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Scientific Reports May 2024The present investigation explores the efficacy of green algae Ulva lactuca biochar-sulfur (GABS) modified with HSO and NaHCO in adsorbing methylene blue (MB) dye from...
The present investigation explores the efficacy of green algae Ulva lactuca biochar-sulfur (GABS) modified with HSO and NaHCO in adsorbing methylene blue (MB) dye from aqueous solutions. The impact of solution pH, contact duration, GABS dosage, and initial MB dye concentration on the adsorption process are all methodically investigated in this work. To obtain a thorough understanding of the adsorption dynamics, the study makes use of several kinetic models, including pseudo-first order and pseudo-second order models, in addition to isotherm models like Langmuir, Freundlich, Tempkin, and Dubinin-Radushkevich. The findings of the study reveal that the adsorption capacity at equilibrium (q) reaches 303.78 mg/g for a GABS dose of 0.5 g/L and an initial MB dye concentration of 200 mg/L. Notably, the Langmuir isotherm model consistently fits the experimental data across different GABS doses, suggesting homogeneous adsorption onto a monolayer surface. The potential of GABS as an efficient adsorbent for the extraction of MB dye from aqueous solutions is highlighted by this discovery. The study's use of kinetic and isotherm models provides a robust framework for understanding the intricacies of MB adsorption onto GABS. By elucidating the impact of various variables on the adsorption process, the research contributes valuable insights that can inform the design of efficient wastewater treatment solutions. The comprehensive analysis presented in this study serves as a solid foundation for further research and development in the field of adsorption-based water treatment technologies.
Topics: Methylene Blue; Charcoal; Ulva; Adsorption; Water Pollutants, Chemical; Kinetics; Water Purification; Sulfur; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Water; Edible Seaweeds
PubMed: 38773106
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-61868-9 -
Lasers in Medical Science May 2024Tooth discoloration is a common concern in antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) using various photosensitizers (PS). Toluidine Blue (TB), Methylene Blue (MB),...
BACKGROUND
Tooth discoloration is a common concern in antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) using various photosensitizers (PS). Toluidine Blue (TB), Methylene Blue (MB), Phthalocyanine (Pc), and 2-mercaptopyridine-substituted zinc phthalocyanine (TM-ZnPc) are among those studied, but their relative impacts on tooth discoloration remain unclear.
AIM
This study aimed to compare the effects of TB, MB, Pc, and TM-ZnPc in aPDT on tooth discoloration, utilizing a controlled experimental setup.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The study comprised seventy-five single-rooted incisors with root canals. Following meticulous preparation, a standardized area on the crown surface was designated for examination, and precise measurements of the initial tooth colors were recorded. Samples were randomly divided into five groups: Negative control, MB, TM, Pc, and TM-ZnPc. Photoactivation was performed using LED light, and color measurements were taken at multiple time points up to 90 days. Data were converted to Lab* color values of the CIE Lab* color system (International Commission on Illumination, Vienna, Austria), and ΔE values were calculated. Statistical analysis was performed using Two-way ANOVA and Post-Hoc Tukey tests (p < 0.05).
RESULTS
At day 7 and 30, TM-ZnPc and Pc caused less discoloration compared to MB and TB. TM-ZnPc caused more tooth discoloration compared to Pc (p < 0.05). Compared to baseline, MB and TM-ZnPc caused more tooth discoloration at 30 days and TB caused more tooth discoloration at 90 days (p < 0.05). No significant difference was observed in terms of tooth discoloration at all periods evaluated after Pc application (p > 0.05). All photosensitizers tested in the study caused tooth coloration.
CONCLUSION
All PS induced clinically detectable tooth discoloration, with TB and MB causing more significant discoloration compared to Pc and TM-ZnPc at certain time points. TM-ZnPc and Pc demonstrated more stable coloration levels over time, suggesting their potential reliability in aPDT applications. This study highlights the importance of selecting appropriate PS to minimize tooth discoloration in aPDT, with Pc showing promise in this regard.
Topics: Photochemotherapy; Photosensitizing Agents; Humans; Tooth Discoloration; Tolonium Chloride; Methylene Blue; Spectrophotometry; Isoindoles; Zinc Compounds; Indoles; Organometallic Compounds
PubMed: 38771549
DOI: 10.1007/s10103-024-04085-0 -
Photodiagnosis and Photodynamic Therapy Jun 2024Efflux pumps are active transporters, which allow the cell to remove toxic substances from within the cell including antibiotics and photosensitizer complexes. Efflux...
