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Journal of Medicine and Life 2021The purpose of the study was TO analyze the fetoplacental complex hormone levels and changes in their dynamics in pregnant women with miscarriage and the impact of these...
The purpose of the study was TO analyze the fetoplacental complex hormone levels and changes in their dynamics in pregnant women with miscarriage and the impact of these features on the subsequent course of pregnancy. Hormone levels were determined at different stages of gestation in 50 healthy women with a physiological course of pregnancy (control group) and 50 pregnant women with a history of miscarriage (main group). The women of the main group had a significantly slower rate of increase in hormones and a lag in quantitative indicators than the control group. The estradiol level indicators were 4.1 times (76.0%) and 2.89 times (65.5%) lower in women with miscarriage in the embryonic and late fetal period, respectively, compared to healthy women. Indicators of the level of placental lactogen and chorionic gonadotropin in the embryonic period in women with miscarriage were lower by 39.1% and 50.9%, respectively, compared to healthy women. In the late fetal period, the level of these hormones was lower by 72.9% and 35.4%, respectively. In the embryonic and late fetal periods, progesterone levels were lower by 67.4% and 68.4%, respectively, compared to the control group. The data obtained are evidence of a pronounced hormonal abnormality of the placenta, and hence a marker of fetoplacental dysfunction, which on the background of miscarriage develops at the early stages and continues to progress with the course of pregnancy.
Topics: Abortion, Spontaneous; Female; Hormones; Humans; Placenta; Placental Lactogen; Pregnancy; Pregnant Women; Progesterone
PubMed: 34621371
DOI: 10.25122/jml-2021-0089 -
Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology... Oct 2021Pregnancy is characterized by a series of metabolic changes that promote insulin resistance. This could be due to increase in the plasma levels of one or more...
INTRODUCTION
Pregnancy is characterized by a series of metabolic changes that promote insulin resistance. This could be due to increase in the plasma levels of one or more pregnancy-related hormones such as oestrogen, progesterone, prolactin, cortisol, and human placental lactogen (HPL). The increased insulin resistance in pregnancy is associated with development of diabetes which has implications for the future gestations also.
AIMS AND OBJECTIVES
To determine status of insulin resistance in pregnant women and correlate the presence of insulin resistance with obstetric outcome.
MATERIAL AND METHOD
A prospective cohort study was conducted in the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, KGMU, Lucknow, over a period of one year. Total 150 pregnant women were enrolled from OPD, out of which 136 women were followed up till delivery. Insulin resistance was calculated by HOMA IR index, twice in whole antenatal period (first in early pregnancy and second in late pregnancy). All women were also tested for GDM by DIPSI test (plasma glucose value after 2 h of 75 gm glucose load irrespective of last meal) as per protocol.
RESULTS
In our study, we found 71 women out of 136 (52.2%) were GDM. Total 30 women out of 136 (22.05%) were GGI (Gestational Glucose Intolerance), and total 38 out of 136 (27.9%) women were found to have insulin resistance using HOMA IR ≥ 2 as cut off. Significant correlation was found in between BMI and insulin resistance ( = 0.001) and between GDM and insulin resistance ( = 0.001). Relative risk of development of complications like Preeclampsia, neonatal hypoglycemia, and respiratory distress syndrome was higher in women having insulin resistance and GDM.
CONCLUSION
Obstetric complications like preeclampsia, neonatal hypoglycemia, and respiratory distress syndrome are more likely to occur in women with insulin resistance, but larger studies are required to delineate whether insulin resistance alone without development of GDM will have the same implication.
PubMed: 34602761
DOI: 10.1007/s13224-021-01426-9 -
Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology Dec 2021Vasoinhibin is an antiangiogenic, profibrinolytic peptide generated by the proteolytic cleavage of the pituitary hormone prolactin by cathepsin D, matrix...
