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Clinical and Pathological Study of the First Outbreak Cases of African Swine Fever in Vietnam, 2019.Frontiers in Veterinary Science 2020African swine fever (ASF) is a devastating disease of swine and the most important disease for the pork industry. Since the outbreaks in 2007 in the Caucasian region, it...
African swine fever (ASF) is a devastating disease of swine and the most important disease for the pork industry. Since the outbreaks in 2007 in the Caucasian region, it has been spreading to the West and East quite swiftly. In this study we have analyzed the clinical signs and pathological features of the first outbreaks on ASF in Vietnam in 2019, caused by an isolate with 100% similarity to the genotype II (p72) isolates from Georgia in 2007 and China in 2018. The disease onset with a peracute to acute clinical course with high mortality. Some animals showed very unspecific clinical signs with other showing severe hyperthermia, respiratory distress, diarrhea, or vomit. Hemorrhagic splenomegaly and lymphadenitis were the main lesions observed at examination, with histopathological changes confirming the lymphoid depletion and multiorganic hemorrhages. Monocyte-macrophages were identified by means of immunohistochemical methods as the main target cell for the ASF virus in tissue sections.
PubMed: 32733925
DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.00392 -
Frontiers in Veterinary Science 2020African Swine Fever (ASF) is a viral disease that affects animals of the family, and soft ticks from the genus can also be infected by the ASF virus (ASFV). The... (Review)
Review
African Swine Fever (ASF) is a viral disease that affects animals of the family, and soft ticks from the genus can also be infected by the ASF virus (ASFV). The disease was first described in Africa at the beginning of the twentieth century as an acute disease characterized by high mortality and fatal hemorrhages. ASF has caused outbreaks in numerous countries and it continues to be devastating nowadays for the porcine sector in those countries affected, and a massive threat for those free of the disease. ASF can follow clinical courses from peracute to chronic in domestic pigs () depending on a variety of factors, including the immune status of the animals and the virulence of the ASFV strain. The key features of the pathogenesis of the disease in domestic swine are a) a severe lymphoid depletion including lymphopenia and a state of immunodeficiency, and b) hemorrhages. However, African wild swine like bushpigs (), red river hogs (), and warthogs () can be infected by ASFV showing no clinical signs of disease and acting as natural reservoir hosts. In this article we review the key features of the gross and microscopic pathology together with a description of the pathogenesis of ASFV infection in domestic pigs following the different clinical courses. The pathogenesis of ASF in wild and domestic swine is also described, what can provide important information for the design of control strategies, such as vaccines.
PubMed: 32509811
DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.00282 -
BMC Veterinary Research Jun 2020In dogs, meningiomas mostly cause chronic progressive clinical signs due to slow tumor growth.
BACKGROUND
In dogs, meningiomas mostly cause chronic progressive clinical signs due to slow tumor growth.
CASE PRESENTATION
In contrast, three dogs were presented with the history of chronic generalized tonic-clonic seizures and peracute deterioration with sudden onset of neurological deficits in accordance with an extensive unilateral forebrain lesion. Magnetic resonance imaging examinations of the dogs revealed a well-delineated extraaxial T2W hyperintense mass in the rostral forebrain with homogeneous contrast enhancement. Additionally, an intraaxial, well-demarcated, unilateral lesion was apparent in the parenchyma supplied by the middle cerebral artery. In two cases, necropsy revealed meningothelial meningioma in the rostral fossa and marked eosinophilic neuronal necrosis, a sign of ischemia, focal malacia, edema and gliosis in the temporal lobe and hippocampus because of a focal thrombosis of the middle cerebral artery. In the third case symptomatic treatment resulted in improvement of clinical signs enabling a good quality of life for the patient.
CONCLUSIONS
In dogs with structural epilepsy caused by meningioma, acute deterioration of clinical signs can be associated with ischemic infarctions as a potential complication.
Topics: Animals; Cerebral Infarction; Dog Diseases; Dogs; Female; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Male; Meningioma; Seizures
PubMed: 32503537
DOI: 10.1186/s12917-020-02388-2 -
Frontiers in Veterinary Science 2020Common bottlenose dolphins ( exposed to freshwater or low salinity (<10 practical salinity units; PSU) for prolonged periods of time have been documented to develop skin...
