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PloS One 2024Human Parechoviruses (HPeVs) have rarely been considered in the virological investigation of Acute Flacid Paralysis (AFP) cases in Africa, where enteric infections are...
Human Parechoviruses (HPeVs) have rarely been considered in the virological investigation of Acute Flacid Paralysis (AFP) cases in Africa, where enteric infections are very common. This study investigated the prevalence and genetic diversity of HPeV in 200 children aged ≤ 15 years with AFP in Cameroon from 2018 to 2019. HPeVs were detected in their faecal RNA using 5'-untranslated real-time RT-PCR. Detected HPeVs were typed by phylogenetic comparison with homologous sequences from homotypic reference strains. Overall, HPeV RNA was detected in 11.0% (22/200) of the 200 stool samples tested. Twelve HPeVs were successfully sequenced and reliably assigned to HPeV-A1, A4, A5, A10, A14, A15, A17 and A18 genotypes. Phylogenetic analyses revealed a high genetic variability among the studied HPeVs, as well as between the studied HPeVs and their previously reported counterparts from Cameroon in 2014. These findings suggest that different HPeV genotypes co-circulate in Cameroon without documented epidemics.
Topics: Humans; Cameroon; Child; Parechovirus; Child, Preschool; Genetic Variation; Phylogeny; Female; Picornaviridae Infections; Male; Infant; Genotype; Feces; Adolescent; Paralysis; RNA, Viral
PubMed: 38809876
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0301771 -
BMC Infectious Diseases May 2024To assess the immunogenicity of the current primary polio vaccination schedule in China and compare it with alternative schedules using Sabin or Salk-strain IPV (sIPV,...
BACKGROUND
To assess the immunogenicity of the current primary polio vaccination schedule in China and compare it with alternative schedules using Sabin or Salk-strain IPV (sIPV, wIPV).
METHODS
A cross-sectional investigation was conducted at four sites in Chongqing, China, healthy infants aged 60-89 days were conveniently recruited and divided into four groups according to their received primary polio vaccination schedules (2sIPV + bOPV, 2wIPV + bOPV, 3sIPV, and 3wIPV). The sero-protection and neutralizing antibody titers against poliovirus serotypes (type 1, 2, and 3) were compared after the last dose.
RESULTS
There were 408 infants completed the protocol. The observed seropositivity was more than 96% against poliovirus types 1, 2, and 3 in all groups. IPV-only groups induced higher antibody titers(GMT) against poliovirus type 2 (Median:192, QR: 96-384, P<0.05) than the "2IPV + bOPV" group. While the "2IPV + bOPV" group induced significantly higher antibody titers against poliovirus type 1 (Median:2048, QR: 768-2048, P<0.05)and type 3 (Median:2048, QR: 512-2048, P<0.05) than the IPV-only group.
CONCLUSIONS
Our findings have proved that the two doses of IPV with one dose of bOPV is currently the best polio routine immunization schedule in China.
Topics: Humans; Poliovirus Vaccine, Inactivated; Poliomyelitis; Infant; Poliovirus Vaccine, Oral; Male; Immunization Schedule; Female; Antibodies, Viral; Cross-Sectional Studies; China; Antibodies, Neutralizing; Poliovirus; Immunogenicity, Vaccine; Vaccination
PubMed: 38807038
DOI: 10.1186/s12879-024-09389-8 -
Frontiers in Cellular and Infection... 2024Acute respiratory infections (ARI) are the most common infections in the general population and are mainly caused by respiratory viruses. Detecting several viruses in a...
INTRODUCTION
Acute respiratory infections (ARI) are the most common infections in the general population and are mainly caused by respiratory viruses. Detecting several viruses in a respiratory sample is common. To better understand these viral codetections and potential interferences, we tested for the presence of viruses and developed quantitative PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) for the viruses most prevalent in coinfections: human rhinovirus (HRV) and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), and quantified their viral loads according to coinfections and health status, age, cellular abundance and other variables.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Samples from two different cohorts were analyzed: one included hospitalized infants under 12 months of age with acute bronchiolitis (n=719) and the other primary care patients of all ages with symptoms of ARI (n=685). We performed Multiplex PCR on nasopharyngeal swabs, and quantitative PCR on samples positive for HRV or/and RSV to determine viral loads (VL). Cellular abundance (CA) was also estimated by qPCR targeting the GAPDH gene. Genotyping was performed either directly from first-line molecular panel or by PCR and sequencing for HRV.
