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Frontiers in Microbiology 202216S rRNA amplicon sequencing was used to investigate changes in the broiler gastrointestinal tract (GIT) microbiota throughout the rearing period and in combination with...
16S rRNA amplicon sequencing was used to investigate changes in the broiler gastrointestinal tract (GIT) microbiota throughout the rearing period and in combination with antibiotic treatment. Thirty birds (from a commercial flock) were removed at multiple points throughout the rearing period on days 13, 27, and 33, euthanised, and their GIT aseptically removed and divided into upper (the crop, proventriculus, and the gizzard), middle (the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum) and lower (the large intestine, the caeca, and the cloaca) sections. In a separate commercial flock, on the same farm with similar husbandry practices and feed, doxycycline (100 mg/ml per kg body weight) was administered in drinking water between day 8 and 12 (inclusive) of the production cycle. Birds were removed on days, 13, 27, and 33 and GIT samples prepared as above. The contents of three merged samples from each GIT section were pooled ( = 60), the DNA extracted and analysed by 16S rRNA amplicon metagenomic sequencing and analysed. Major changes in the broiler microbiota were observed as the birds aged particularly with the Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio (F:B) of the lower GIT. Moreover, Chao1, ACE, and Shannon indices showed the antibiotic treatment significantly altered the microbiota, and this change persisted throughout the rearing period. Further research is required to investigate the effect of these changes on bird performance, susceptibility to infections and carriage.
PubMed: 35875529
DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.885862 -
International Journal of Hygiene and... Jul 2022The ESKAPE (Enterococcus faecium, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Enterobacter spp.) pathogens are... (Review)
Review
The ESKAPE (Enterococcus faecium, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Enterobacter spp.) pathogens are characterised by increased levels of resistance towards multiple classes of first line and last-resort antibiotics. Although these pathogens are frequently isolated from clinical environments and are implicated in a variety of life-threatening, hospital-associated infections; antibiotic resistant ESKAPE strains have been isolated from environmental reservoirs such as surface water, wastewater, food, and soil. Literature on the persistence and subsequent health risks posed by the ESKAPE isolates in extra-hospital settings is however, limited and the current review aims to elucidate the primary reservoirs of these pathogens in the environment, their antibiotic resistance profiles, and the link to community-acquired infections. Additionally, information on the current state of research regarding health-risk assessments linked to exposure of the ESKAPE pathogens in the natural environment, is outlined.
Topics: Acinetobacter baumannii; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Community-Acquired Infections; Cross Infection; Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial; Humans; Klebsiella pneumoniae; Prevalence
PubMed: 35841823
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2022.114006 -
Frontiers in Microbiology 2022Mulberry leaves (ML) are a promising alternative fodder source due to their high protein content and the abundance of active components. A test of three inoculants in...
Mulberry leaves (ML) are a promising alternative fodder source due to their high protein content and the abundance of active components. A test of three inoculants in various combinations revealed that high-quality ML silage was produced at an inoculum ratio of 1:1:0 (50% , 50% , and 0% ). Using dry matter (DM) loss, pH, ammonia-N and amino acid contents, total antioxidant activity, and total flavonoids content to evaluate silage quality, this inoculant mixture was shown to produce high-quality silage within a range of inoculum size (5-15%), moisture contents (50-67%), ensiling temperatures (27-30°C), and ensiling duration (14-30 days). A third trial comparing silages produced after 30 days at 28°C and 50% moisture content revealed that silage E, prepared using an inoculant alone, displayed the lowest DM loss and pH, and low bacterial diversity, and it was dominated by (88.6%), with low abundance of (6.17%). In contrast, silage B5, prepared with equal ratios of and , was dominated by (67.16%) and (26.94%), with less marked yeast persistence, and reducing the DM content from 50 to 40% altered these relative abundances to 5.47 and 60.61, respectively. Control silages produced without an inoculant had the highest pH and ammonia-N content (indicative of poor quality), had the lowest antioxidant activity, had higher bacterial diversity, and were dominated by (74.28%) and (17.3%). In summary, ensiling of ML conditions with proper inoculants yielded high-quality silage with a favorable microbial community composition.