Efflux pumps are active transporters, which allow the cell to remove toxic substances from within the cell including antibiotics and photosensitizer complexes. Efflux pump inhibitors (EPIs), chemicals that prevent the passage of molecules through efflux pumps, play a crucial role in antimicrobial effectiveness against pathogen. In this work, we studied the effect of EPI, namely, reserpine, on photodeactivation rate of pathogens when used with Ag NPs and methylene blue (MB). Our results show that using reserpine led to a higher deactivation rate than Ag NPs and MB alone. The mechanism of this observation was investigated with singlet oxygen generation amount. Additionally, different sizes of Ag NPs were tested with reserpine. Molecular docking calculation shows that reserpine had higher affinity toward AcrB than MB. The improvement in bacterial deactivation rate is attributed to blockage of the AcrAB-TolC efflux pump preventing the removal of MB rather than enhanced singlet oxygen production. These results suggest that using reserpine with nanoparticles and photosynthesize is a promising approach in photodynamic therapy.
Topics: Photochemotherapy; Photosensitizing Agents; Methylene Blue; Silver; Reserpine; Metal Nanoparticles; Singlet Oxygen; Molecular Docking Simulation; Escherichia coli
PubMed: 38740317
DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2024.104212 -
Journal of Chemical Theory and... May 2024Thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) constitutes the process by which third-generation organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) are being designed and produced....
Thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) constitutes the process by which third-generation organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) are being designed and produced. Despite several years of trial-and-error attempts, mainly driven by chemical intuition about how to improve a certain aspect of the process, few studies focused on the in-depth description of its two key properties: efficiency of the T → S intersystem crossing and further S → S emission. Here, by means of a newly developed theoretical formalism, we propose a systematic rationalization of the substituent effect in a paradigmatic class of OLED compounds, based on phenothiazine-dibenzothiophene-,-dioxide, known as PTZ-DBTO2. Our methodology allows to discern among geometrical and electronic effects induced by the substituent, deeply understanding the relationships existing between charge transfer, spin density, geometrical deformations, and energy modulations between electronic states. By our results, we can finally elucidate, depending on the substituent, the fate of the overall TADF process, quantitatively assessing its efficiency and predicting the color emission. Moreover, the general terms by which this methodology was developed allow its application to any chromophore of interest.
PubMed: 38738688
DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.4c00009 -
Journal of Medicine and Life Jan 2024This study assessed the efficacy of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (PDT) using a 650 nm diode laser combined with methylene blue (MB) as a photosensitizer to inhibit...
This study assessed the efficacy of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (PDT) using a 650 nm diode laser combined with methylene blue (MB) as a photosensitizer to inhibit the growth of . Oral samples were collected from 75 patients diagnosed with oral thrush. was isolated and identified using traditional methods and the VITEK 2 YST system. Samples ( = 25) were divided into five groups: Group 1 (control, = 5) consisted of suspensions in saline; Group 2 ( = 5) treated with nystatin; Group 3 ( = 5) exposed to a 650 nm diode laser in continuous mode at 200 mW for 300 seconds; Group 4 ( = 5) treated with 650 nm laser and MB as a photosensitizer; Group 5 ( = 5) exposed to the laser in combination with nystatin. Statistical analysis using ANOVA, Dunnett's t-test ( = 0.05), and LSD ( = 0.001) revealed significant differences in counts pre- and post-treatment. Group 5 showed the most significant reduction in , followed by Group 4, while Groups 2 and 3 showed the least variation. The findings suggest that PDT using a 650 nm diode laser with methylene blue (in continuous mode at 200 mW for 300 seconds) effectively reduced the prevalence of .
Topics: Candida albicans; Photochemotherapy; Humans; Methylene Blue; Photosensitizing Agents; Lasers, Semiconductor; Candidiasis, Oral; Nystatin; Antifungal Agents
PubMed: 38737667
DOI: 10.25122/jml-2023-0285 -
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) May 2024In this study, a library of 3,7-di(hetero)aryl-substituted 10-(3-trimethylammoniumpropyl)10-phenothiazine salts is prepared. These title compounds and their precursors...
