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Yakugaku Zasshi : Journal of the... 2024In Japan, the use of frame retardants [tris(2,3-dibromopropyl)phosphate: TDBPP and bis(2,3-dibromopropyl)phosphate: BDBPP] in several household textile products is...
[Examination of Analytical Method for Tris(2,3-dibromopropyl)phosphate and Bis(2,3-dibromopropyl)phosphate to Revise the Official Methods Based on "Act on the Control of Household Products Containing Harmful Substances"].
In Japan, the use of frame retardants [tris(2,3-dibromopropyl)phosphate: TDBPP and bis(2,3-dibromopropyl)phosphate: BDBPP] in several household textile products is banned under the "Act on the Control of Household Products Containing Harmful Substances." As the official analytical methods for testing these substances have not been revised for over 42 years, several issues such as the using of harmful reagents, have been pointed out. Therefore, we developed a new method to revise the official method in our previous study. In this study, the validity of the developed test method is evaluated at six laboratories using two types of textile samples spiked with TDBPP and BDBPP at three concentrations (4, 8, and 20 µg/g). TDBPP and BDBPP are extracted under reflux using methanol containing hydrochloric acid. TDBPP is analyzed using GC-MS, and BDBPP is also analyzed using GC-MS after methylation with trimethylsilyl diazomethane. Although the accuracy (70-120%), repeatability (<10%), and reproducibility (<15%) of a few samples, mainly low concentration samples, are out of range, overall, the concentration level of detection limits of TDBPP and BDBPP (8 and 10 µg/g) in official analytical methods are quantifiable with sufficient precision using the proposed method. Furthermore, harmful reagents are not used in this method. Thus, the method validated in this study is effective as a revised method for the testing of TDBPP and BDBPP in household textile products.
Topics: Phosphates; Reproducibility of Results; Organophosphates; Household Products
PubMed: 38556319
DOI: 10.1248/yakushi.23-00188 -
Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety Apr 2024Epidemiological evidence on the health effects of pesticide exposure among greenhouse workers is limited, and the mechanisms are lacking. Building upon our team's...
Epidemiological evidence on the health effects of pesticide exposure among greenhouse workers is limited, and the mechanisms are lacking. Building upon our team's previous population study, we selected two pesticides, CPF and EB, with high detection rates, based on the theoretical foundation that the liver serves as a detoxifying organ, we constructed a toxicity model using HepG2 cells to investigate the impact of individual or combined pesticide exposure on the hepatic metabolism profile, attempting to identify targeted biomarkers. Our results showed that CPF and EB could significantly affect the survival rate of HepG2 cells and disrupt their metabolic profile. There were 117 metabolites interfered by CPF exposure, which mainly affected ABC transporter, biosynthesis of amino acids, center carbon metabolism in cancer, fatty acid biosynthesis and other pathways, 95 metabolites interfered by EB exposure, which mainly affected center carbon metabolism in cancer, HIF-1 signaling pathway, valine, leucine and isoleucine biosynthesis, fatty acid biosynthesis and other pathways. The cross analysis and further biological experiments confirmed that CPF and EB pesticide exposure may affect the HIF-1 signaling pathway and valine, leucine and isoleucine biosynthesis in HepG2 cells, providing reliable experimental evidence for the prevention and treatment of liver damage in greenhouse workers.
Topics: Humans; Chlorpyrifos; Pesticides; Hep G2 Cells; Leucine; Isoleucine; Carbon; Valine; Fatty Acids; Insecticides; Ivermectin
PubMed: 38552389
DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2024.116230 -
Journal of Immunology Research 2024Serine proteinase inhibitors, clade B, member 3 (SerpinB3) and B4 are highly similar in amino acid sequences and associated with inflammation regulation. We investigated...
BACKGROUND
Serine proteinase inhibitors, clade B, member 3 (SerpinB3) and B4 are highly similar in amino acid sequences and associated with inflammation regulation. We investigated SerpinB3 and B4 expression and their roles in chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP).
METHODS
The expression of SerpinB3 and B4 in nasal mucosa tissues, brush cells, and secretions from CRSwNP patients was measured, and their regulation by inflammatory cytokines were investigated. Their functions were also analyzed using air-liquid interface (ALI)-cultured primary human nasal epithelial cells (HNECs) and transcriptomic analysis.