PubMed: 35722340
DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.813363 -
Microbiology Spectrum Aug 2022The genus Enterobacter includes species responsible for nosocomial outbreaks in fragile patients, especially in neonatal intensive care units (NICUs). Determining the...
The genus Enterobacter includes species responsible for nosocomial outbreaks in fragile patients, especially in neonatal intensive care units (NICUs). Determining the primary source of infection is critical to outbreak management and patient outcomes. In this investigation, we report the management and control measures implemented during an Enterobacter outbreak of bloodstream infections in premature babies. The study was conducted in a French NICU over a 3-year period (2016 to 2018) and included 20 premature infants with bacteremia. The clinical and microbiological characteristics were identified, and whole-genome sequencing (WGS) was performed on bacteremia isolates. Initially, several outbreak containment strategies were carried out with no success. Next, outbreak investigation pinpointed the neonatal incubators as the primary reservoir and source of contamination in this outbreak. A new sampling methodology during "on" or "in use" conditions enabled its identification, which led to their replacement, thus resulting in the containment of the outbreak. WGS analysis showed a multiclonal outbreak. Some clones were identified in different isolation sources, including patients and neonatal incubators. In addition, microbiological results showed a multispecies outbreak with a high prevalence of Enterobacter bugandensis and Enterobacter xiangfangensis. We conclude that the NICU health care environment represents an important reservoir for Enterobacter transmission and infection. Finally, extracting samples from the neonatal incubator during active use conditions improves the recovery of bacteria from contaminated equipment. This method should be used more frequently to achieve better monitoring of the NICU for HAIs prevention. Neonatal incubators in the NICU can be an important reservoir of pathogens responsible for life-threatening outbreaks in neonatal patients. Traditional disinfection with antiseptics is not sufficient to eradicate the microorganisms that can persist for long periods in the different reservoirs. Identification and elimination of the reservoirs are crucial for outbreak prevention and control. In our investigation, using a new strategy of microbiological screening of neonatal incubators, we demonstrated that these were the primary source of contamination. After their replacement, the outbreak was controlled. This new methodology was effective in containing this outbreak and could be a viable alternative for infection prevention and control in outbreak situations involving incubators as a reservoir.
Topics: Bacteremia; Cross Infection; Disease Outbreaks; Enterobacter; Humans; Incubators; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Neonatal Sepsis
PubMed: 35703554
DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00964-22 -
Frontiers in Microbiology 2022serovar Gallinarum (. Gallinarum) is a host-specific pathogen causing fowl typhoid, a severe systemic infection in poultry, which leads to substantial economic losses...
serovar Gallinarum (. Gallinarum) is a host-specific pathogen causing fowl typhoid, a severe systemic infection in poultry, which leads to substantial economic losses due to high morbidity and mortality in many developing countries. However, less is known about the pathogenic characteristics and mechanism of . Gallinarum-induced systemic infection in chickens. In this study, we deleted the . Gallinarum UDP--acetylglucosamine-1-phosphate transferase gene, which contributes to the biosynthesis of enterobacterial common antigen (ECA), and studied the pathogenicity of this ::Cm strain in a chicken model of systemic infection. The ::Cm mutant strain showed comparable growth but lower resistance to bile acid and nalidixic acid than the wild-type strain . In the oral infection model of chickens, the virulence of the ::Cm strain was significantly attenuated . Chickens infected with wild-type strain showed typical clinical signs and pathological changes of fowl typhoid and died between 6 and 9 days post-infection, and the bacteria rapidly disseminated to systemic organs and increased in the livers and spleens. In contrast, the ::Cm mutant strain did not cause chicken death, there were no significant clinical changes, and the bacterial numbers in the liver and spleen of the chickens were significantly lower than those of the chickens infected with the wild-type strain. In addition, the expression of interleukin (IL)-1β, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and CXCLi1 in the livers of ::Cm-infected chickens was significantly lower than that of the chickens infected with the wild-type strain. Furthermore, the attenuated ::Cm strain could persistently colonize the liver and spleen at low levels for up to 25 days post-infection and could induce a protective immune response in the chickens. These results indicate that the gene is an important virulence factor of . Gallinarum in the chicken model of systemic infection, and the avirulent ::Cm mutant could possibly be used as a live-attenuated vaccine strain for controlling fowl typhoid.