Vasoinhibin is an antiangiogenic, profibrinolytic peptide generated by the proteolytic cleavage of the pituitary hormone prolactin by cathepsin D, matrix metalloproteinases, and bone morphogenetic protein-1. Vasoinhibin can also be generated when placental lactogen or growth hormone are enzymatically cleaved. Here, it is investigated whether plasmin cleaves human prolactin and placental lactogen to generate vasoinhibin-like peptides. Co-incubation of prolactin and placental lactogen with plasmin was performed and analyzed by gel electrophoresis and Western blotting. Mass spectrometric analyses were carried out for sequence validation and precise cleavage site identification. The cleavage sites responsible for the generation of the vasoinhibin-like peptides were located at K170-E171 in prolactin and R160-T161 in placental lactogen. Various genetic variants of the human prolactin and placental lactogen genes are projected to affect proteolytic generation of the vasoinhibin-like peptides. The endogenous counterparts of the vasoinhibin-like peptides generated by plasmin may represent vasoinhibin-isoforms with inhibitory effects on vasculature and coagulation.
Topics: Cell Cycle Proteins; Fibrinolysin; Genetic Variation; HEK293 Cells; Humans; Mass Spectrometry; Peptides; Placental Lactogen; Prolactin; Proteolysis
PubMed: 34601001
DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2021.111471 -
Biochemical and Biophysical Research... Nov 2021The liver increases its size during pregnancy to adapt to metabolic demand associated with pregnancy. Our previous study showed that proliferation of maternal...
The liver increases its size during pregnancy to adapt to metabolic demand associated with pregnancy. Our previous study showed that proliferation of maternal hepatocytes are increased during pregnancy in mice and that estradiol (E2) is one of the candidate hormones responsible for maternal hepatocyte proliferation. Here, we discovered that chorionic gonadotropin (CG) induces maternal hepatocyte proliferation during pregnancy. CG administration was sufficient to stimulate hepatocyte proliferation in non-pregnant mice as well as in cell culture system. We conclude that CG stimulates proliferation in the early pregnancy of maternal hepatocytes. In contrast, estrogen stimulates hepatocyte proliferation in the late pregnancy.
Topics: Aging; Animals; Cell Proliferation; Cells, Cultured; Chorionic Gonadotropin; Estradiol; Estrogens; Female; HEK293 Cells; Hep G2 Cells; Hepatocytes; Humans; Luteinizing Hormone; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Placenta; Pregnancy; Pregnancy, Animal; Protein Binding; Time Factors
PubMed: 34597993
DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2021.09.039 -
Animal Reproduction 2021The chemotaxis of subsp. and subsp. was determined in the presence of bovine cervical mucus and bovine placental extract. Some reported substances and ion in those...
The chemotaxis of subsp. and subsp. was determined in the presence of bovine cervical mucus and bovine placental extract. Some reported substances and ion in those materials, such amino acids, ferrous iron, hormones, sugars and organic acids were also investigated. Bovine cervical mucus, bovine placenta extracts and some substances and ion of these materials namely L-fucose, L- aspartate, L-glutamate, L-serine, ferrous iron, fumarate, pyruvate and succinate were chemoattractants. The chemottraction was significantly larger in higher concentrations of the tested substances and ion and significant differences among tested strains were also observed. Meso-erythritol and hormones bovine placental lactogen, 17β-estradiol, and progesterone did not elicit chemotactical response. In conclusion, this chemotactic behavior may guide the navigation in the bovine host's genital tract and be an important cofactor of tissue tropism for this bacterium.
PubMed: 34394754
DOI: 10.1590/1984-3143-AR2021-0008 -
International Journal of Molecular... Jul 2021Deficiency of the placental hormone chorionic somatomammotropin (CSH) can lead to the development of intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR). To gain insight into the...
