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International Journal of Molecular... Jan 2023Pesticides can affect the health of individual organisms and the function of the entire ecosystem. Therefore, thorough assessment of the risks associated with the use of...
Pesticides can affect the health of individual organisms and the function of the entire ecosystem. Therefore, thorough assessment of the risks associated with the use of pesticides is a high-priority task. An enzyme inhibition-based assay is used in this study as a convenient and quick tool to study the effects of pesticides at the molecular level. The contribution of formulants to toxicological properties of the pesticide formulations has been studied by analyzing effects of 7 active ingredients of pesticides (AIas) and 10 commercial formulations based on them (AIfs) on the function of a wide range of enzyme assay systems differing in complexity (single-, coupled, and three-enzyme assay systems). Results have been compared with the effects of AIas and AIfs on bioluminescence of the luminous bacterium . Mostly, AIfs produce a considerably stronger inhibitory effect on the activity of enzyme assay systems and bioluminescence of the luminous bacterium than AIas, which confirms the contribution of formulants to toxicological properties of the pesticide formulation. Results of the current study demonstrate that "inert" ingredients are not ecotoxicologically safe and can considerably augment the inhibitory effect of pesticide formulations; therefore, their use should be controlled more strictly. Circular dichroism and fluorescence spectra of the enzymes used for assays do not show any changes in the protein structure in the presence of commercial pesticide formulations during the assay procedure. This finding suggests that pesticides produce the inhibitory effect on enzymes through other mechanisms.
Topics: Pesticides; Ecosystem; Photobacterium; Biological Assay
PubMed: 36768591
DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032268 -
Foods (Basel, Switzerland) Feb 2023"Pirot 'ironed' sausage" (Pis) is a traditional, fermented sausage, made from different types of meat (beef and chevon), without additives or starter cultures. The...
"Pirot 'ironed' sausage" (Pis) is a traditional, fermented sausage, made from different types of meat (beef and chevon), without additives or starter cultures. The physical-chemical properties (pH, water activity, fats, moisture, and protein contents) were examined in the initial meat batter stuffing and during ripening. Total bacterial diversity was examined at different time points using both culturable (traditional) and non-culturable (NGS sequencing) approaches. During the ripening, a decrease in pH value, a, and moisture content was observed, as well as an increase in protein and fat content. At least a two-fold significant decrease was noted for colorimetric values during the ripening period. The dominance of and was observed in the non-culturable approach in all studied samples. During the ripening process, an increase in (from 33.5% to 63.5%) with a decrease in (from 65.4% to 22.3%) was observed. The bacterial genera that were dominant throughout the ripening process were , , , , and , while , , and were found also, but in negligible abundance. Among the culturable bacteria, () and were present in all stages of ripening.
PubMed: 36766190
DOI: 10.3390/foods12030664 -
Microbial Genomics Dec 2022The Pacific oyster (PO), , is an important commercial marine species but periodically experiences large stock losses due to disease events known as summer mortality....
The Pacific oyster (PO), , is an important commercial marine species but periodically experiences large stock losses due to disease events known as summer mortality. Summer mortality has been linked to environmental perturbations and numerous viral and bacterial agents, indicating this disease is multifactorial in nature. In 2013 and 2014, several summer mortality events occurred within the Port Stephens estuary (NSW, Australia). Extensive culture and molecular-based investigations were undertaken and several potentially pathogenic species were identified. To improve species identification and genomically characterise isolates obtained from this outbreak, whole-genome sequencing (WGS) and subsequent genomic analyses were performed on 48 bacterial isolates, as well as a further nine isolates from other summer mortality studies using the same batch of juveniles. Average nucleotide identity (ANI) identified most isolates to the species level and included members of the , , and genera, with species making up more than two-thirds of all species identified. Construction of a phylogenomic tree, ANI analysis, and pan-genome analysis of the 57 isolates represents the most comprehensive culture-based phylogenomic survey of during a PO summer mortality event in Australian waters and revealed large genomic diversity in many of the identified species. Our analysis revealed limited and inconsistent associations between isolate species and their geographical origins, or host health status. Together with ANI and pan-genome results, these inconsistencies suggest that to determine the role that microbes may have in Pacific oyster summer mortality events, isolate identification must be at the taxonomic level of strain. Our WGS data (specifically, the accessory genomes) differentiated bacterial strains, and coupled with associated metadata, highlight the possibility of predicting a strain's environmental niche and level of pathogenicity.
Topics: Animals; Crassostrea; Phylogeny; Gammaproteobacteria; Australia; Vibrio; Disease Outbreaks
PubMed: 36748707
DOI: 10.1099/mgen.0.000883 -
Journal of Clinical Microbiology Feb 2023Increased interest in farmed aquatic species, aquatic conservation measures, and microbial metabolic end-product utilization have translated into a need for awareness... (Review)
Review
Increased interest in farmed aquatic species, aquatic conservation measures, and microbial metabolic end-product utilization have translated into a need for awareness and recognition of novel microbial species and revisions to bacterial taxonomy. Because this need has largely been unmet, through a 4-year literature review, we present lists of novel and revised bacterial species (including members of the phylum ) derived from aquatic hosts that can serve as a baseline for future biennial summaries of taxonomic revisions in this field. Most new and revised taxa were noted within oxidase-positive and/or nonglucose fermentative Gram-negative bacilli, including members of the , , and genera. Valid and effectively published novel members of the Streptococcus, , and genera are additionally described from disease pathogenesis perspectives.