Common bottlenose dolphins ( exposed to freshwater or low salinity (<10 practical salinity units; PSU) for prolonged periods of time have been documented to develop skin lesions, corneal edema and electrolyte abnormalities, and in some instances they have died. Here we review a case of an out-of-habitat subadult, female common bottlenose dolphin that remained in a freshwater lake in Seminole, Alabama for at least 32 days. Due to concerns for the dolphin's health a rescue was initiated. At the time of rescue bloodwork results indicated minor electrolyte abnormalities (hyponatremia, hypochloremia, hypoosmolality). Renal function was not affected (normal creatinine and urea nitrogen) and all other bloodwork parameters (hemogram; serum biochemistry analytes) were within normal limits. The dolphin was deemed healthy enough for immediate relocation and release. A satellite-linked tag was attached to the dorsal fin to track the dolphin following its relocation to a nearby brackish water bay (Perdido Bay, AL), a known habitat for bottlenose dolphins. Twelve weeks following release, the dolphin was found dead as a result of a fisheries interaction (peracute underwater entrapment). A full necropsy was conducted and there was complete resolution of the skin pallor and skin lesions and no evidence of chronic renal or central nervous system lesions. Post-mortem analysis of vitreous humor (used as a proxy for serum analytes and to determine post-mortem interval) was challenging to interpret and has not been validated in dolphins. This supports the need for future research in cetaceans to establish a species-specific approach. Elevated barium (Ba) concentrations in tooth dentin corresponded to increased seasonal freshwater discharge patterns, confirming repeated annual exposure to low salinity conditions prior to death and indicating freshwater exposure may pose an ongoing threat to dolphins in the region. This case provides a unique opportunity to follow the progression of prolonged freshwater exposure and recovery in a bottlenose dolphin and highlights that dolphins in nearshore habitats face a combination of persistent natural and human associated threats.
PubMed: 32457921
DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.00235 -
Comparative Medicine Jun 2020is an enteric pathogen that can cause significant clinical disease in both humans and animals. However, clinical disease arises most commonly after treatment with...
is an enteric pathogen that can cause significant clinical disease in both humans and animals. However, clinical disease arises most commonly after treatment with broad-spectrum antibiotics. The organism's ability to cause naturally occurring disease in mice is rare, and little is known about its clinical significance in highly immunocompromised mice. We report on 2 outbreaks of diarrhea associated with in mice. In outbreak 1, 182 of approximately 2, 400 NOD.Cg-/SzJ (NSG) and related strains of mice became clinically ill after cessation of a 14-d course of 0.12% amoxicillin feed to control an increase in clinical signs associated with infection. Most mice had been engrafted with human tumors; the remainder were experimentally naïve. Affected animals exhibited 1 of 3 clinical syndromes: 1) peracute death; 2) severe diarrhea leading to euthanasia or death; or 3) mild to moderate diarrhea followed by recovery. A given cage could contain both affected and unaffected mice. Outbreak 2 involved a small breeding colony (approximately 50 mice) of NOD. CB17-/NCrCrl (NOD-) mice that had not received antibiotics or experimental manipulations. In both outbreaks, was isolated, and toxins A and B were detected in intestinal content or feces. Histopathologic lesions highly suggestive of enterotoxemia included fibrinonecrotizing and neutrophilic typhlocolitis with characteristic 'volcano' erosions or pseudomembrane formation. Genomic analysis of 4 isolates (3 from outbreak 1 and 1 from outbreak 2) revealed that these isolates were closely related to a pathogenic human isolate, CD 196. To our knowledge, this report is the first to describe naturally occurring outbreaks of -associated typhlocolitis with significant morbidity and mortality in highly immunocompromised strains of mice.
Topics: Amoxicillin; Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Clostridioides difficile; Clostridium Infections; Diarrhea; Disease Outbreaks; Immunocompromised Host; Mice; Mice, Inbred NOD
PubMed: 32404234
DOI: 10.30802/AALAS-CM-19-000109 -
Frontiers in Veterinary Science 2020African swine fever (ASF) is one of the most important emerging transboundary diseases of pigs, causing trade restrictions, and a health impact on susceptible pigs. Nine...
