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Scientific Reports Jun 2024Elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide (eCO) can affect plant growth and physiology, which can, in turn, impact herbivorous insects, including by altering pollen or plant...
Elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide (eCO) can affect plant growth and physiology, which can, in turn, impact herbivorous insects, including by altering pollen or plant tissue nutrition. Previous research suggests that eCO can reduce pollen nutrition in some species, but it is unknown whether this effect is consistent across flowering plant species. We experimentally quantified the effects of eCO across multiple flowering plant species on plant growth in 9 species and pollen chemistry (%N an estimate for protein content and nutrition in 12 species; secondary chemistry in 5 species) in greenhouses. For pollen nutrition, only buckwheat significantly responded to eCO, with %N increasing in eCO; CO treatment did not affect pollen amino acid composition but altered secondary metabolites in buckwheat and sunflower. Plant growth under eCO exhibited two trends across species: plant height was taller in 44% of species and flower number was affected for 63% of species (3 species with fewer and 2 species with more flowers). The remaining growth metrics (leaf number, above-ground biomass, flower size, and flowering initiation) showed divergent, species-specific responses, if any. Our results indicate that future eCO is unlikely to uniformly change pollen chemistry or plant growth across flowering species but may have the potential to alter ecological interactions, or have particularly important effects on specialized pollinators.
Topics: Carbon Dioxide; Pollen; Atmosphere; Species Specificity; Magnoliopsida; Flowers; Plant Development
PubMed: 38877021
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-63967-z -
TAG. Theoretical and Applied Genetics.... Jun 2024The dwarfing allele Rht14 of durum wheat associates with greater stigma length, an important trait for hybrid breeding, whilst major dwarfing alleles Rht-B1b and Rht-D1b...
The dwarfing allele Rht14 of durum wheat associates with greater stigma length, an important trait for hybrid breeding, whilst major dwarfing alleles Rht-B1b and Rht-D1b showed little to no effect. Although much understudied in wheat, the stigma is a crucial component for attaining grain set, the fundamental basis for yield, particularly in hybrid production systems where successful grain set relies on wind-driven pollen dispersal by the male parent and effective pollen capture by the female parent. Females with long stigma that exsert early are thought to be advantageous. Using glasshouse-grown lines, we examined variation in Total Stigma Length (TSL) across diverse panels comprising 27 durum and 116 bread wheat genotypes. Contrasting genotypes were selected for population development and genetic analysis. Quantitative trait loci (QTL) analysis was performed on a durum F population and a bread wheat recombinant inbred line (RIL) population. Contrasting with studies of anther length, we found no large effect on TSL of the GA-insensitive semi-dwarfing genes Rht-B1 and Rht-D1 in either durum or bread wheat. However, in durum cultivar Italo, we identified a region on chromosome 6A which is robustly associated with larger TSL and contains the Rht14 allele for reduced plant height, a trait that is favourable for female line development in hybrid systems. This dual effect locus explained 25.2 and 19.2% of TSL phenotypic variation in experiments across two growing seasons, with preliminary results suggesting this locus may increase TSL when transferred to bread wheat. In a bread wheat, RIL population minor QTL on 1A and 2A was indicated, but the strongest association was with Ppd-B1. Methods developed here, and the identification of a TSL-enhancing locus provides advances and further opportunities in the study of wheat stigma.
Topics: Triticum; Quantitative Trait Loci; Phenotype; Alleles; Flowers; Genotype; Genetic Linkage; Chromosome Mapping; Genes, Plant; Plant Breeding; Bread
PubMed: 38874613
DOI: 10.1007/s00122-024-04663-4 -
Food Science & Nutrition Jun 2024Sausage is susceptible to oxidative changes in lipids and microbial spoilage due to the presence of water, fat, protein, and vitamins. Bee pollen (BP) as a source of...