RESULTS
Both SerpinB3 and B4 expression was higher in nasal mucosa, brush cells, and secretions from eosinophilic (E) CRSwNP and nonECRSwNP patients than in healthy controls. Immunofluorescence staining indicated that SerpinB3 and B4 were primarily expressed in epithelial cells and their expression was higher in CRSwNP patients. SerpinB3 and B4 expression was upregulated by interleukin-4 (IL-4), IL-5, IL-6, and IL-17a. Transcriptomic analysis identified differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in response to recombinant SerpinB3 and B4 stimulation. Both the DEGs of SerpinB3 and B4 were associated with disease genes of nasal polyps and inflammation in DisGeNET database. Pathway enrichment indicated that downregulated DEGs of SerpinB3 and B4 were both enriched in cytokine-cytokine receptor interactions, with CXCL8 as the hub gene in the protein-protein interaction networks. Furthermore, CXCL8/IL-8 expression was downregulated by recombinant SerpinB3 and B4 protein in ALI-cultured HNECs, and upregulated when knockdown of SerpinB3/B4.
CONCLUSION
SerpinB3/B4 expression is upregulated in nasal mucosa of CRSwNP patients. SerpinB3/B4 may play an anti-inflammatory role in CRSwNP by inhibiting the expression of epithelial cell-derived CXCL8/IL-8.
Topics: Humans; Rhinitis; Interleukin-8; Nasal Polyps; Temefos; Rhinosinusitis; Nasal Mucosa; Cytokines; Receptors, Cytokine; Sinusitis; Epithelial Cells; Inflammation; Chronic Disease
PubMed: 38550710
DOI: 10.1155/2024/8553447 -
Arhiv Za Higijenu Rada I Toksikologiju Mar 2024Organophosphorus poisoning is a critical condition that can cause central nervous system depression, respiratory failure, and death early on. As its clinical...
Organophosphorus poisoning is a critical condition that can cause central nervous system depression, respiratory failure, and death early on. As its clinical manifestations closely resemble those of carbamate pesticide poisoning, the aim of this case study is to present a case of misdiagnosis, initially identifying carbofuran poisoning as organophosphate in a patient suspect of a heatstroke. We also present a case of intentional self-poisoning with organophosphate dichlorvos to underline the likelihood of pesticide poisoning in patients exhibiting acute cholinergic symptoms when the ingested substance is not known. In such cases, empirical treatment with atropine and oxime can be started pending timely differential diagnosis to adjust treatment as necessary.
Topics: Humans; Pesticides; Carbamates; Insecticides; Organophosphate Poisoning; Dichlorvos; Poisoning
PubMed: 38548379
DOI: 10.2478/aiht-2024-75-3781 -
Arhiv Za Higijenu Rada I Toksikologiju Mar 2024Glyphosate has remained the leading herbicide on the global market to date, despite the continuous debate between consumers, scientific community, and regulatory...
Glyphosate has remained the leading herbicide on the global market to date, despite the continuous debate between consumers, scientific community, and regulatory agencies over its carcinogenicity, genotoxicity, environmental persistence, and the role in the development of neurodegenerative disorders. Chemically, glyphosate belongs to a large family of organophosphorus pesticides, which exert a neurotoxic effect by inhibiting acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), enzymes of the cholinergic system essential for maintaining neurotransmission. Although research shows that glyphosate is a weak cholinesterase inhibitor in fish and mammals compared to other OP compounds, no conclusive data exist concerning the inhibition of human AChE and BChE. In our study we analysed its inhibitory potency on human AChE and BChE, by establishing its IC and reversible inhibition in terms of dissociation inhibition constants. Glyphosate concentration of 40 mmol/L caused near total inhibition of enzyme activity (approx. 10 % activity remaining). Inhibition dissociation constants ( ) of glyphosate-AChE and -BChE complexes were 28.4±2.7 mmol/L and 19.3±1.8 mmol/L, respectively. In conclusion, glyphosate shows a slight binding preference for BChE but exhibits inhibition only in a high concentration range. Our results are in line with studies reporting that its neurotoxic effect is not primarily linked to the cholinergic system.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Butyrylcholinesterase; Acetylcholinesterase; Glyphosate; Organophosphorus Compounds; Pesticides; Cholinesterase Inhibitors; Environmental Exposure; Mammals
PubMed: 38548375
DOI: 10.2478/aiht-2024-75-3822 -
Insects Mar 2024is an important target for vector control because of its ability to transmit pathogens that cause disease. Most populations are resistant to pyrethroids and often to...
is an important target for vector control because of its ability to transmit pathogens that cause disease. Most populations are resistant to pyrethroids and often to organophosphates, the two most common classes of active ingredients used by public health agencies. A knockdown resistance () mutation, resulting in an amino acid change from a leucine to phenylalanine in the voltage gated sodium channel, is one mechanism contributing to the pyrethroid resistant phenotype. Enzymatic resistance has also been shown to play a very important role. Recent studies have shown strong resistance in populations even when is relatively low, which indicates that factors other than may be larger contributors to resistance. In this study, we examined, on a statewide scale (over 70 populations), the strength of the correlation between resistance in the CDC bottle bioassay and the genotypes and allele frequencies. Spearman correlation analysis showed only moderate (-0.51) or weak (-0.29) correlation between the genotype and permethrin or deltamethrin resistance, respectively. The frequency of the allele was an even weaker correlate than genotype. These results indicate that assessing in populations of is not a good surrogate for phenotypic resistance testing.