PubMed: 35694286
DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.880932 -
Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) Apr 2022The objective of this study was to determine the presence and persistence of antimicrobial-resistant enterobacteria and their clonal distribution in hospital wastewater....
The objective of this study was to determine the presence and persistence of antimicrobial-resistant enterobacteria and their clonal distribution in hospital wastewater. A descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out in wastewater from two Mexico City tertiary level hospitals. In February and March of 2020, eight wastewater samples were collected and 26 isolates of enterobacteria were recovered, 19 (73.1%) isolates were identified as , 5 (19.2%) as spp. and 2 (7.7%) as spp. Antimicrobial susceptibility profiles were performed using the VITEK 2 automated system and bacterial identification was performed by the Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization-Time of Flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS). ESBL genes were detected by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and clonal distributions of isolates were determined by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). susceptibility to different classes of antimicrobials was analyzed and resistance was mainly detected as ESBLs and fluoroquinolones. One strain was resistant to doripenem, ertapenem, imipenem and meropenem. The analysis by PCR showed the presence of specific β-lactamases resistance genes (, ). The PFGE separated the isolates into 19 different patterns (A-R). PFGE results of spp. showed the presence of a majority clone A. Surveillance of antimicrobial resistance through hospital wastewater is an important tool for early detection of clonal clusters of clinically important bacteria with potential for dissemination.
PubMed: 35625245
DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11050601 -
Military Medicine May 2022During the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan, increased incidence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) organisms, as well as polymicrobial wounds and infections, complicated the... (Review)
Review
INTRODUCTION
During the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan, increased incidence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) organisms, as well as polymicrobial wounds and infections, complicated the management of combat trauma-related infections. Multidrug resistance and wound microbiology are a research focus of the Trauma Infectious Disease Outcomes Study (TIDOS), an Infectious Disease Clinical Research Program, Uniformed Services University, research protocol. To conduct comprehensive microbiological research with the goal of improving the understanding of the complicated etiology of wound infections, the TIDOS MDR and Virulent Organisms Trauma Infections Initiative (MDR/VO Initiative) was established as a collaborative effort with the Brooke Army Medical Center, Naval Medical Research Center, U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research, and Walter Reed Army Institute of Research. We provide a review of the TIDOS MDR/VO Initiative and summarize published findings.
METHODS
Antagonism and biofilm formation of commonly isolated wound bacteria (e.g., ESKAPE pathogens-Enterococcus faecium, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Enterobacter spp.), antimicrobial susceptibility patterns, and clinical outcomes are being examined. Isolates collected from admission surveillance swabs, as part of infection control policy, and clinical infection workups were retained in the TIDOS Microbiological Repository and associated clinical data in the TIDOS database.
RESULTS
Over the TIDOS study period (June 2009 to December 2014), more than 8,300 colonizing and infecting isolates were collected from military personnel injured with nearly one-third of isolates classified as MDR. At admission to participating U.S. military hospitals, 12% of wounded warriors were colonized with MDR Gram-negative bacilli. Furthermore, 27% of 913 combat casualties with ≥1 infection during their trauma hospitalization had MDR Gram-negative bacterial infections. Among 335 confirmed combat-related extremity wound infections (2009-2012), 61% were polymicrobial and comprised various combinations of Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria, yeast, fungi, and anaerobes. Escherichia coli was the most common Gram-negative bacilli isolated from clinical workups, as well as the most common colonizing MDR secondary to extended-spectrum β-lactamase resistance. Assessment of 479 E. coli isolates collected from wounded warriors found 188 pulsed-field types (PFTs) from colonizing isolates and 54 PFTs from infecting isolates without significant overlap across combat theaters, military hospitals, and study years. A minority of patients with colonizing E. coli isolates developed subsequent infections with the same E. coli strain. Enterococcus spp. were most commonly isolated from polymicrobial wound infections (53% of 204 polymicrobial cultures). Patients with Enterococcus infections were severely injured with a high proportion of lower extremity amputations and genitourinary injuries. Approximately 65% of polymicrobial Enterococcus infections had other ESKAPE organisms isolated. As biofilms have been suggested as a cause of delayed wound healing, wound infections with persistent recovery of bacteria (isolates of same organism collected ≥14 days apart) and nonrecurrent bacterial isolates were assessed. Biofilm production was significantly associated with recurrent bacteria isolation (97% vs. 59% with nonrecurrent isolates; P < 0.001); however, further analysis is needed to confirm biofilm formation as a predictor of persistent wound infections.
