III) reduction altered the advective properties of canga-packed columns and enhanced permeability. Our results demonstrate that removing inhibitory Fe(II) via mimicking hydrologic flow of groundwater increases reduction rates and overall Fe-oxide dissolution, which in turn alters the hydrology of the Fe(III)-rich rocks. Our results also suggest that reductive weathering of Fe(III)-rich rocks such as canga, BIF, and iron ores may be more substantial than previously understood.
PubMed: 34335526
DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.696534 -
Biochemical Pharmacology Nov 2021Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most prevalent chronic liver disease due to the current epidemics of obesity and diabetes. The pregnane X receptor (PXR)...
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most prevalent chronic liver disease due to the current epidemics of obesity and diabetes. The pregnane X receptor (PXR) is a xenobiotic-sensing nuclear receptor known for trans-activating liver genes involved in drug metabolism and transport, and more recently implicated in energy metabolism. The gut microbiota can modulate the host xenobiotic biotransformation and contribute to the development of obesity. While the male sex confers a higher risk for NAFLD than women before menopause, the mechanism remains unknown. We hypothesized that the presence of PXR promotes obesity by modifying the gut-liver axis in a sex-specific manner. Male and female C57BL/6 (wild-type/WT) and PXR-knockout (PXR-KO) mice were fed control or high-fat diet (HFD) for 16-weeks. Serum parameters, liver histopathology, transcriptomic profiling, 16S-rDNA sequencing, and bile acid (BA) metabolomics were performed. PXR enhanced HFD-induced weight gain, hepatic steatosis and inflammation especially in males, accompanied by PXR-dependent up-regulation in hepatic genes involved in microbial response, inflammation, oxidative stress, and cancer; PXR-dependent increase in intestinal Firmicutes/Bacteroides ratio (hallmark of obesity) and the pro-inflammatory Lactobacillus, as well as a decrease in the anti-obese Allobaculum and the anti-inflammatory Bifidobacterum, with a PXR-dependent reduction of beneficial BAs in liver. The resistance to NAFLD in females may be explained by PXR-dependent decrease in pro-inflammatory bacteria (Ruminococcus gnavus and Peptococcaceae). In conclusion, PXR exacerbates hepatic steatosis and inflammation accompanied by obesity- and inflammation-prone gut microbiome signature, suggesting that gut microbiome may contribute to PXR-mediated exacerbation of NAFLD.
Topics: Animals; Biomarkers; Diet, High-Fat; Female; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Gene Regulatory Networks; Glucose Tolerance Test; Inflammation; Liver; Male; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Mice, Knockout; Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease; Obesity; Pregnane X Receptor; RNA, Bacterial; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; Sex Factors
PubMed: 34303710
DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2021.114698 -
Frontiers in Microbiology 2021Intestinal infections are a major cause of morbidity and mortality in humans and agricultural animals, especially newborns and weaned animals. Preventive treatments that...
Intestinal infections are a major cause of morbidity and mortality in humans and agricultural animals, especially newborns and weaned animals. Preventive treatments that help weaned animals maintain homeostasis and balance the hindgut microbial populations are desirable. The present study aimed to explore the impact of bacitracin methylene disalicylate (BMD) on the intestinal health by analyzing the intestinal environment, morphology, expression of peptidoglycan recognition proteins (PGRPs), and flora of weaned rabbits. A total of 300 New Zealand weaned rabbits were randomly divided into the following five treatment groups for a 35-day feed trial: control group (basal diet), bacitracin zinc (BZ) group (50 mg/kg BZ), BMDa group (100 mg/kg BMD), BMDb group (50 mg/kg BMD), and BMDc group (rabbits fed a basal diet supplemented with 25 mg/kg BMD). In each treatment group, 28 rabbits were slaughtered for experimental analysis. The results showed that the supplementation of BMD increased the environmental acidity of the cecum of the weaned rabbits and reduced the ammonia-nitrogen concentration, which was beneficial to the survival of useful bacteria in the intestine. The morphology analysis of the duodenum using hematoxylin and eosin staining revealed that the villus length, villus/crypt ratio, and intestinal wall thickness increased in the BMD group, thereby improving the structure of the duodenum and the absorption capacity of the small intestine. Moreover, real-time polymerase chain reaction test showed that PGRPs (especially PGLYRP-1 and PGLYRP-2) in the intestinal had an antagonistic effect with BMD in the process of inhibiting pathogenic bacteria, resulting in their decreased expression ( < 0.05). Furthermore, through 16S rRNA sequencing in the cecal content, the abundance of the predominant phyla in the BMDa and BZ groups was found to be the closest. The abundance of the genera , ), (), , (), , , and increased in the BMDa and BZ groups ( < 0.05). The relative abundance of , , and significantly increased only in the BMDa group ( < 0.05). Conclusively, BMD, as well as microbes, improved the intestinal environment and structure to maintain the intestinal health of weaned rabbits.
