-
The New Microbiologica May 2024Acute respiratory tract infection (ARTI) is common in all age groups, especially in children and the elderly. About 85% of children who present with bronchiolitis are...
Acute respiratory tract infection (ARTI) is common in all age groups, especially in children and the elderly. About 85% of children who present with bronchiolitis are infected with respiratory syncytial virus (RSV); however, nearly one-third are coinfected with another respiratory virus, such as human rhinovirus (HRV). Therefore, it is necessary to explore the immune response to coinfection to better understand the molecular and cellular pathways involving virus-virus interactions that might be modulated by innate immunity and additional host cell response mechanisms. This study aims to investigate the host innate immune response against RSV-HRV coinfection compared with monoinfection. Human primary bronchial/tracheal epithelial cells (HPECs) were infected with RSV, HRV, or coinfected with both viruses, and the infected cells were collected at 48 and 72 hours. Gene expression profiles of IL-6, CCL5, TNF-α, IFN-β, IFN-λ1, CXCL10, IL-10, IL-13, IRF3, and IRF7 were investigated using real-time quantitative PCR, which revealed that RSV-infected cells exhibited increased expression of IL-10, whereas HRV infection increased the expression of CXCL10, IL-10, and CCL5. IFN-λ1 and CXCL10 expression was significantly different between the coinfection and monoinfection groups. In conclusion, our study revealed that two important cytokines, IFN-λ1 and CXCL10, exhibited increased expression during coinfection.
Topics: Humans; Rhinovirus; Coinfection; Chemokine CXCL10; Epithelial Cells; Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections; Bronchi; Picornaviridae Infections; Interferons; Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Human; Cells, Cultured; Respiratory Syncytial Viruses; Interferon Lambda; Interleukins
PubMed: 38700885
DOI: No ID Found -
Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses May 2024Traditional surveillance systems may underestimate the burden caused by respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). Capture-recapture methods provide alternatives for estimating...
INTRODUCTION
Traditional surveillance systems may underestimate the burden caused by respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). Capture-recapture methods provide alternatives for estimating the number of RSV-related hospitalizations in a population.
METHODS
Capture-recapture methods were used to estimate the number of RSV-related hospitalizations in adults in Middle Tennessee from two independent hospitalization surveillance systems during consecutive respiratory seasons from 2016-2017 to 2019-2020. Data from the Hospitalized Adult Influenza Vaccine Effectiveness Network (HAIVEN) and the Emerging Infections Program (EIP) were used. Annual RSV hospitalization rates were calculated using the capture-recapture estimates weighted by hospitals' market share divided by the corresponding census population.
RESULTS
Using capture-recapture methods, the estimated overall adult hospitalization rates varied from 8.3 (95% CI: 5.9-15.4) RSV-related hospitalizations per 10,000 persons during the 2016-2017 season to 28.4 (95% CI: 18.2-59.0) hospitalizations per 10,000 persons in the 2019-2020 season. The proportion of hospitalizations that HAIVEN determined ranged from 8.7% to 36.7% of the total capture-recapture estimated hospitalization, whereas EIP detected 23.5% to 52.7% of the total capture-recapture estimated hospitalizations.
CONCLUSION
Capture-recapture estimates showed that individual traditional surveillance systems underestimated the hospitalization burden in adults. Using capture-recapture allows for a more comprehensive estimate of RSV hospitalizations.
Topics: Humans; Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections; Hospitalization; Adult; Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Human; Middle Aged; Tennessee; Young Adult; Aged; Male; Female; Adolescent; Seasons; Cost of Illness
PubMed: 38700006
DOI: 10.1111/irv.13299 -
Biological & Pharmaceutical Bulletin 2024The region-to-region spread of human infectious diseases is considered to be dependent on the human mobility flow (HMF). However, it has been hard to obtain the evidence...