PubMed: 38535392
DOI: 10.3390/insects15030197 -
Insects Mar 2024Potatoes hold the distinction of being the largest non-cereal food crop globally. The application of insecticides has been the most common technology for pest control....
Potatoes hold the distinction of being the largest non-cereal food crop globally. The application of insecticides has been the most common technology for pest control. The repeated use of synthetic insecticides of the same chemical class and frequent applications have resulted in the emergence of insecticide resistance. Two closely related pests that feed on potato crops are the potato tuber moth, , and the tomato leafminer, (syn. ). Previous studies indicated the existence of insecticide resistance to various classes of insecticides including organophosphates, carbamates, and pyrethroids in field populations of and . However, the exact mechanisms of insecticide resistance in and to a lesser extent remain still poorly understood. Detecting resistance genotypes is crucial for the prediction and management of insecticide resistance. In this study, we identified multiple genetic mutations related to insecticide resistance in two species of . An unexpected genetic divergence on target-site mutations was observed between and . Three mutations (A201S, L231V, and F290V) in Ace1 (acetylcholinesterase), four mutations (M918T, L925M, T928I, and L1014F) in VGSC (voltage-gated sodium channel), and one mutation (A301S) in RDL (GABA-gated chloride channel) have been detected with varying frequencies in Chinese field populations. In contrast, field populations showed three mutations (F158Y, A201S, and L231V) in Ace1, one mutation (L1014F) in VGSC at a lower frequency, and no mutation in RDL. These findings suggest that pyrethroids, organophosphates, and carbamates are likely to be ineffective in controlling , but not . These findings contributed to a deeper understanding of the presence of target-site mutations conferring resistance to commonly used (and cheap) classes of insecticides in two closely related potato pests. It is recommended to consider the resistance status of both pests for the implementation of resistance management strategies in potatoes.
PubMed: 38535389
DOI: 10.3390/insects15030194 -
The American Journal of Case Reports Mar 2024BACKGROUND Pyloric obstruction after dichlorvos poisoning causes repeated vomiting and inability to eat. Choledocholithiasis and cholelithiasis are the common digestive...
BACKGROUND Pyloric obstruction after dichlorvos poisoning causes repeated vomiting and inability to eat. Choledocholithiasis and cholelithiasis are the common digestive diseases, with high morbidity and relapse in elderly patients. However, the complex situation of these diseases' coexistence is a clinically intractable problem, and literature on selecting optimal surgical planning is scarce. CASE REPORT A thin 79-year-old woman took dichlorvos due to family conflicts. She improved after being urgently sent to local hospital for gastric lavage and detoxification. Over the next 3 months, she presented with intermittent nausea, vomiting, epigastric pain, and mental apathy, and was readmitted. Gastroscopy showed extensive scarring in the antrum, pyloric obstruction, and gastric retention. Magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography revealed gallstones and choledocholithiasis. Also, she presented with gastric retention, hypertension, moderate anemia, hypoproteinemia, and electrolyte disturbances. After hospitalization, conservative treatment was performed, without improving vomiting, followed by surgical treatment. Gastrojejunostomy, Braun anastomosis, and nasojejunal feeding tube placement were performed for pyloric stenosis; cholecystectomy for cholelithiasis; and choledochotomy, intraoperative choledochoscopy examination, basket stone extraction, and primary suture of common bile duct without indwelling T tube for choledocholithiasis. Patient recovered and was discharged 9 days after surgery. She was recovered well, without vomiting, at 2-month follow-up. CONCLUSIONS Gastrojejunostomy plus Braun anastomosis is effective treatment of elderly patients with pyloric obstruction formed after pesticide-induced corrosion. Careful selection of choledocholithotomy with primary suture without indwelling T tube reduced postoperative pain and accelerated recovery. This complex case of pyloric obstruction with gallbladder and bile duct stones provides useful considerations for clinical treatment.
Topics: Aged; Female; Humans; Cholangiopancreatography, Endoscopic Retrograde; Choledocholithiasis; Dichlorvos; Pyloric Stenosis; Vomiting
PubMed: 38532541
DOI: 10.12659/AJCR.943101 -
BMC Genomics Mar 2024Effective vector control is key to malaria prevention. However, this is now compromised by increased insecticide resistance due to continued reliance on...