CONCLUSIONS
The TIDOS MDR/VO Initiative provides comprehensive and detailed data of major microbial threats associated with combat-related wound infections to further the understanding of wound etiology and potentially identify infectious disease countermeasures, which may lead to improvements in combat casualty care.
Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacteria; Bacterial Infections; Communicable Diseases; Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial; Enterococcus; Escherichia coli; Gram-Negative Bacteria; Hospitals, Military; Humans; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; United States; Wound Infection
PubMed: 35512375
DOI: 10.1093/milmed/usab131 -
Cureus Apr 2022Cloacal malformation (CM) is a severe, complex, and extremely rare category of anorectal and urogenital tract malformations. Prenatal diagnosis is illusory and vague;...
Cloacal malformation (CM) is a severe, complex, and extremely rare category of anorectal and urogenital tract malformations. Prenatal diagnosis is illusory and vague; therefore, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is the most effective test point toward an accurate diagnosis. Thus, careful investigation and evaluation are mandatory since they could be associated with syndromes and other anomalies, including urogenital tract, vertebral, and cord abnormalities. Despite the severity and complexity of the deformity, CM cases are curable, not desperate, and can have an excellent prognosis with great surgical correction. However, managing persistent cloaca necessitates a careful assessment because corrective surgeries require inclusive surgical planning, multidisciplinary, expert, and highly specialized medical center. In surgically repaired malformations, fecal and urinary incontinence has been a major issue, which was resolved when Dr. Pena Alberto suggested safer dissection and less harmful techniques for neurovascular structures and great functional corrected anomaly to ensure fertility and less incontinence. For improved results and prognosis on quality of life, patients should be scheduled for extended bowel training along with the clinical evaluation follow-up. In this article, we present a case successfully treated with the posterior sagittal approach, Pena operation, and anorecto-vagino-urethroplasty with feminizing clitoroplasty and highlight the value and impact of prenatal evaluation, diagnosis, and management. The rarity of the case and excellent results, including fair to normal bowel and urinary control, prompted us to report it and assert the significance of assessment, surgical management and technique, challenges, postoperative bowel training, and clinical investigation and examination.
PubMed: 35509764
DOI: 10.7759/cureus.23737 -
Journal of Surgical Case Reports Apr 2022The duplication of the cecum and appendix is a rare congenital anomaly found incidentally on exploration for another indication. We present here a case of a female child...
The duplication of the cecum and appendix is a rare congenital anomaly found incidentally on exploration for another indication. We present here a case of a female child at 18 months of life, who was a diagnosed case of anorectal malformation with a persistent cloaca and at the time of the surgery, duplication of the appendix and cecum was found. Both the appendices were attached to the cecum with a separate base. Thus, appendectomies and a sigmoid divided colostomy were performed.
PubMed: 35495084
DOI: 10.1093/jscr/rjac125 -
BMJ Case Reports Mar 2022A man in his 70s with a complex medical history, including cadaveric renal transplant, presented with recurrent urinary tract infections. Investigation revealed...
A man in his 70s with a complex medical history, including cadaveric renal transplant, presented with recurrent urinary tract infections. Investigation revealed recurrent urinary pathogens, including and persistent BK viruria. Cystoscopy revealed a pedunculated mass in the right posterior-lateral wall, inferior to the transplant urethral orifice, and biopsy of this mass showed invasive small cell carcinoma with a prominent adenocarcinoma component. The tumour was treated with complete transurethral resection followed by carboplatin, etoposide and radiation. Laboratory analysis of biopsied samples showed immunostaining and molecular evidence of BK virus DNA in the cancer cells. Follow-up cystoscopies have shown no recurrence of the cancer.
Topics: BK Virus; Carcinoma, Small Cell; Humans; Kidney Transplantation; Lung Neoplasms; Male; Polyomavirus Infections; Urinary Bladder
PubMed: 35351771
DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2021-244740