The region-to-region spread of human infectious diseases is considered to be dependent on the human mobility flow (HMF). However, it has been hard to obtain the evidence for this. Since the onset of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic in Japan 2020, the government has enforced countermeasures against COVID-19 nationwide, namely the restriction of personal travelling, universal masking, and hand hygiene. As a result, the spread of acute respiratory infections had been effectively controlled. However, COVID-19 as well as pediatric respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infections were not well-controlled. The region-to-region spread of pediatric RSV infections in 2020-2021 was recognizable unlike those in 2018 and 2019. In this study, we investigated the correlation between the trend of regional reports of the pediatric RSV infections and the HMF based on cellular phone signal data. Upon closer examination of both epidemiological trend and HMF data, the spread of pediatric RSV infection from one region to another was logically explained by HMF, which would serve as the evidence of the dependence of regional transmission on HMF. This is the first solid evidence where this correlation has been clearly observed for the common respiratory infections. While social implementation of infection control measures has successfully suppressed the droplet-mediated respiratory infections, such as influenza, but not the airborne infections, it was suggested that the aerosol transmission and adult asymptomatic carrier were involved in the transmission of RSV akin to COVID-19.
Topics: Humans; Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections; Infant; Japan; COVID-19; Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Human; SARS-CoV-2
PubMed: 38692870
DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b23-00767 -
Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses May 2024Influenza, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), and human metapneumovirus (hMPV) are common respiratory viruses causing similar symptoms. Optimal tools to assess illness...
BACKGROUND
Influenza, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), and human metapneumovirus (hMPV) are common respiratory viruses causing similar symptoms. Optimal tools to assess illness severity for these viruses have not been defined. Using the Hospitalized Acute Respiratory Tract Infection (HARTI) study data, we report symptom severity by clinician-rated clinical severity scores (CSS) in adults with influenza, RSV, or hMPV and correlations between CSS and patient-reported outcomes (PROs).
METHODS
HARTI was a global epidemiologic study in adults hospitalized with acute respiratory tract infections. Patients were assessed at enrollment within 24 h of admission with CSS and twice during hospitalization with CSS, Respiratory Infection Intensity and Impact Questionnaire™ (RiiQ™), and EQ-5D-5L. Data were summarized descriptively, stratified by pathogen and baseline and hospitalization characteristics. Domain (general, upper respiratory, and lower respiratory) and sign/symptom subscores are presented for CSS; sign/symptom subscores are presented for RiiQ™ results.
RESULTS
Data from 635 patients with influenza, 248 with RSV, and 107 with hMPV were included. At enrollment, total CSS and general and lower respiratory signs/symptoms (LRS) scores were higher for RSV and hMPV than influenza. Between-pathogen differences were greatest for LRS scores. Dyspnea, rales/rhonchi, wheezing, and shortness of breath scores trended higher for RSV and hMPV than influenza. RiiQ™ scores for cough, fatigue, and short of breath were strongly correlated with corresponding clinician-rated symptoms.
CONCLUSIONS
These findings support the use of PROs (e.g., the RiiQ™) correlating with clinician assessments to gauge patient well-being and aid patient management by accurately assessing respiratory illness severity due to RSV, hMPV, or influenza.
Topics: Humans; Metapneumovirus; Male; Female; Severity of Illness Index; Respiratory Tract Infections; Middle Aged; Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections; Influenza, Human; Hospitalization; Adult; Paramyxoviridae Infections; Aged; Young Adult; Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Human; Aged, 80 and over; Adolescent
PubMed: 38692663
DOI: 10.1111/irv.13275 -
Annals of Epidemiology Jun 2024Bronchiolitis due to respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the leading cause of hospitalization among American infants. The overall burden of RSV among infants has been...
BACKGROUND
Bronchiolitis due to respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the leading cause of hospitalization among American infants. The overall burden of RSV among infants has been historically under-estimated due to variable testing practices, particularly in the outpatient setting. Universal masking and social distancing implemented during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic altered RSV seasonality, however potential consequences on RSV testing practices across different healthcare settings and sociodemographic groups have not been described. Variable testing practices could also affect accurate assessment of the effects of two recently approved RSV preventative agents targeting infants.
METHODS
Utilizing real-time clinical and viral surveillance, we examined RSV testing practices among infants with bronchiolitis within four United States healthcare systems across different healthcare settings and sociodemographic groups pre- and post-COVID-19.
RESULTS
RSV testing among infants with bronchiolitis increased since 2015 within each healthcare system across all healthcare settings and sociodemographic groups, with a more dramatic increase since the COVID-19 pandemic. Outpatient testing remained disproportionately low compared to hospital-based testing, although there were no major differences in testing frequency among sociodemographic groups in either setting.