Deficiency of the placental hormone chorionic somatomammotropin (CSH) can lead to the development of intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR). To gain insight into the physiological consequences of CSH RNA interference (RNAi), the trophectoderm of hatched blastocysts (nine days of gestational age; dGA) was infected with a lentivirus expressing either a scrambled control or CSH-specific shRNA, prior to transfer into synchronized recipient sheep. At 90 dGA, umbilical hemodynamics and fetal measurements were assessed by Doppler ultrasonography. At 120 dGA, pregnancies were fitted with vascular catheters to undergo steady-state metabolic studies with the HO transplacental diffusion technique at 130 dGA. Nutrient uptake rates were determined and tissues were subsequently harvested at necropsy. CSH RNAi reduced ( ≤ 0.05) both fetal and uterine weights as well as umbilical blood flow (mL/min). This ultimately resulted in reduced ( ≤ 0.01) umbilical IGF1 concentrations, as well as reduced umbilical nutrient uptakes ( ≤ 0.05) in CSH RNAi pregnancies. CSH RNAi also reduced ( ≤ 0.05) uterine nutrient uptakes as well as uteroplacental glucose utilization. These data suggest that CSH is necessary to facilitate adequate blood flow for the uptake of oxygen, oxidative substrates, and hormones essential to support fetal and uterine growth.
Topics: Animals; Blastocyst; Female; Fetal Blood; Fetal Growth Retardation; Fetus; Gestational Age; Glucose; Hemodynamics; Insulin-Like Growth Factor I; Male; Nutrients; Placenta; Placental Lactogen; Pregnancy; RNA Interference; RNA, Small Interfering; Sheep; Signal Transduction; Ultrasonography, Doppler; Uterus
PubMed: 34360913
DOI: 10.3390/ijms22158150 -
International Journal of Molecular... Jul 2021Human placentation differs from that of other mammals. A suite of characteristics is shared with haplorrhine primates, including early development of the embryonic... (Review)
Review
Human placentation differs from that of other mammals. A suite of characteristics is shared with haplorrhine primates, including early development of the embryonic membranes and placental hormones such as chorionic gonadotrophin and placental lactogen. A comparable architecture of the intervillous space is found only in Old World monkeys and apes. The routes of trophoblast invasion and the precise role of extravillous trophoblast in uterine artery transformation is similar in chimpanzee and gorilla. Extended parental care is shared with the great apes, and though human babies are rather helpless at birth, they are well developed (precocial) in other respects. Primates and rodents last shared a common ancestor in the Cretaceous period, and their placentation has evolved independently for some 80 million years. This is reflected in many aspects of their placentation. Some apparent resemblances such as interstitial implantation and placental lactogens are the result of convergent evolution. For rodent models such as the mouse, the differences are compounded by short gestations leading to the delivery of poorly developed (altricial) young.
Topics: Animals; Biological Evolution; Female; Humans; Placenta; Placental Hormones; Placentation; Pregnancy; Primates; Uterine Artery
PubMed: 34360862
DOI: 10.3390/ijms22158099 -
Animal Reproduction May 2020Bovids have enjoyed great evolutionary success as evidenced by the large number of extant species. Several important domestic animals are from this family. They derive...
Bovids have enjoyed great evolutionary success as evidenced by the large number of extant species. Several important domestic animals are from this family. They derive from both subfamilies: cattle and their kin belong to Bovinae and sheep and goats to Antilopinae. The premise of this review, therefore, is that evolution of reproduction and placentation is best understood in a context that includes antelope-like bovines and antelopes. Many key features of placentation, including hormone secretion, had evolved before bovids emerged as a distinct group. Variation nevertheless occurs. Most striking is the difference in fusion of the binucleate trophoblast cell with uterine epithelium that yields a transient trinucleate cell in bovines and many antelopes, but a more persistent syncytium in wildebeest, sheep and goat. There is considerable variation in placentome number and villus branching within the placentome. Many antelopes have right-sided implantation in a bicornuate uterus whilst others have a uterus duplex. Finally, there has been continued evolution of placental hormones with tandem duplication of genes in cattle, differences in glycosylation of placental lactogen and the emergence of placental growth hormone in sheep and goats. The selection pressures driving this evolution are unknown though maternal-fetal competition for nutrients is an attractive hypothesis.
PubMed: 33936288
DOI: 10.21451/1984-3143-AR2018-00145 -
Frontiers in Microbiology 2021(), the etiological agent of Chagas Disease (CD), is transmitted to humans by infected kissing bugs, blood transfusion, organ transplantation, and from mother-to-child....