African swine fever (ASF) is one of the most important emerging transboundary diseases of pigs, causing trade restrictions, and a health impact on susceptible pigs. Nine countries in the continental European Union (Estonia, Lithuania, Latvia, Poland, Czech Republic, Bulgaria, Belgium, Romania, and Hungary) have been affected by ASF from 2014 to 2018 and it keeps spreading despite the efforts to control it. For a number of years, we have witnessed high case-fatality rates in wild boar found dead particularly in new infected areas, which is typical of the peracute and acute forms of the infection at the beginning of an ASF epidemic. Experimental evidence with currently circulating strains indicates that some infected animals can remain asymptomatic and might even survive the infection. An increased presence of virus of moderate virulence can complicate ASF diagnosis as well as the mitigation and control of the disease. We analyze the ASF surveillance data in wild boar in the four EU countries where ASF has been present for longer, comparing the spatial density of antibody positive notifications with the time ASF has been present per region. Results indicate an increasing annual distribution of notifications based on antibodies over nucleic acid detection in hunted wild boar in Estonia, Latvia and Poland. Potentially, Lithuania, and Poland seem to have experienced more acute forms in 2017 and 2018 than Latvia and Estonia. Overall there was a positive statistical correlation between time with infection (TWI) and antibody positive density, with some variations in certain regions, particularly of Lithuania and Estonia. The increasing trend in potential survivors (hunted wild boar with confirmed PCR negative and antibody positive results) enhances the importance of surveillance design to sample and test shot wild boar. In conclusion, surveillance data based on ASFV detection by PCR and serology can be used to assess the status of the epidemic in wild boar.
PubMed: 32296720
DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.00155 -
Irish Veterinary Journal 2020Overdrainage and collapse of the hemispheres is a potential severe complication after surgical treatment of internal hydrocephalus using ventriculoperitoneal shunts....
BACKGROUND
Overdrainage and collapse of the hemispheres is a potential severe complication after surgical treatment of internal hydrocephalus using ventriculoperitoneal shunts. Here we describe a case of a spontaneous hemispheric ventricular collapse in an untreated dog with congenital hydrocephalus internus.
CASE PRESENTATION
A twelve-week-old, male, intact Golden Retriever was presented with a history of peracute obtundation, impaired vision, and progressive gait abnormalities of all limbs for three days. Neurological examination revealed a dome shaped skull, a broad-based stance and a moderate cerebellar ataxia. The postural responses were markedly delayed in all limbs. Moderate ventro-lateral strabismus, vertical nystagmus and absent menace response were observed bilaterally. Clinical signs indicated multifocal localisation (forebrain, cerebellum). Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed dilation of all cerebral ventricles, irregular thinning of the periventricular white and grey matter, consistent with internal hydrocephalus. In addition, the hemispheres were collapsed at the right temporal and left frontal lobe with haemorrhage filling the adjacent subarachnoid space. The dog underwent left frontal and right temporal craniotomy for removal of the haemorrhage. The dog improved on all neurological signs and was discharged after seven days. A repeat MRI three months postsurgical intervention showed reexpansion of the cerebral hemispheres. Subarachnoid haemorrhages were markedly reduced.
CONCLUSIONS
Collapse of the hemispheres can occur spontaneously in dogs with hydrocephalus internus. Removal of the haemorrhage can improve clinical signs.
PubMed: 32226604
DOI: 10.1186/s13620-020-00159-x -
Changes in ionized calcium concentration in the blood of dairy cows with peracute coliform mastitis.The Journal of Veterinary Medical... Apr 2020We determined the clinical signs and blood ionized calcium (iCa) levels in dairy cows with peracute coliform mastitis (PCM). The clinical scores at the onset of the...