Sausage is susceptible to oxidative changes in lipids and microbial spoilage due to the presence of water, fat, protein, and vitamins. Bee pollen (BP) as a source of potential antioxidants and antibacterial compounds can effectively prevent lipid peroxidation and microbial spoilage in meat products. The aim of the present study was to investigate the antibacterial and antioxidant activities of BP and the effects of nano/microparticles of bee pollen extract (n/m BP) at a concentration of 125 and 250 mg/100 g meat on the oxidative stability and microbial growth of high-fat sausage during 30 days of storage at 4°C. The formation of BP particles in the nano/micro range was confirmed by scanning electron microscopy. High concentrations of total phenolic compounds (28.26 ± 0.10 mg GAE/g BP) with antioxidant activity (EC = 5.4 ± 0.07 mg/mL) were detected in BP. Based on the microdilution assay, the minimum inhibitory concentration of n/m BP for all test bacteria was 1000 (μg/mL) and the minimum bactericidal concentration of n/m BP was 2000 (μg/mL) for and and 4000 (μg/mL) for and . The n/m BP treatment (250 mg/100 g meat) showed a higher pH value ( < .05) and lower TBARS values ( < .05) than the ascorbic acid treatment (100 mg/100 g meat) and the control during the storage period. The microbial analysis showed that the addition of n/m BP led to a significant decrease ( < .05) in the total bacterial count, coliforms, , and fungal population compared to the other samples. The results show that the addition of n/m BP (125 mg/100 g) can improve the texture, taste, and overall acceptability of the sausage compared to the control sample. In conclusion, this study suggests that BP can replace synthetic antioxidants in high-fat sausages at the nano/microparticle level.
PubMed: 38873449
DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.4086 -
Frontiers in Plant Science 2024The continuously refined genome assembly of the Chinese cabbage accession Chiifu is widely recognized as the reference for . However, the high self-incompatibility of...
The continuously refined genome assembly of the Chinese cabbage accession Chiifu is widely recognized as the reference for . However, the high self-incompatibility of Chiifu limits its broader utilization. In this study, we report the development of self-compatible Chiifu lines through a meticulous marker-assisted selection (MAS) strategy, involving the substitution of the Chiifu allele of () with that from the self-compatible Yellow Sarson (YS). A YS-based marker (SC-MLPK) was employed to screen 841 accessions, confirming that all eight accessions with the () genotype exhibited self-compatibility. Additionally, we designed 131 High-Resolution Melting (HRM) markers evenly distributed across the genome as genomic background selection (GBS) markers to facilitate the introgression of self-compatibility from YS into Chiifu along with SC-MLPK. Genome background screening revealed that the BCS population had a proportion of the recurrent parent genome (PR) ranging from 93.9% to 98.5%. From this population, we identified self-compatible individuals exhibiting a high number of pollen tubes penetrating stigmas (NPT) (>25) and a maximum compatibility index (CI) value of 7.5. Furthermore, we selected two individuals demonstrating significant similarity to Chiifu in both genetic background and morphological appearance, alongside self-compatibility. These selected individuals were self-pollinated to generate two novel lines designated as SC-Chiifu Lines. The development of these self-compatible Chiifu lines, together with the SC-MLPK marker and the set of HRM markers, represents valuable tools for genetics and breeding.
PubMed: 38872891
DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1397018 -
Acta Biotheoretica Jun 2024In angiosperms cytoplasmic DNA is typically passed on maternally through ovules. Genes in the mtDNA may cause male sterility. When male-sterile (female) cytotypes...
In angiosperms cytoplasmic DNA is typically passed on maternally through ovules. Genes in the mtDNA may cause male sterility. When male-sterile (female) cytotypes produce more seeds than cosexuals, they pass on more copies of their mtDNA and will co-occur with cosexuals with a neutral cytotype. Cytoplasmic gynodioecy is a well-known phenomenon in angiosperms, both in wild and crop plants. In some conifer families (e.g. Pinaceae) mitochondria are also maternally inherited. However in some other families (e.g. Taxaceae and Cupressaceae) mtDNA is paternally inherited through the pollen. With paternal mtDNA inheritance, male cytotypes that produce more pollen than cosexuals are expected to co-occur with cosexuals. This is uncharted territory. An ESS model shows that the presence of male cytotypes selects for more female allocation in the cosexual, i.e. for sexual specialisation. An allele that switches sex from male to female can then invade. This leads to rapid loss of the neutral cytotype of the cosexual, fixation of the male cytotype and dioecy with 50% males and 50% females. The models suggest that paternal inheritance of mtDNA facilitates the evolution dioecy. Consistent with this hypothesis the Pinaceae are 100% monoecious, while dioecy is common in the Taxaceae family and in the genus Juniperus (Cupressaceae). However, no reliable data are yet available on both mode of inheritance of mtDNA and gender variation of the same species. When cosexuals benefit from reproductive assurance (high selfing rate, low inbreeding depression, low fertilisation) they maintain themselves next to males and females. This predicted pattern with three sex types present in the same population is observed in conifers in nature.