Topics: Humans; Planctomycetes; Bacteria; Gram-Negative Bacteria; Phylogeny
PubMed: 36719221
DOI: 10.1128/jcm.01426-22 -
Frontiers in Microbiology 2022Decapod iridescent virus 1 (DIV1) has caused severe economic losses in shrimp aquaculture. So far, Researchs on DIV1-infected shrimp have mainly focused on the hemocytes...
INTRODUCTION
Decapod iridescent virus 1 (DIV1) has caused severe economic losses in shrimp aquaculture. So far, Researchs on DIV1-infected shrimp have mainly focused on the hemocytes immune response, while studies on the host-intestine microbiota interactions during DIV1 infection have been scarce.
METHODS
This study determined the lethal concentration 50 (LC) of DIV1 to , preliminarily determining that could serve as a susceptible object for DIV1. The interactions and responses between the immune and intestine microbiota of shrimp under DIV1 infection were also investigated.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
DIV1 infection decreases intestine bacterial diversity and alters the composition of intestine microbiota. Specifically, DIV1 infection decreases the abundance of potentially beneficial bacteria (Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, and Actinobacteria), and significantly increases the abundance of pathogenic bacteria such as and , thereby increasing the risk of secondary bacterial infections. The results of PICRUSt functional prediction showed that altered intestine microbiota induces host metabolism disorders, which could be attributed to the bioenergetic and biosynthetic requirements for DIV1 replication in shrimp. The comparative transcriptomic analysis showed that some metabolic pathways related to host immunity were significantly activated following DIV1 infection, including ncRNA processing and metabolic process, Ascorbate and aldarate metabolism, and Arachidonic acid metabolism. may against DIV1 infection by enhancing the expression of some immune-related genes, such as Wnt16, heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) and C-type lectin 3 (Ctl3). Notably, correlation analysis of intestinal microbial variation with host immunity showed that expansion of pathogenic bacteria ( and ) in DIV1 infection could increased the expression of NF-κB inhibitors cactus-like and Toll interacting protein (Tollip), which may limit the TLR-mediated immune response and ultimately lead to further DIV1 infection.
SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY
This study enhances our understanding of the interactions between shrimp immunity and intestinal microbiota. The ultimate goal is to develop novel immune enhancers for shrimp and formulate a safe and effective DIV1 defense strategy.
PubMed: 36713173
DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1097931 -
Animals : An Open Access Journal From... Jan 2023Skin lesions are a frequent fact associated with intensive conditions affecting farmed fish. Knowing that the use of probiotics can improve fish skin health, SpPdp11...
Skin lesions are a frequent fact associated with intensive conditions affecting farmed fish. Knowing that the use of probiotics can improve fish skin health, SpPdp11 dietary administration has demonstrated beneficial effects for farmed fish, so its potential on the skin needs to be studied more deeply. The wounded specimens that received the diet with SpPdp11 showed a decrease in the abundance of , and related to bacterial biofilm formation, as well as the overexpression of genes involved in signaling mechanisms (), cell migration and differentiation (, , , ); and repression of genes related to cell proliferation (, ), consistent with a more efficient skin healing processes than that observed in the wounded control group. In addition, among the groups of damaged skin with different diets, , f_, p_, and genera with significant differences showed positive correlations with genes related to cell migration and negative correlations with inflammation and cell proliferation and may be the target of future studies.
PubMed: 36670734
DOI: 10.3390/ani13020193 -
Environmental Research Feb 2023Marine water temperatures are increasing globally, with eastern Australian estuaries warming faster than predicted. There is growing evidence that this rapid warming of...