In this study, a library of 3,7-di(hetero)aryl-substituted 10-(3-trimethylammoniumpropyl)10-phenothiazine salts is prepared. These title compounds and their precursors are reversible redox systems with tunable potentials. The Hammett correlation gives a very good correlation of the first oxidation potentials with σ parameters. Furthermore, the title compounds and their precursors are blue to green-blue emissive. Screening of the salts reveals for some derivatives a distinct inhibition of several pathogenic bacterial strains (, , , , and ) in the lower micromolar range.
Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Phenothiazines; Salts; Staphylococcus aureus; Quaternary Ammonium Compounds; Escherichia coli; Oxidation-Reduction; Bacteria; Molecular Structure; Structure-Activity Relationship
PubMed: 38731617
DOI: 10.3390/molecules29092126 -
IUCrData Apr 2024The title compound, CHNS, crystallizes in space group 2/ with four mol-ecules in the asymmetric unit. The heterocyclic mol-ecule is quasi-planar with a dihedral angle...
The title compound, CHNS, crystallizes in space group 2/ with four mol-ecules in the asymmetric unit. The heterocyclic mol-ecule is quasi-planar with a dihedral angle between the phenyl rings on the periphery of the mol-ecule of 1.73 (19)°. Short H⋯S (2.92 Å) and C-H⋯π [2.836 (3) Å] contacts are observed in the crystal with shorted -π stacking distances of 3.438 (3) Å along the axis. Surprisingly, and unlike a closely related material, this mol-ecule readily forms large crystals by sublimation and by slow evaporation from di-chloro-methane. The maximum absorbance in the UV-Vis spectrum is at 533 nm. Emission was measured upon excitation at 533 nm with a fluorescence λ of 658 nm and cutoff of 900 nm.
PubMed: 38721004
DOI: 10.1107/S2414314624003572 -
Cancer Treatment and Research... 2024To evaluate the effectiveness of methylene blue dye in detecting sentinel lymph nodes (SLNs) in women with early-stage operable (defined as FIGO I-IIA) cervical cancer....
OBJECTIVE
To evaluate the effectiveness of methylene blue dye in detecting sentinel lymph nodes (SLNs) in women with early-stage operable (defined as FIGO I-IIA) cervical cancer. It also aims to evaluate procedural challenges and accuracy.
METHOD
This prospective study, which focused on 20 women with early-stage cervical cancer, was carried out between June 2016 and December 2017. These patients had SLN mapping with methylene blue dye injections and thorough examinations, including imaging. All patients underwent radical hysterectomy and complete bilateral pelvic lymphadenectomy. No additional investigation was done on the lymph node in cases where a metastasis was found in the first H&E-stained segment of the sentinel node.
RESULT
20 patients were included in the analysis. The median age of the subjects was 53, and 95 % of them had squamous cell carcinoma. 90 % of the time, the identification of SLNs was effective, and 55 SLNs were found, of which 52.7 % were on the right side of the pelvis and 47.3 % on the left. The obturator group had the most nodes, followed by the external and internal iliac groups in descending order of occurrence. Metastasis was detected in 3 patients, resulting in a sensitivity of 100 % and a specificity of 93.75 % for SLN biopsy. Notably, no false-negative SLNs were found. Complications related to methylene blue usage included urine discoloration in 30 % of patients.
CONCLUSION
This trial highlights the promising efficacy and safety of methylene blue dye alone for SLN identification in early-stage operable cervical cancer, with a notably higher success rate. Despite limitations like a small sample size, healthcare professionals and researchers can build upon the insights from this study to enhance cervical cancer management.
Topics: Humans; Female; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms; Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy; Methylene Blue; Prospective Studies; Middle Aged; Lymph Node Excision; Adult; Neoplasm Staging; Pelvis; Aged; Hysterectomy; Lymphatic Metastasis; Carcinoma, Squamous Cell; Sentinel Lymph Node; Coloring Agents
PubMed: 38714022
DOI: 10.1016/j.ctarc.2024.100816 -
PeerJ 2024To study the efficacy of PAD Plus-based photoactivated disinfection (PAD) for treating denture stomatitis (DS) in diabetic rats by establishing a diabetic rat DS model.
