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The Anatomical Record Mar 1998The circumanal glands of the dog are thought to be a glandular tissue, but there is some controversy as to whether they should be classified as exocrine or endocrine. In...
BACKGROUND
The circumanal glands of the dog are thought to be a glandular tissue, but there is some controversy as to whether they should be classified as exocrine or endocrine. In this study, we examined the nature of the circumanal glands to determine whether they should be described as exocrine, endocrine, or something else altogether. In addition, we investigated the cell degeneration in lobules of the circumanal glands in relation to the apocrine glands.
METHODS
Light microscopic observations were made of paraffin sections stained with hematoxylin and eosin, and after immunohistochemical staining with antibodies against alpha-smooth muscle actin, keratin, filaggrin, and 3beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase/isomerase (3beta-HSD). Samples were also examined by electron microscopy after fixation by aldehyde perfusion.
RESULTS
The lobules of circumanal glands could be divided into two types on the basis of the presence or absence of cysts. Four layers (I-IV) were detected in the lobules with cysts. The outermost layer (layer I or the basal layer) consisted of flattened cells that contained bundles of tonofilaments and were stained immunohistochemically with the antibody against keratin. Layer II (the polyhedral or "spinous" layer) consisted of polyhedral cells that contained bundles of tonofilaments. These cells were connected to adjacent cells by desmosomes, interdigitations, and gap junctions, and they were immunopositive for keratin. A small number of polyhedral cells were immunopositive for 3beta-HSD. Layer III (the granular layer) was composed of flattened cells that contained hematoxylin-stainable granules and were moderately immunopositive for filaggrin. The innermost layer (layer IV or the horny layer) consisted of keratin. Lobules without cysts consisted only of layer I (the basal layer) and layer II (the polyhedral layer). Lobules of the circumanal glands were not directly connected to apocrine glands. Polyhedral cells degenerated and were phagocytosed by basal cells at a periphery of lobules. Then, basal cells phagocytosing degenerated polyhedral cells escaped from lobules, moved into the walls of apocrine glands, and, finally, dropped into the lumen of apocrine glands.
CONCLUSIONS
Lobules of the circumanal glands have many characteristics of epidermis (a basal layer, a polyhedral or "spinous layer," a granular layer, and a horny layer) and they should not be classified as glandular tissue. The cysts in lobules can be interpreted as "closed hair canals." We suggest that steroid metabolism might occur in the polyhedral cells of the lobules.
Topics: Actins; Animals; Dogs; Female; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Microscopy, Electron; Muscle, Smooth; Perianal Glands
PubMed: 9517843
DOI: 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0185(199803)250:3<251::AID-AR1>3.0.CO;2-3 -
The Canadian Veterinary Journal = La... Jan 1997The purpose of this pilot study was to investigate the efficacy of cyclosporin in treating perianal fistulas (PAF) in dogs. Based on resolution of all fistulas in all...
The purpose of this pilot study was to investigate the efficacy of cyclosporin in treating perianal fistulas (PAF) in dogs. Based on resolution of all fistulas in all dogs with remission times up to > 18 months, we conclude that cyclosporin therapy is the treatment of choice for PAF in dogs.
Topics: Animals; Cyclosporine; Dog Diseases; Dogs; Female; Fistula; Immunosuppressive Agents; Male; Perianal Glands; Pilot Projects
PubMed: 8993784
DOI: No ID Found -
Memorias Do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz 1989
Topics: Animals; Dogs; Female; Male; Perianal Glands; Trypanosoma cruzi
PubMed: 2699755
DOI: 10.1590/s0074-02761989000200018 -
British Medical Journal (Clinical... Feb 1987From six to 89 months after surgery 82 patients who had been treated by radical surgery (118 excisions) for intractable hidradenitis suppurativa were reviewed. Local...
From six to 89 months after surgery 82 patients who had been treated by radical surgery (118 excisions) for intractable hidradenitis suppurativa were reviewed. Local recurrence rates varied greatly with the disease site, being low after axillary (3%) and perianal surgery (0%) and high after inguinoperineal (37%) and submammary (50%) excision. Recurrence results from inadequate excision or an unusually wide distribution of apocrine glands, but physical factors such as obesity, local pressure, and skin maceration played a part in a few patients. Recurrence due to inadequate surgery tended to be the most troublesome. At follow up 75 (91%) of the patients were pleased with the results of their operation. A quarter of the patients developed disease at a new anatomical site after operation. Radical surgery gives good symptomatic control of severe hidradenitis suppurativa of the axilla, inguinoperineal, and perianal regions but is less satisfactory for submammary disease.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Female; Humans; Inflammation; Male; Middle Aged; Recurrence; Sweat Gland Diseases; Wound Healing
PubMed: 3103741
DOI: 10.1136/bmj.294.6570.487 -
Journal of Anatomy Feb 1986This paper describes a structural and histological study of the pre-anal glands of Hemidactylus flaviviridis. Only males possess these glands, which have a tubulo-acinar...
This paper describes a structural and histological study of the pre-anal glands of Hemidactylus flaviviridis. Only males possess these glands, which have a tubulo-acinar structure. They are holocrine in nature and become hyperactive during the breeding period. Thus they may be involved in the production of pheromones for socio-sexual communication.
Topics: Animals; Female; Lizards; Male; Perianal Glands
PubMed: 3693051
DOI: No ID Found -
Memorias Do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz 1986Epimastigotes were found multiplying in the anal glands and in hemocultures of an opossum; rare metacyclics were seen in the cultures. The flagellate is possibly T....