Marine water temperatures are increasing globally, with eastern Australian estuaries warming faster than predicted. There is growing evidence that this rapid warming of coastal waters is increasing the abundance and virulence of pathogenic members of the Vibrionaceae, posing a significant health risk to both humans and aquatic organisms. Fish disease, notably outbreaks of emerging pathogens in response to environmental perturbations such as heatwaves, have been recognised in aquaculture settings. Considerably less is known about how rising sea surface temperatures will impact the microbiology of wild fish populations, particularly those within estuarine systems that are more vulnerable to warming. We used a combination of Vibrio-specific quantitative PCR and amplicon sequencing of the 16S rRNA and hsp60 genes to examine seawater and fish (Pelates sexlineatus) gut microbial communities across a quasi-natural experimental system, where thermal pollution from coal-fired power stations creates a temperature gradient of up to 6 °C, compatible with future predicted temperature increases. At the warmest site, fish hindgut microbial communities were in a state of dysbiosis characterised by shifts in beta diversity and a proliferation (71.5% relative abundance) of the potential fish pathogen Photobacterium damselae subsp. damselae. Comparable patterns were not identified in the surrounding seawater, indicating opportunistic proliferation within estuarine fish guts under thermal stress. A subsequent evaluation of predicted future warming-related risk due to pathogenic Vibrionaceae in temperate estuarine fish demonstrated that warming is likely to drive opportunistic pathogen increases in the upper latitudinal range of this estuarine fish, potentially impacting adaptations to future warming. These findings represent a breakthrough in our understanding of the dynamics of emerging pathogens in populations of wild aquatic organisms within environments likely to experience rapid warming under future climate change.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Aquatic Organisms; Australia; Dysbiosis; Estuaries; Fishes; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; Temperature; Vibrionaceae; Water; Intestines
PubMed: 36584839
DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.115144 -
Emerging Infectious Diseases Jan 2023Photobacterium damselae subspecies damselae, an abundant, generalist marine pathogen, has been reported in various cetaceans worldwide. We report a bottlenose dolphin in...
Photobacterium damselae subspecies damselae, an abundant, generalist marine pathogen, has been reported in various cetaceans worldwide. We report a bottlenose dolphin in the eastern Mediterranean Sea that was found stranded and dead. The dolphin had a severe case of chronic suppurative pneumonia and splenic lymphoid depletion caused by this pathogen.
Topics: Animals; Bottle-Nosed Dolphin; Mediterranean Sea; Pneumonia
PubMed: 36573620
DOI: 10.3201/eid2901.221345 -
Metabolites Nov 2022A 70-day feeding trial investigated the effects of dietary inclusion of different types of non-starch polysaccharides (NSPs) on gut microbiota and serum metabolome of...
A 70-day feeding trial investigated the effects of dietary inclusion of different types of non-starch polysaccharides (NSPs) on gut microbiota and serum metabolome of rainbow trout. Four practical feeds (42% crude protein, 17% crude lipid) were prepared with 8% insoluble NSP (INSP, cellulose), 16.8% soluble NSP (SNSP, composed of 1.12% β-glucan, 1.28% mannan, 4.8% arabinoxylan, and 9.6% pectin), 24.8% NSPs (8% INSP + 16.8% SNSP), or no NSPs inclusion, respectively. Dietary NSPs inclusion had no significant influence on the Shannon, Simpson, ACE, and Chao1 indices of gut microbiota but induced a significant increase in the abundance of and , and a decrease in Firmicutes and Besides, dietary SNSP upregulated the carnitine synthesis metabolic pathway. Our data suggest that dietary NSPs are detrimental to gut microbiota homeostasis and the health of rainbow trout, and dietary SNSP exhibit a stronger ability to interfere with physiological metabolism of rainbow trout than INSP. Therefore, the physiological effects of dietary NSPs, especially SNSP, should be carefully considered when designing the commercial feed formulations of rainbow trout.
PubMed: 36557205
DOI: 10.3390/metabo12121167 -
Infection, Genetics and Evolution :... Jan 2023Vibrio parahaemolyticus is a gram-negative bacterium capable of causing diseases in humans and aquatic animals. The global relationships among V. parahaemolyticus...
Vibrio parahaemolyticus is a gram-negative bacterium capable of causing diseases in humans and aquatic animals. The global relationships among V. parahaemolyticus genomes have been studied using multilocus sequence typing (MLST). Recently, the MLST gene recA has shown difficulties in amplification and/or a larger PCR fragment for some V. parahaemolyticus genomes due to genetic recombination. We aimed to investigate these recombination events of recA gene by analyzing 500 publicly available whole genomes from the NCBI database. The genomes with untypable recA genes were separated using BIGSdb and CGEMLST 2.0 servers, followed by annotation with RAST and NCBI pipelines. Moreover, the variable nature of V. parahaemolyticus was investigated by wgMLST analysis. The hypothetical proteins in recombinant regions were analyzed with VCIMPred tool. In the results, 3 genomes were detected with recA gene recombination, in which 2 were associated with phages and 1 to an AHPND causing strain. All 3 recombinant regions had a G + C content of 39%-40% with 15-30 ORFs, including a newly incorporated recA gene. These acquired recA genes were closely related to 3 different genera namely Aliivibrio, Photobacterium, and Vibrio. The wgMLST analysis indicated genetic recombination events occur independently among V. parahaemolyticus on a global scale. The in silico analysis revealed 4 hypothetical proteins associated with virulence factors in recombinant regions. The present study confirms, recombination events of V. parahaemolyticus recA gene, are diverse and may have an impact on the evolutionary process. Moreover, understanding these genetic recombination events of the recA gene is necessary to determine their STs and, therefore assessing epidemiological relationships.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Multilocus Sequence Typing; Phylogeny; Rec A Recombinases; Recombination, Genetic; Vibrio Infections; Vibrio parahaemolyticus
PubMed: 36549419
DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2022.105396