PubMed: 34248860
DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.579006 -
Frontiers in Veterinary Science 2021is one of the leading causes of gastrointestinal illness worldwide and is mainly transmitted from chicken through the food chain. Previous studies have provided...
is one of the leading causes of gastrointestinal illness worldwide and is mainly transmitted from chicken through the food chain. Previous studies have provided increasing evidence that this pathogen can colonize and replicate in broiler chicken during its breeding; however, its temporal kinetics in laying hen are poorly understood. Considering the possible interaction between and gut microbiota, the current study was conducted to address the temporal dynamics of in the cecum of laying hen over 40 weeks, with possible alteration of the gut microbiota and fatty acid (FA) components. Following oral infection with 81-176, inocula were stably recovered from ceca for up to 8 weeks post-infection (.). From 16 weeks ., most birds became negative for and remained negative up to 40 weeks . 16S rRNA gene sequencing analyses revealed that most of the altered relative rRNA gene abundances occurred in the order , in which increased relative rRNA gene abundances were observed at >16 weeks . in the families , and . Lipidome analyses revealed increased levels of sterols associated with bile acid metabolisms in the cecum at 16 and/or 24 weeks . compared with those detected at 8 weeks ., suggesting that altered microbiota and bile acid metabolism might underlie the decreased colonization fitness of in the gut of laying hens.
PubMed: 34222400
DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.675570 -
Nutrients Jun 2021Glucosamine (GLU) is a natural compound found in cartilage, and supplementation with glucosamine has been shown to improve joint heath and has been linked to reduced... (Randomized Controlled Trial)
Randomized Controlled Trial
Glucosamine (GLU) is a natural compound found in cartilage, and supplementation with glucosamine has been shown to improve joint heath and has been linked to reduced mortality rates. GLU is poorly absorbed and may exhibit functional properties in the gut. The purpose of this study was to examine the impact of glucosamine on gastrointestinal function as well as changes in fecal microbiota and metabolome. Healthy males ( = 6) and females ( = 5) (33.4 ± 7.7 years, 174.1 ± 12.0 cm, 76.5 ± 12.9 kg, 25.2 ± 3.1 kg/m, = 11) completed two supplementation protocols that each spanned three weeks separated by a washout period that lasted two weeks. In a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover fashion, participants ingested a daily dose of GLU hydrochloride (3000 mg GlucosaGreen, TSI Group Ltd., Missoula, MT, USA) or maltodextrin placebo. Study participants completed bowel habit and gastrointestinal symptoms questionnaires in addition to providing a stool sample that was analyzed for fecal microbiota and metabolome at baseline and after the completion of each supplementation period. GLU significantly reduced stomach bloating and showed a trend towards reducing constipation and hard stools. Phylogenetic diversity (Faith's PD) and proportions of , , and were significantly reduced following GLU consumption. GLU supplementation significantly reduced individual, total branched-chain, and total amino acid excretion, with no glucosamine being detected in any of the fecal samples. GLU had no effect on fecal short-chain fatty acids levels. GLU supplementation provided functional gut health benefits and induced fecal microbiota and metabolome changes.
Topics: Adult; Cross-Over Studies; Defecation; Dietary Supplements; Double-Blind Method; Feces; Female; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Gastrointestinal Tract; Glucosamine; Healthy Volunteers; Humans; Male; Phylogeny; Pilot Projects; Polysaccharides
PubMed: 34202877
DOI: 10.3390/nu13072180 -
GeroScience Apr 2022Recently, aging is considered a risk factor for various diseases. Although changes in the intestinal microbiota along with aging are thought to associate with the...