CONCLUSIONS
Although RSV testing increased among infants with bronchiolitis, relatively low outpatient testing rates remain a key barrier to accurate RSV surveillance.
Topics: Humans; Infant; Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections; United States; COVID-19; Female; Male; Bronchiolitis; SARS-CoV-2; Hospitalization; Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Human; Infant, Newborn
PubMed: 38685519
DOI: 10.1016/j.annepidem.2024.04.010 -
Journal of Cellular and Molecular... May 2024Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infects neuronal cells in the central nervous system (CNS), resulting in neurological symptoms. In the present study, we intended to...
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infects neuronal cells in the central nervous system (CNS), resulting in neurological symptoms. In the present study, we intended to explore the mechanism of RSV infection-induced neuroinflammatory injury from the perspective of the immune response and sought to identify effective protective measures against the injury. The findings showed that toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) was activated after RSV infection in human neuronal SY5Y cells. Furthermore, TLR4 activation induced autophagy and apoptosis in neuronal cells, promoted the formation of the NOD-like receptor family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome, and increased the secretion of downstream inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interleukin-18 (IL-18) and tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). Interestingly, blockade of TLR4 or treatment with exogenous melatonin significantly suppressed TLR4 activation as well as TLR4-mediated apoptosis, autophagy and immune responses. Therefore, we infer that melatonin may act on the TLR4 to ameliorate RSV-induced neuronal injury, which provides a new therapeutic target for RSV infection.
Topics: Humans; Apoptosis; Autophagy; Cell Line, Tumor; Central Nervous System; Cytokines; Inflammasomes; Melatonin; Neurons; NLR Family, Pyrin Domain-Containing 3 Protein; Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections; Respiratory Syncytial Viruses; Toll-Like Receptor 4
PubMed: 38683122
DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.18338 -
Viruses Mar 2024This study aims to analyze the epidemiological and pathogenic characteristics of an outbreak primarily caused by respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), human rhinovirus...
This study aims to analyze the epidemiological and pathogenic characteristics of an outbreak primarily caused by respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), human rhinovirus (HRV), and human metapneumovirus (HMPV) in a kindergarten and primary school. The outbreak was investigated by field epidemiological investigation, and the common respiratory pathogens were screened by RT-PCR detection technology. The attack rate of this outbreak was 63.95% (110/172). Main symptoms included cough (85.45%), sore throat (60.91%), and sneezing (60.00%). Multifactorial logistic regression analysis revealed that continuous handwashing and mouth and nose covering when sneezing were protective factors. All 15 collected throat swab specimens tested positive for viruses, with HMPV as the predominant pathogen (80.00%), followed by HRV (53.33%), and two cases of positive respiratory syncytial virus (13.33%). Among them, six samples showed coinfections of HMPV and HRV, and one had coinfections of HMPV and RSV, resulting in a coinfection rate of 46.67%. Genetic sequencing indicated that the HMPV genotype in this outbreak was A2c, and the HRV genotype was type A, resulting in a coinfection outbreak of HMPV, HRV, and RSV in schools and kindergartens, suggesting that multi-pathogen surveillance of respiratory tract infections should be strengthened.
Topics: Humans; China; Disease Outbreaks; Coinfection; Male; Child, Preschool; Female; Child; Respiratory Tract Infections; Molecular Epidemiology; Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections; Metapneumovirus; Genotype; Rhinovirus; Phylogeny; Paramyxoviridae Infections; Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Human; Schools
PubMed: 38675883
DOI: 10.3390/v16040540 -
Viruses Mar 2024Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is increasingly recognized as being implicated in acute illness in older adults, with a significant weight in hospitalizations for... (Review)
Review
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is increasingly recognized as being implicated in acute illness in older adults, with a significant weight in hospitalizations for respiratory illness and death. By means of a best-evidence review, this paper aims to investigate whether RSV can be considered a forgotten pathogen in older patients, looking at trends in the literature volume and exploring possible epidemiological and clinical features underlying the focus given to it. We then present an assessment of its disease burden and present and future strategies for its reduction, particularly in light of the recent availability of new vaccines.