BACKGROUND
Effective vector control is key to malaria prevention. However, this is now compromised by increased insecticide resistance due to continued reliance on insecticide-based control interventions. In Kenya, we have observed heterogenous resistance to pyrethroids and organophosphates in Anopheles arabiensis which is one of the most widespread malaria vectors in the country. We investigated the gene expression profiles of insecticide resistant An. arabiensis populations from Migori and Siaya counties in Western Kenya using RNA-Sequencing. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) bottle assays were conducted using deltamethrin (DELTA), alphacypermethrin (ACYP) and pirimiphos-methyl (PMM) to determine the resistance status in both sites.
RESULTS
Mosquitoes from Migori had average mortalities of 91%, 92% and 58% while those from Siaya had 85%, 86%, and 30% when exposed to DELTA, ACYP and PMM, respectively. RNA-Seq analysis was done on pools of mosquitoes which survived exposure ('resistant'), mosquitoes that were not exposed, and the insecticide-susceptible An. arabiensis Dongola strain. Gene expression profiles of resistant mosquitoes from both Migori and Siaya showed an overexpression mainly of salivary gland proteins belonging to both the short and long form D7 genes, and cuticular proteins (including CPR9, CPR10, CPR15, CPR16). Additionally, the overexpression of detoxification genes including cytochrome P450s (CYP9M1, CYP325H1, CYP4C27, CYP9L1 and CYP307A1), 2 carboxylesterases and a glutathione-S-transferase (GSTE4) were also shared between DELTA, ACYP, and PMM survivors, pointing to potential contribution to cross resistance to both pyrethroid and organophosphate insecticides.
CONCLUSION
This study provides novel insights into the molecular basis of insecticide resistance in An. arabiensis in Western Kenya and suggests that salivary gland proteins and cuticular proteins are associated with resistance to multiple classes of insecticides.
Topics: Animals; Insecticides; Insecticide Resistance; Anopheles; Kenya; Mosquito Vectors; Pyrethrins; Glutathione Transferase; Gene Expression Profiling; Malaria; Salivary Proteins and Peptides; Salivary Glands; Organothiophosphorus Compounds
PubMed: 38532318
DOI: 10.1186/s12864-024-10182-9 -
Neuropharmacology Jun 2024Acute poisoning with organophosphorus cholinesterase inhibitors (OPs), such as OP nerve agents and pesticides, can cause life threatening cholinergic crisis and status...
Acute poisoning with organophosphorus cholinesterase inhibitors (OPs), such as OP nerve agents and pesticides, can cause life threatening cholinergic crisis and status epilepticus (SE). Survivors often experience significant morbidity, including brain injury, acquired epilepsy, and cognitive deficits. Current medical countermeasures for acute OP poisoning include a benzodiazepine to mitigate seizures. Diazepam was long the benzodiazepine included in autoinjectors used to treat OP-induced seizures, but it is now being replaced in many guidelines by midazolam, which terminates seizures more quickly, particularly when administered intramuscularly. While a direct correlation between seizure duration and the extent of brain injury has been widely reported, there are limited data comparing the neuroprotective efficacy of diazepam versus midazolam following acute OP intoxication. To address this data gap, we used non-invasive imaging techniques to longitudinally quantify neuropathology in a rat model of acute intoxication with the OP diisopropylfluorophosphate (DFP) with and without post-exposure intervention with diazepam or midazolam. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was used to monitor neuropathology and brain atrophy, while positron emission tomography (PET) with a radiotracer targeting translocator protein (TSPO) was utilized to assess neuroinflammation. Animals were scanned at 3, 7, 28, 65, 91, and 168 days post-DFP and imaging metrics were quantitated for the hippocampus, amygdala, piriform cortex, thalamus, cerebral cortex and lateral ventricles. In the DFP-intoxicated rat, neuroinflammation persisted for the duration of the study coincident with progressive atrophy and ongoing tissue remodeling. Benzodiazepines attenuated neuropathology in a region-dependent manner, but neither benzodiazepine was effective in attenuating long-term neuroinflammation as detected by TSPO PET. Diffusion MRI and TSPO PET metrics were highly correlated with seizure severity, and early MRI and PET metrics were positively correlated with long-term brain atrophy. Collectively, these results suggest that anti-seizure therapy alone is insufficient to prevent long-lasting neuroinflammation and tissue remodeling.
Topics: Rats; Animals; Diazepam; Midazolam; Isoflurophate; Organophosphates; Neuroinflammatory Diseases; Neuroprotection; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Brain; Benzodiazepines; Status Epilepticus; Positron-Emission Tomography; Carrier Proteins; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Brain Injuries; Atrophy
PubMed: 38527652
DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2024.109918