Epimastigotes were found multiplying in the anal glands and in hemocultures of an opossum; rare metacyclics were seen in the cultures. The flagellate is possibly T. (Megatrypanum) freitasi Rego, Magalhães & Siqueira, 1957, but its final identification is still pending.
Topics: Animals; Opossums; Perianal Glands; Trypanosoma
PubMed: 3796278
DOI: 10.1590/s0074-02761986000100019 -
Applied and Environmental Microbiology May 1981The skins of mice, rats, rabbits, sheep, guinea pigs, and dogs were cultured for Propionibacterium acnes. Only the sebaceous regions (perianal gland) of guinea pigs...
The skins of mice, rats, rabbits, sheep, guinea pigs, and dogs were cultured for Propionibacterium acnes. Only the sebaceous regions (perianal gland) of guinea pigs harbored a significant P. acnes population. Analysis of the lipid from this region revealed a significant percentage of triglycerides, compounds lacking in the sebum of the other animals.
Topics: Animals; Dogs; Ecology; Guinea Pigs; Mice; Perianal Glands; Propionibacterium acnes; Rabbits; Rats; Sebum; Sheep; Skin; Triglycerides
PubMed: 7259157
DOI: 10.1128/aem.41.5.1269-1270.1981 -
European Journal of Biochemistry Aug 1980The present study applied the twin-ion technique of gas chromatography/mass spectrometry to establish 7 alpha-hydroxylation of 5 alpha-androstane-3 beta, 17 beta-diol by...
C19-Steroid metabolism by canine prostate, epididymis and perianal glands. Application of the twin-ion technique of gas chromatography/mass spectrometry to establish 7 alpha-hydroxylation.
The present study applied the twin-ion technique of gas chromatography/mass spectrometry to establish 7 alpha-hydroxylation of 5 alpha-androstane-3 beta, 17 beta-diol by canine prostate, epididymis and perianal glands. 5 alpha-[4-14C, 7 beta-2H0.52]Androstane-3 beta, 17 beta-diol (0.5 microM) was incubated for 60 min at 37 degrees C with minced canine prostate and epididymis in 50 ml 0.067 M phosphate buffer (pH 7.4) containing NADPH (0.2 mM). The principal radioactive metabolite fraction was isopolar in thin-layer chromatography with 5 alpha-androstane-3 beta, 7 alpha, 17 beta-triol and contained 24% (prostate incubation) and 23% (epididymis incubation) of the radioactivity added. Following gas chromatography of the trimethylsilyl ether derivative of these metabolites, the peak with the retention time of the derivative of 5 alpha-androstane-3 beta, 7 alpah, 17 beta-triol yielded a mass spectrum consistent with that of the authentic standard triol and gave the characteristic twin-ion, though with some loss of deuterium. Incubation of 5 alpha-[4-14C, 7 beta-2H0.46]dihydrotestosterone (7 microM) and minced canine perianal glands and NADPH (0.2 mM) gave in 5% yield a transformation product with an RF-value of 5 alpha-androstane-3 beta, 7 alpha, 17 beta-triol. One half of the chromatographic fraction was subjected to gas chromatography/mass spectrometry as the free steroid, the other as the CrO3-oxidation product. The site of hydroxylation was identified as 7 alpha from the gas chromatography retention time of the free 7 beta-deuterated (twin-ion) triol and mass-spectrometry loss of deuterium in the 3,7,17-trione produced by mild CrO3 oxidation. Results of a comparative study of the metabolism of [4-14C]testosterone and 5 alpha-dihydro[4-14C]-testosterone with minced canine perianal glands and shoulder skin showed that, whereas both tissues contain a high level of 3 beta-hydroxysteroid oxidoreductase, only the perianal glands were able to transform radioactive testosterone to the 5 alpha-reduced derivatives and thence to the 7 alpha-hydroxylated product.
Topics: Androgens; Androstane-3,17-diol; Animals; Carbon Radioisotopes; Deuterium; Dihydrotestosterone; Dogs; Epididymis; Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; Hydroxylation; Male; Organ Specificity; Perianal Glands; Prostate; Skin; Testosterone
PubMed: 7408872
DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1980.tb04776.x -
Journal of the National Medical... May 1978The following is a review of the literature concerning hidradenitis suppurativa with emphasis on aspects of this disease which suggest that it may be a result of altered...
The following is a review of the literature concerning hidradenitis suppurativa with emphasis on aspects of this disease which suggest that it may be a result of altered host-defense mechanisms.Deep fistula formation, anemia, and the development of carcinoma are complications seen only in disease affecting the perianal area. The term perianal is used loosely to describe the buttock, perineum, pubic, and genital areas.A variety of treatment regimens has been used with limited success. Surgery has evolved as the treatment of choice for advanced and chronic disease.
Topics: Adult; Apocrine Glands; Child; Child, Preschool; Female; Humans; Male; Suppuration; Sweat Gland Diseases
PubMed: 702570
DOI: No ID Found -
Postgraduate Medical Journal Dec 1977Paget's disease involves the ducts of apocrine glands and the overlying epidermis and is considered to be locally neoplastic. It is capable of developing into invasive...
Paget's disease involves the ducts of apocrine glands and the overlying epidermis and is considered to be locally neoplastic. It is capable of developing into invasive carcinoma and in this event the prognosis is poor. The perianal skin may be affected by Paget's disease. This is a rare disorder and the four patients who have been seen with this disease at St Mark's Hospital since 1930 are described.
Topics: Aged; Anus Neoplasms; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Paget Disease, Extramammary
PubMed: 203906
DOI: 10.1136/pgmj.53.626.768