RESULTS
The risks of viral codetection were 4.1 (IC[1.8; 10.0]) and 93.9 1 (IC[48.7; 190.7]) higher in infants hospitalized for bronchiolitis than in infants in primary care for RSV and HRV respectively (p<0.001). CA was higher in samples positive for multiple viruses than in mono-infected or negative samples (p<0.001), and higher in samples positive for RSV (p<0.001) and HRV (p<0.001) than in negative samples. We found a positive correlation between CA and VL for both RSV and HRV. HRV VL was higher in children than in the elderly (p<0.05), but not RSV VL. HRV VL was higher when detected alone than in samples coinfected with RSV-A and with RSV-B. There was a significant increase of RSV-A VL when codetecting with HRV (p=0.001) and when co-detecting with RSV-B+HRV versus RSV-A+ RSV-B (p=0.02).
CONCLUSIONS
Many parameters influence the natural history of respiratory viral infections, and quantifying respiratory viral loads can help disentangle their contributions to viral outcome.
Topics: Humans; Viral Load; Coinfection; Infant; Respiratory Tract Infections; Female; Child, Preschool; Male; Rhinovirus; Child; Health Status; Adult; Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections; Adolescent; Middle Aged; Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Human; Nasopharynx; Infant, Newborn; Young Adult; Aged; Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; Acute Disease; Genotype; Multiplex Polymerase Chain Reaction; Aged, 80 and over
PubMed: 38803572
DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2024.1380855 -
Scientific Reports May 2024Canine kobuvirus (CaKoV) is a pathogen associated with canine gastrointestinal disease (GID). This study examined 327 rectal swabs (RS), including 113 from Vietnam (46...
Canine kobuvirus (CaKoV) is a pathogen associated with canine gastrointestinal disease (GID). This study examined 327 rectal swabs (RS), including 113 from Vietnam (46 healthy, 67 with GID) and 214 from Thailand (107 healthy and 107 with GID). CaKoV was detected in both countries, with prevalences of 28.3% (33/113) in Vietnam and 7.9% (17/214) in Thailand. Additionally, CaKoV was found in both dogs with diarrhea and healthy dogs. CaKoV was mainly found in puppies under six months of age (30.8%). Co-detection with other canine viruses were also observed. The complete coding sequence (CDS) of nine Vietnamese and four Thai CaKoV strains were characterized. Phylogenetic analysis revealed a close genetic relationship between Vietnamese and Thai CaKoV strains, which were related to the Chinese strains. CDS analysis indicated a distinct lineage for two Vietnamese CaKoV strains. Selective pressure analysis on the viral capsid (VP1) region showed negative selection, with potential positive selection sites on B-cell epitopes. This study, the first of its kind in Vietnam, provides insights into CaKoV prevalence in dogs of different ages and healthy statuses, updates CaKoV occurrence in Thailand, and sheds light on its molecular characteristics and immune evasion strategies.
Topics: Animals; Dogs; Thailand; Vietnam; Kobuvirus; Phylogeny; Dog Diseases; Picornaviridae Infections; Evolution, Molecular; Prevalence; Gastrointestinal Diseases
PubMed: 38802579
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-62833-2 -
Viruses Apr 2024Acute respiratory infections are a major global burden in resource-limited countries, including countries in Africa. Although COVID-19 has been well studied since the...
Acute respiratory infections are a major global burden in resource-limited countries, including countries in Africa. Although COVID-19 has been well studied since the pandemic emerged in Gabon, Central Africa, less attention has been paid to other respiratory viral diseases, and very little data are available. Herein, we provide the first data on the genetic diversity and detection of 18 major respiratory viruses in Gabon during the COVID-19 pandemic. Of 582 nasopharyngeal swab specimens collected from March 2020 to July 2021, which were SARS-CoV-2 negative, 156 were positive (26%) for the following viruses: enterovirus (20.3%), human rhinovirus (HRV) (4.6%), human coronavirus OC43 (1.2%), human adenovirus (0.9%), human metapneumovirus (hMPV) (0.5%), influenza A virus (IAV) (0.3%), and human parainfluenza viruses (0.5%). To determine the genetic diversity and transmission route of the viruses, phylogenetic analyses were performed using genome sequences of the detected viruses. The IAV strain detected in this study was genetically similar to strains isolated in the USA, whereas the hMPV strain belonging to the A2b subtype formed a cluster with Kenyan strains. This study provides the first complete genomic sequences of HRV, IAV, and hMPV detected in Gabon, and provides insight into the circulation of respiratory viruses in the country.