Topics: DNA, Mitochondrial; Tracheophyta; Paternal Inheritance; Reproduction; Pollen; DNA, Plant
PubMed: 38869631
DOI: 10.1007/s10441-024-09481-1 -
Data in Brief Jun 2024Gas chromatography ion mobility spectrometry (GC-IMS) is a robust and sensitive benchtop technique commonly used for non-target screening of volatile organic compounds....
Gas chromatography ion mobility spectrometry (GC-IMS) is a robust and sensitive benchtop technique commonly used for non-target screening of volatile organic compounds. It has been applied to authenticity analysis by generating characteristic "fingerprints" of food samples, well suited for chemometric data analysis. This dataset contains headspace GC-IMS spectra from 50 monofloral honey samples from three different botanical origins, 18 acacia honeys (), 19 canola honeys () and 18 honeydew honeys (forest flowers). Honeys were sourced from the beekeepers directly or obtained from governmental food inspectors from Baden-Wuerttemberg, Germany. Authenticity was confirmed by pollen analysis in the framework of the official control of foodstuffs. The data was acquired using a setup based on an Agilent 6890N gas chromatograph (Agilent Technologies, Palo Alto, CA) and an OEM Standalone IMS cell from G.A.S Sensorsysteme m. b. H. (Dortmund, Germany). All samples were recorded in duplicates and spectra are presented as raw data in the file format. The dataset is available on Mendeley Data: https://data.mendeley.com/datasets/jxj2r45t2x.
PubMed: 38868389
DOI: 10.1016/j.dib.2024.110532 -
PloS One 2024BRRI31R is one of the Bangladesh's most promising restorer lines due to its abundant pollen producing capacity, strong restoring ability, good combining ability, high...
Pyramiding of bacterial blight resistance genes into promising restorer BRRI31R line through marker-assisted backcross breeding and evaluation of agro-morphological and physiochemical characteristics of developed resistant restorer lines.
BRRI31R is one of the Bangladesh's most promising restorer lines due to its abundant pollen producing capacity, strong restoring ability, good combining ability, high outcrossing rate and genetically diverse from cytoplasmic male sterile (CMS) line. But the drawback of this line is that it is highly susceptible to bacterial blight (BB) disease of rice caused by Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae. The present study highlighted the pyramiding of effective BB resistance genes (xa5, xa13 and Xa21) into the background of BRRI31R, through marker-assisted backcrossing (MABC). Backcross progenies were confirmed and advanced based on the foreground selection of target genes. Pyramided lines were used for pathogenicity test against five Bangladeshi Xanthomonas oryzae (BXo) races (BXo93, BXo220, BXo822, BXo826, BXo887) and confirmed the dominant fertility restore genes, Rf3 and Rf4 and further validated against SNP markers for more confirmation of target resistance genes. All pyramided restorer lines consisted of Xa4 (in built), xa5, xa13, Xa21, and Chalk5 with two fertility restorer genes, Rf3, Rf4. and these restorer lines showed intermediate amylose content (<25%). Restorer lines BRRI31R-MASP3 and BRRI31R-MASP4 showed high levels of resistance against five virulent BXo races and SNP genotyping revealed that these lines also contained a blast resistance gene Pita races. Gene pyramided restorer lines, BRRI31R-MASP3 and BRRI31R-MASP4 can directly be used as a male parent for the development of new BB resistant hybrid rice variety or could be used as a replacement of restorer line of BRRI hybrid dhan5 and 7 to enhance the quality of hybrid seeds as well as rice production in Bangladesh.
Topics: Disease Resistance; Plant Diseases; Xanthomonas; Oryza; Plant Breeding; Genes, Plant; Genetic Markers; Crosses, Genetic
PubMed: 38865348
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0301342 -
Proceedings. Biological Sciences Jun 2024Land use change alters floral resource availability, thereby contributing to declines in important pollinators. However, the severity of land use impact varies by...