OBJECTIVE
To study the efficacy of PAD Plus-based photoactivated disinfection (PAD) for treating denture stomatitis (DS) in diabetic rats by establishing a diabetic rat DS model.
METHODS
The diabetic rat DS model was developed by randomly selecting 2-month-old male Sprague-Dawley rats and dividing them into four groups. The palate and denture surfaces of rats in the PAD groups were incubated with 1 mg/mL toluidine blue O for 1 min each, followed by a 1-min exposure to 750-mW light-emitting diode light. The PAD-1 group received one radiation treatment, and the PAD-2 group received three radiation treatments over 5 days with a 1-day interval. The nystatin (NYS) group received treatment for 5 days with a suspension of NYS of 100,000 IU. The infection group did not receive any treatment. In each group, assessments included an inflammation score of the palate, tests for fungal load, histological evaluation, and immunohistochemical detection of interleukin-17 (IL-17) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α) conducted 1 and 7 days following the conclusion of treatment.
RESULTS
One day after treatment, the fungal load on the palate and dentures, as well as the mean optical density values of IL-17 and TNF-α, were found to be greater in the infection group than in the other three treatment groups ( < 0.05). On the 7th day after treatment, these values were significantly higher in the infection group than in the PAD-2 and NYS groups ( < 0.05). Importantly, there were no differences between the infection and PAD-1 groups nor between the PAD-2 and NYS groups ( 0.05).
CONCLUSIONS
PAD effectively reduced the fungal load and the expressions of IL-17 and TNF-α in the palate and denture of diabetic DS rats. The efficacy of multiple-light treatments was superior to that of single-light treatments and similar to that of NYS.
Topics: Animals; Male; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Rats; Stomatitis, Denture; Disinfection; Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental; Tolonium Chloride; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; Interleukin-17; Disease Models, Animal
PubMed: 38708351
DOI: 10.7717/peerj.17268 -
Journal of Applied Oral Science :... 2024To evaluate whether antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) repairs bisphosphonate-related osteonecrosis of the jaw (BRONJ) modulated by the reduction of NF-kB protein...
OBJECTIVE
To evaluate whether antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) repairs bisphosphonate-related osteonecrosis of the jaw (BRONJ) modulated by the reduction of NF-kB protein in a murine model.
METHODOLOGY
Male Wistar rats (N=30) were divided into the following groups (n=6/group): negative control (NC); experimental osteonecrosis (ONE); ONE + photosensitizer (PS); ONE + photobiomodulation (PBM); and ONE + aPDT. Over 8 weeks, ONE was induced by zoledronic acid 250 µg/kg injections, except in the NC group, which received sterile 0.9% saline, followed by extraction of the lower left first molar. Red light laser irradiation (wavelength ~660 nm, power 50 mW, energy of 2 J, energy dose of 66.67 J/cm2 for 40 s) was performed once a week for 4 weeks. Methylene blue 0.3% was used as PS. The animals were euthanized and examined macroscopically for the presence of exposed bone and epithelial repair and microscopically by histochemical (hematoxylin-eosin and Masson's trichrome staining) and immunohistochemical (anti-NF-kB) methods. Macroscopic and histomorphometric data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA and Tukey's post-test (p<0.05).
RESULTS
Mucosal repair, viable osteocytes, and NF-kB immunostaining were observed in the NC, ONE+PS, ONE+PBM, and ONE+aPDT groups. The ONE group showed no mucosal repair, showing empty lacunae and multifocal immunostaining for NF-kB. The ONE+PBM and ONE+aPDT groups had greater deposition of extracellular matrix and less necrotic bone tissue (p<0.05).
CONCLUSION
PBM and aPDT treatments for BRONJ were effective for bone and epithelial repair, in addition to reducing inflammation mediated by the decrease of NF-kB protein in the irradiated regions.
Topics: Animals; Rats, Wistar; Male; Photochemotherapy; Bisphosphonate-Associated Osteonecrosis of the Jaw; NF-kappa B; Photosensitizing Agents; Immunohistochemistry; Disease Models, Animal; Time Factors; Reproducibility of Results; Zoledronic Acid; Treatment Outcome; Imidazoles; Diphosphonates; Low-Level Light Therapy; Methylene Blue; Analysis of Variance; Random Allocation; Bone Density Conservation Agents
PubMed: 38695448
DOI: 10.1590/1678-7757-2023-0447