We determined the clinical signs and blood ionized calcium (iCa) levels in dairy cows with peracute coliform mastitis (PCM). The clinical scores at the onset of the disease (day 0) and on day 2 and subsequent days were significantly (P<0.01) higher than those of healthy cows. We found a positive correlation (r=0.894, P<0.01) between iCa and total calcium (TCa) concentrations in the blood of healthy cows ; however there was no correlation from day 0 to day 3 in the blood of PCM cows. Multiple regression analysis revealed that the concentration of iCa was correlated with rectal temperature, hematocrit value, platelet count, and albumin level of PCM cows at the onset of disease (r= -0.804, r=0.6576, r=0.6182, r=0.284, P<0.01, respectively). There was no correlation between the TCa concentration and these parameters for PCM cows at day 0. Low blood iCa concentration at day 0 for PCM cows was related to symptoms of septic shock involving hypothermia, activation of the blood coagulation system, and dehydration.
Topics: Albumins; Animals; Body Temperature; Calcium; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; Enterobacteriaceae; Enterobacteriaceae Infections; Female; Hematocrit; Mastitis, Bovine; Platelet Count
PubMed: 32101824
DOI: 10.1292/jvms.19-0678 -
Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic... Mar 2020type D epsilon toxin (EXT) causes an important neurologic disorder of sheep, goats and, rarely, cattle. The disease can occur in peracute, acute, subacute, and chronic... (Review)
Review
type D epsilon toxin (EXT) causes an important neurologic disorder of sheep, goats and, rarely, cattle. The disease can occur in peracute, acute, subacute, and chronic forms. High circulating levels of ETX produce vasculocentric brain lesions, in which microvascular endothelial injury results in diagnostically useful perivascular and intramural extravasations of plasma protein, especially in sheep, and less frequently in goats. With lower toxin doses, a more protracted clinical course tends to occur, particularly in sheep, leading to focal, bilaterally symmetrical, necrotic foci in certain brain regions. Although these morphologic features usually permit the diagnostic pathologist to make a definitive etiologic diagnosis, there are many aspects of the pathogenesis of these cerebral lesions that are not completely understood. ETX has also been shown to produce microvascular damage in the retina of rats, resulting in severe, diffuse vasogenic edema, similar to that found in brains exposed to this neurotoxin. The pathoclisis and vascular theories offer alternative explanations of the differential susceptibility of different brain regions to the same neurotoxic insult.
Topics: Bacterial Toxins; Brain Diseases; Clostridium Infections; Clostridium perfringens; Eye Diseases; Virulence
PubMed: 31955669
DOI: 10.1177/1040638719900190 -
Journal of Orthopaedic Research :... Jun 2020Posttraumatic osteoarthritis (PTOA) involves the mechanical and biological deterioration of articular cartilage that occurs following joint injury. PTOA is a growing...
Posttraumatic osteoarthritis (PTOA) involves the mechanical and biological deterioration of articular cartilage that occurs following joint injury. PTOA is a growing problem in health care due to the lack of effective therapies combined with an aging population with high activity levels. Recently, acute mitochondrial dysfunction and altered cellular respiration have been associated with cartilage degeneration after injury. This finding is particularly important because recently developed mitoprotective drugs, including SS peptides, can preserve mitochondrial structure and function after acute injury in other tissues. It is not known, however, if cartilage injury induces rapid structural changes in mitochondria, to what degree mitochondrial dysfunction in cartilage depends on the mechanics of injury or the time frame over which such dysfunction develops. Similarly, it is unknown if SS-peptide treatment can preserve mitochondrial structure and function after cartilage injury. Here, we combined fast camera elastography, longitudinal fluorescence assays, and computer vision techniques to track the fates of thousands of individual cells. Our results show that impact induces mechanically dependent mitochondrial depolarization within a few minutes after injury. Electron microscopy revealed that impact causes rapid structural changes in mitochondria that are related to reduced mitochondrial function, namely, fission and loss of cristae structure. We found that SS-peptide treatment prior to impact protects the mitochondrial structure and preserves mitochondrial function at levels comparable with that of unimpacted control samples. Overall, this study reveals the vital role of mitochondria in mediating cartilage's peracute (within minutes) response to traumatic injury and demonstrates mitoprotection as a promising therapeutic strategy for injury-induced cartilage damage.
Topics: Animals; Cartilage, Articular; Cattle; Cell Death; Chondrocytes; Mitochondria; Stress, Mechanical
PubMed: 31840828
DOI: 10.1002/jor.24567