Topics: Humans; Gabon; Genetic Variation; Phylogeny; COVID-19; Respiratory Tract Infections; SARS-CoV-2; Male; Adult; Female; Child; Middle Aged; Adolescent; Child, Preschool; Young Adult; Rhinovirus; Viruses; Metapneumovirus; Genome, Viral; Nasopharynx; Infant; Aged; Pandemics; Influenza A virus
PubMed: 38793579
DOI: 10.3390/v16050698 -
Viruses Apr 2024Coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3) is a positive single-strand RNA genome virus which belongs to the enterovirus genus in the picornavirus family, like poliovirus. It is one of...
Coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3) is a positive single-strand RNA genome virus which belongs to the enterovirus genus in the picornavirus family, like poliovirus. It is one of the most prevalent pathogens that cause myocarditis and pancreatitis in humans. However, a suitable therapeutic medication and vaccination have yet to be discovered. Caboxamycin, a benzoxazole antibiotic isolated from the culture broth of the marine strain sp., SC0774, showed an antiviral effect in CVB3-infected HeLa cells and a CVB3-induced myocarditis mouse model. Caboxamycin substantially decreased CVB3 VP1 production and cleavage of translation factor eIF4G1 from CVB3 infection. Virus-positive and -negative strand RNA was dramatically reduced by caboxamycin treatment. In addition, the cleavage of the pro-apoptotic molecules BAD, BAX, and caspase3 was significantly inhibited by caboxamycin treatment. In animal experiments, the survival rate of mice was improved following caboxamycin treatment. Moreover, caboxamycin treatment significantly decreased myocardial damage and inflammatory cell infiltration. Our study showed that caboxamycin dramatically suppressed cardiac inflammation and mouse death. This result suggests that caboxamycin may be suitable as a potential antiviral drug for CVB3.
Topics: Animals; Myocarditis; Mice; Disease Models, Animal; Coxsackievirus Infections; Humans; Enterovirus B, Human; HeLa Cells; Antiviral Agents; Male; Mice, Inbred BALB C; Inflammation; Virus Replication
PubMed: 38793559
DOI: 10.3390/v16050677 -
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) May 2024Food-borne transmission is a recognized route for many viruses associated with gastrointestinal, hepatic, or neurological diseases. Therefore, it is essential to...
Food-borne transmission is a recognized route for many viruses associated with gastrointestinal, hepatic, or neurological diseases. Therefore, it is essential to identify new bioactive compounds with broad-spectrum antiviral activity to exploit innovative solutions against these hazards. Recently, antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) have been recognized as promising antiviral agents. Indeed, while the antibacterial and antifungal effects of these molecules have been widely reported, their use as potential antiviral agents has not yet been fully investigated. Herein, the antiviral activity of previously identified or newly designed AMPs was evaluated against the non-enveloped RNA viruses, hepatitis A virus (HAV) and murine norovirus (MNV), a surrogate for human norovirus. Moreover, specific assays were performed to recognize at which stage of the viral infection cycle the peptides could function. The results showed that almost all peptides displayed virucidal effects, with about 90% of infectivity reduction in HAV or MNV. However, the decapeptide RiLK1 demonstrated, together with its antibacterial and antifungal properties, a notable reduction in viral infection for both HAV and MNV, possibly through direct interaction with viral particles causing their damage or hindering the recognition of cellular receptors. Hence, RiLK1 could represent a versatile antimicrobial agent effective against various foodborne pathogens including viruses, bacteria, and fungi.
Topics: Antiviral Agents; Animals; Foodborne Diseases; Norovirus; Humans; Mice; Antimicrobial Peptides; Hepatitis A virus; Virus Diseases; Microbial Sensitivity Tests
PubMed: 38792166
DOI: 10.3390/molecules29102305 -
Biomolecules May 2024Enterovirus 71 (EV71), a typical representative of unenveloped RNA viruses, is the main pathogenic factor responsible for hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) in...