Topics: Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Humans; Hospitalization; Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections; Respiratory Syncytial Virus Vaccines; Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Human; Middle Aged
PubMed: 38675874
DOI: 10.3390/v16040531 -
The Lancet. Global Health Jun 2024
Topics: Humans; Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections; China; Seasons; Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Human; Infant
PubMed: 38670133
DOI: 10.1016/S2214-109X(24)00135-9 -
The Lancet. Global Health Jun 2024Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) represents a substantial global health challenge, with a disproportionately high disease burden in low-income and middle-income...
BACKGROUND
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) represents a substantial global health challenge, with a disproportionately high disease burden in low-income and middle-income countries. RSV exhibits seasonality in most areas globally, and a comprehensive understanding of within-country variations in RSV seasonality could help to define the timing of RSV immunisation programmes. This study focused on China, and aimed to describe the geographical distribution of RSV seasonality, identify distinct RSV transmission zones, and evaluate the potential suitability of a seasonal RSV prevention strategy.
METHODS
We did a systematic analysis of RSV seasonality in China, with use of data on RSV activity extracted from a systematic review of studies published on Embase, MEDLINE, Web of Science, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, Wanfang Data, Chongqing VIP Information, and SinoMed, from database inception until May 5, 2023. We included studies of any design in China reporting at least 25 RSV cases, which aggregated RSV case number by calendar month or week at the province level, and with data covering at least 12 consecutive months before the year 2020 (prior to the COVID-19 pandemic). Studies that used only serology for RSV testing were excluded. We also included weekly data on RSV activity from open-access online databases of the Taiwan National Infection Disease Statistics System and Hong Kong Centre for Health Protection, applying the same eligiblity requirements. Across all datasets, we excluded data on RSV activity from Jan 1, 2020, onwards. We estimated RSV seasonal epidemic onset and duration using the annual average percentage (AAP) approach, and summarised seasonality at the provincial level. We used Pearson's partial correlation analysis to assess the correlation between RSV season duration and the latitude and longitude of the individual provinces. To define transmission zones, we used two independent approaches, an infant-passive-immunisation-driven approach (the moving interval approach, 6-month interval) and a data-driven approach (k-means), to identify groups of provinces with similar RSV seasonality. The systematic review was registered on PROSPERO, CRD42022376993.
FINDINGS
A total of 157 studies were included along with the two online datasets, reporting data on 194 596 RSV cases over 442 study-years (covering the period from Jan 1, 1993 to Dec 31, 2019), from 52 sites in 23 provinces. Among 21 provinces with sufficient data (≥100 reported cases), the median duration of RSV seasonal epidemics was 4·6 months (IQR 4·1-5·4), with a significant latitudinal gradient (r=-0·69, p<0·0007), in that provinces on or near the Tropic of Cancer had the longest epidemic duration. We found no correlation between longitude and epidemic duration (r=-0·15, p=0·53). 15 (71%) of 21 provinces had RSV epidemics from November to March. 13 (62%) of 21 provinces had clear RSV seasonality (epidemic duration ≤5 months). The moving interval approach categorised the 21 provinces into four RSV transmission zones. The first zone, consisting of five provinces (Fujian, Guangdong, Hong Kong, Taiwan, and Yunnan), was assessed as unsuitable for seasonal RSV immunisation strategies; the other three zones were considered suitable for seasonal RSV immunisation strategies with the optimal start month varying between September (Hebei), October (Anhui, Chongqing, Henan, Hubei, Jiangsu, Shaanxi, Shandong, Shanghai, Sichuan, and Xinjiang), and November (Beijing, Gansu, Guizhou, Hunan, and Zhejiang). The k-means approach identified two RSV transmission zones, primarily differentiated by whether the province was on or near the Tropic of Cancer (Fujian, Guangdong, Hong Kong, Taiwan, Yunan, and Hunan) or not (the remaining 15 provinces).
INTERPRETATION
Although substantial variations in RSV seasonality were observed across provinces of China, our study identified distinct transmission zones with shared RSV circulating patterns. These findings could have important implications for decision making on RSV passive immunisation strategy. Furthermore, the methodological framework in this study for defining RSV seasons and identifying RSV transmission zones is potentially applicable to other countries or regions.
FUNDING
Nanjing Medical University.
TRANSLATION
For the Chinese translation of the abstract see Supplementary Materials section.
Topics: Humans; Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections; China; Seasons; Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Human
PubMed: 38670132
DOI: 10.1016/S2214-109X(24)00090-1