Recently, aging is considered a risk factor for various diseases. Although changes in the intestinal microbiota along with aging are thought to associate with the increased disease risk, mechanisms that cause age-related transition of the intestinal microbiota remain unknown. This study aims to clarify relationships between the amount of human defensin 5 (HD5), a Paneth cell α-defensin, which is known to regulate the intestinal microbiota, and age-related differences of the intestinal microbiota composition. Fecal samples from 196 healthy Japanese (35 to 81 years old) were collected and measured HD5 concentration. HD5 concentration in the elderly group (age > 70 years old) was significantly lower than the middle-aged group (age ≤ 70 years old). Furthermore, individual age was negatively correlated with HD5 concentration (r = - 0.307, p < 0.001). In β-diversity, the intestinal microbiota of the elderly showed a significantly different composition compared to the middle-aged. At the genus level, relative abundance of Collinsella, Alistipes, Peptococcaceae; unassigned, Lactobacillus, Lactococcus, Weissella, Christensenellaceae R-7 group, Megasphaera, and [Eubacterium] eligens group was significantly higher, and Lachnospiraceae; unassigned, Blautia, Anaerostipes, Fusicatenibacter, Dorea, and Faecalibacterium was significantly lower in the elderly compared to the middle-aged. In addition, HD5 concentration was negatively correlated with Alistipes, Peptococcaceae; unassigned, and Christensenellaceae R-7 group and positively correlated with Lachnospiraceae; unassigned and Dorea. These results provide novel insights into the immunosenescence of enteric innate immunity, indicating low HD5 is suggested to contribute to the age-related differences in the intestinal microbiota and may relate to increased risk of diseases in elderly people.
Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Defensins; Feces; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Humans; Japan; Middle Aged; alpha-Defensins
PubMed: 34105106
DOI: 10.1007/s11357-021-00398-y -
Frontiers in Immunology 2021Cyclophosphamide (CTX), used in cancer chemotherapy, a high dose of which would cause immunosuppressive effect and intestinal mucosa damage. American ginseng ( L.)...
The Synergistic Effects of Polysaccharides and Ginsenosides From American Ginseng ( L.) Ameliorating Cyclophosphamide-Induced Intestinal Immune Disorders and Gut Barrier Dysfunctions Based on Microbiome-Metabolomics Analysis.
Cyclophosphamide (CTX), used in cancer chemotherapy, a high dose of which would cause immunosuppressive effect and intestinal mucosa damage. American ginseng ( L.) has a long history of functional food use for immunological disorder, colitis, cancer, and so on. This study aimed to illustrate the underlying mechanism of American ginseng's immunomodulatory effect in CTX-induced mice. In this study, all groups of American ginseng (American ginseng polysaccharide [AGP], American ginseng ginsenoside [AGG], co-treated with American ginseng polysaccharide and ginsenoside [AGP_AGG]) have relieve the immune disorder by reversing the lymphocyte subsets ratio in spleen and peripheral blood, as well as stimulating CD4T cells and IgA-secreting cells in small intestine. These three treatment groups, especially AGP_AGG co-treated group recovered the intestine morphology that up-regulated villus height (VH)/crypt depth (CD) ratio, areas of mucins expression, quantity of goblet cells, and expression of tight junction proteins (ZO-1, occludin). Importantly, the microbiome-metabolomics analysis was applied in this study to illustrate the possible immuno-modulating mechanism. The synergistic effect of polysaccharides and ginsenosides (AGP_AGG group) restored the gut microbiota composition and increased various beneficial mucosa-associated bacterial taxa Clostridiales, Bifidobacterium, and Lachnospiraceae, while decreased harmful bacteria Escherichia-Shigella and Peptococcaceae. Also, AGP_AGG group altered various fecal metabolites such as uric acid, xanthurenic acid, acylcarnitine, 9,10-DHOME, 13-HDoHE, LysoPE15:0, LysoPC 16:0, LysoPI 18:0, and so on, that associated with immunometabolism or protective effect of gut barrier. These results suggest AG, particularly co-treated of polysaccharide and ginsenoside may be used as immunostimulants targeting microbiome-metabolomics axis to prevent CTX-induced side effects in cancer patients.
Topics: Animals; Bacteria; Cyclophosphamide; Drug Therapy, Combination; Feces; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Ginsenosides; Immune System Diseases; Immunomodulation; Immunosuppressive Agents; Intestinal Mucosa; Metabolomics; Mice; Panax; Polysaccharides
PubMed: 33968068
DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.665901