(), the etiological agent of Chagas Disease (CD), is transmitted to humans by infected kissing bugs, blood transfusion, organ transplantation, and from mother-to-child. Congenital transmission is now considered an important route of CD spread in non-endemic countries where no routine testing of pregnant women for the disease is implemented. The main cellular mechanisms that lead to fetal infection by , despite the presence of a placental barrier, remain unclear. Mother-to-child transmission most likely occurs when bloodstream trypomastigotes reach the placental intervillous space and interact with the large cellular surface provided by the syncytioptrophoblasts. These highly specialized cells not only function as a physical obstacle between mother and fetus, but also modulate immune responses against pathogen infections. To overcome the limitations associated with the use of human fetal tissues, we employed a three-dimensional (3D) cell culture model to recreate the human placenta environment. In this system, the trophoblast-derived JEG-3 cell line is co-cultured with human brain microvascular endothelial cells attached to microcarrier beads in a rotating bioreactor. Here, we report that 3D culture of JEG-3/HBMEC spheroids promote JEG-3 cells differentiation revealed by the formation of syncytia and production of β human chorionic gonadotropin and human placental lactogen (hPL). Under these growth conditions, we demonstrate that 3D-grown JEG-3 cells have reduced susceptibility to infection compared to JEG-3 cells grown in conventional tissue culture flasks. We also show that 3D-cultured JEG-3 cells release paracrine factors in the supernatant that prevent infection of non-trophoblastic cell lines. Our model of vertical transmission may help better understand the molecular processes by which parasites bypass the human placental barrier and could be exploited to evaluate therapeutics to reduce congenital CD.
PubMed: 33746919
DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.626370 -
BMC Women's Health Mar 2021Studies have found an association between obesity and an increased risk for peripartum depression, which has also been linked to decreased placental lactogen levels. In...
BACKGROUND
Studies have found an association between obesity and an increased risk for peripartum depression, which has also been linked to decreased placental lactogen levels. In addition, women with obesity treated for gestational diabetes with insulin were found to have increased levels of placental lactogen. Treatment options exist for perinatal and postpartum depression however they pose a risk to the developing offspring. Thus, prevention as well as markers for early identification of peripartum depression are needed. Therefore, our study objective is to identify the association between insulin treatment in pregnancy and the risk of postpartum psychological distress (abbreviated here as PPD) among cohorts of women with and without obesity.
METHODS
Administrative health data (2002/03-2018/19) were used to identify a cohort of women (age 15+ years) who gave birth (N = 250,746) and had no pre-existing mood/anxiety disorders or diabetes (N = 222,863 excluded). Women were then divided into two groups: lean (N = 17,975) and with obesity (N = 9908), which was identified by a recorded maternal weight of > 38 to < 65.6 kg and ≥ 85 to < 186 kg (respectively). The risk of PPD within one year after delivery with and without insulin treatment was assessed by Poisson regression analysis. Models were adjusted for maternal age group (at pregnancy start date) and area-level income (at delivery).
RESULTS
The unadjusted risk of PPD was higher in the obesity group (8.56%; 95% CI 8.00-9.15) than in the lean group (6.93%; 95% CI 6.56-7.33). When no insulin treatment was given during pregnancy, mothers with obesity had a significantly higher risk of PPD than the lean group (aRR 1.27; 95% CI 1.17-1.39; p < 0.0001). However, when women with obesity and insulin treatment were compared to the lean group with no insulin treatment, no significant difference in the risk of PPD was observed between the groups (aRR 1.30; 95% CI 0.83-2.02; p = 0.248).
CONCLUSION
This is the first study to demonstrate a positive association between insulin treatment in pregnancy among women with obesity and reduced PPD rates, suggesting insulin as a possible preventative measure. However, the biological mechanism behind the observed positive effect of insulin on PPD rates remains to be investigated.
Topics: Adolescent; Depression, Postpartum; Female; Humans; Insulins; Obesity, Maternal; Placenta; Population Health; Postpartum Period; Pregnancy; Psychological Distress; Risk Factors
PubMed: 33743677
DOI: 10.1186/s12905-021-01261-0