Enterovirus 71 (EV71), a typical representative of unenveloped RNA viruses, is the main pathogenic factor responsible for hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) in infants. This disease seriously threatens the health and lives of humans worldwide, especially in the Asia-Pacific region. Numerous animal antimicrobial peptides have been found with protective functions against viruses, bacteria, fungi, parasites, and other pathogens, but there are few studies on the use of scorpion-derived antimicrobial peptides against unenveloped viruses. Here, we investigated the antiviral activities of scorpion venom antimicrobial peptide BmKn2 and five derivatives, finding that BmKn2 and its derivative BmKn2-T5 exhibit a significant inhibitory effect on EV71. Although both peptides exhibit characteristics typical of amphiphilic α-helices in terms of their secondary structure, BmKn2-T5 displayed lower cellular cytotoxicity than BmKn2. BmKn2-T5 was further found to inhibit EV71 in a dose-dependent manner in vitro. Moreover, time-of-drug-addition experiments showed that BmKn2-T5 mainly restricts EV71, but not its virion or replication, at the early stages of the viral cycle. Interestingly, BmKn2-T5 was also found to suppress the replication of the enveloped viruses DENV, ZIKV, and HSV-1 in the early stages of the viral cycle, which suggests they may share a common early infection step with EV71. Together, the results of our study identified that the scorpion-derived antimicrobial peptide BmKn2-T5 showed valuable antiviral properties against EV71 , but also against other enveloped viruses, making it a potential new candidate therapeutic molecule.
Topics: Scorpion Venoms; Antiviral Agents; Enterovirus A, Human; Humans; Antimicrobial Peptides; Animals; Virus Replication; Chlorocebus aethiops; Vero Cells
PubMed: 38785952
DOI: 10.3390/biom14050545 -
Euro Surveillance : Bulletin Europeen... May 2024An outbreak of hepatitis A is ongoing in Portugal, with 71 confirmed cases from 7 October 2023 to 24 April 2024. Most cases are male, aged 18-44 years, with many...
An outbreak of hepatitis A is ongoing in Portugal, with 71 confirmed cases from 7 October 2023 to 24 April 2024. Most cases are male, aged 18-44 years, with many identifying as men who have sex with men (MSM) and reported as suspected sexual transmission. Phylogenetic analysis identified the subgenotype IA, VRD 521-2016 strain, last observed in an MSM-associated multi-country outbreak in 2016 to 2018. We wish to alert colleagues in other countries to investigate potential similar spread.
Topics: Humans; Male; Disease Outbreaks; Portugal; Hepatitis A; Homosexuality, Male; Adult; Phylogeny; Adolescent; Young Adult; Genotype; Hepatitis A virus; Middle Aged; Sexual Behavior; Female; Contact Tracing
PubMed: 38785087
DOI: No ID Found -
Virology Journal May 2024EV71 is one of the important pathogens of Hand-foot-and-mouth disease (HFMD), which causes serious neurological symptoms. Several studies have speculated that there will...
BACKGROUND
EV71 is one of the important pathogens of Hand-foot-and-mouth disease (HFMD), which causes serious neurological symptoms. Several studies have speculated that there will be interaction between 5'UTR and 3D protein. However, whether 5'UTR interacts with the 3D protein in regulating virus replication has not been clarified.
METHODS
Four 5'UTR mutation sites (nt88C/T, nt90-102-3C, nt157G/A and nt574T/A) and two 3D protein mutation sites (S37N and R142K) were mutated or co-mutated using virulent strains as templates. The replication of these mutant viruses and their effect on autophagy were determined.
RESULTS
5'UTR single-point mutant strains, except for EGFP-EV71(nt90-102-3C), triggered replication attenuation. The replication ability of them was weaker than that of the parent strain the virulent strain SDLY107 which is the fatal strain that can cause severe neurological complications. While the replication level of the co-mutant strains showed different characteristics. 5 co-mutant strains with interaction were screened: EGFP-EV71(S37N-nt88C/T), EGFP-EV71(S37N-nt574T/A), EGFP-EV71(R142K-nt574T/A), EGFP-EV71(R142K-nt88C/T), and EGFP-EV71(R142K-nt157G/A). The results showed that the high replicative strains significantly promoted the accumulation of autophagosomes in host cells and hindered the degradation of autolysosomes. The low replicative strains had a low ability to regulate the autophagy of host cells. In addition, the high replicative strains also significantly inhibited the phosphorylation of AKT and mTOR.
CONCLUSIONS
EV71 5'UTR interacted with the 3D protein during virus replication. The co-mutation of S37N and nt88C/T, S37N and nt574T/ A, R142K and nt574T/A induced incomplete autophagy of host cells and promoted virus replication by inhibiting the autophagy pathway AKT-mTOR. The co-mutation of R142K and nt88C/T, and R142K and nt157G/A significantly reduced the inhibitory effect of EV71 on the AKT-mTOR pathway and reduced the replication ability of the virus.
Topics: Virus Replication; Enterovirus A, Human; 5' Untranslated Regions; Humans; TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt; Autophagy; Animals; Viral Nonstructural Proteins; Signal Transduction; Chlorocebus aethiops; Mutation; Cell Line; Vero Cells
PubMed: 38778344
DOI: 10.1186/s12985-024-02385-z