Land use change alters floral resource availability, thereby contributing to declines in important pollinators. However, the severity of land use impact varies by species, influenced by factors such as dispersal ability and resource specialization, both of which can correlate with body size. Here. we test whether floral resource availability in the surrounding landscape (the 'matrix') influences bee species' abundance in isolated remnant woodlands, and whether this effect varies with body size. We sampled quantitative flower-visitation networks within woodland remnants and quantified floral energy resources (nectar and pollen calories) available to each bee species both within the woodland and the matrix. Bee abundance in woodland increased with floral energy resources in the surrounding matrix, with strongest effects on larger-bodied species. Our findings suggest important but size-dependent effects of declining matrix floral resources on the persistence of bees in remnant woodlands, highlighting the need to incorporate landscape-level floral resources in conservation planning for pollinators in threatened natural habitats.
Topics: Body Size; Pollination; Population Density; Forests; Energy Metabolism; Bees; Plant Nectar; Biodiversity; Animals
PubMed: 38864334
DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2023.2771 -
Frontiers in Plant Science 2024Garlic cultivars are predominantly characterized by their sterility and reliance on asexual reproduction, which have traditionally prevented the use of hybrid breeding...
Garlic cultivars are predominantly characterized by their sterility and reliance on asexual reproduction, which have traditionally prevented the use of hybrid breeding for cultivar improvement in garlic. Our investigation has revealed a notable exception in the garlic line G398, which demonstrates the ability to produce fertile pollen. Notably, at the seventh stage of anther development, callose degradation in the sterile line G390 was impeded, while G398 exhibited normal callose degradation. Transcriptome profiling revealed an enhanced expression of the callose-degrading gene, , in the mature flower buds of the fertile line G398 compared to the sterile line G390. An insertion in the promoter of in G390 was identified, which led to its reduced expression at the tetrad stage and consequently delayed callose degradation, potentially resulting in the male sterility of G390. A discriminatory marker was developed to distinguish between fertile G398 and sterile G390, facilitating the assessment of male fertility in garlic germplasm resources. This study introduces a practical approach to harnessing garlic hybridization, which can further facilitate the breeding of new cultivars and the creation of novel male-fertile garlic germplasm using modern molecular biology methods.
PubMed: 38863545
DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1419260 -
BMC Plant Biology Jun 2024Cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) has greatly improved the utilization of heterosis in crops due to the absence of functional male gametophyte. The newly developed...
BACKGROUND
Cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) has greatly improved the utilization of heterosis in crops due to the absence of functional male gametophyte. The newly developed sporophytic D1 type CMS (CMS-D1) rice exhibits unique characteristics compared to the well-known sporophytic CMS-WA line, making it a valuable resource for rice breeding.
RESULTS
In this research, a novel CMS-D1 line named Xingye A (XYA) was established, characterized by small, transparent, and shriveled anthers. Histological and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL) assays conducted on anthers from XYA and its maintainer line XYB revealed that male sterility in XYA is a result of delayed degradation of tapetal cells and abnormal programmed cell death (PCD) of microspores. Transcriptome analysis of young panicles revealed that differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in XYA, compared to XYB, were significantly enriched in processes related to chromatin structure and nucleosomes during the microspore mother cell (MMC) stage. Conversely, processes associated with sporopollenin biosynthesis, pollen exine formation, chitinase activity, and pollen wall assembly were enriched during the meiosis stage. Metabolome analysis identified 176 specific differentially accumulated metabolites (DAMs) during the meiosis stage, enriched in pathways such as α-linoleic acid metabolism, flavone and flavonol biosynthesis, and linolenic acid metabolism. Integration of transcriptomic and metabolomic data underscored the jasmonic acid (JA) biosynthesis pathway was significant enriched in XYA during the meiosis stage compared to XYB. Furthermore, levels of JA, MeJA, OPC4, OPDA, and JA-Ile were all higher in XYA than in XYB at the meiosis stage.
CONCLUSIONS
These findings emphasize the involvement of the JA biosynthetic pathway in pollen development in the CMS-D1 line, providing a foundation for further exploration of the molecular mechanisms involved in CMS-D1 sterility.
Topics: Oryza; Pollen; Plant Infertility; Transcriptome; Gene Expression Profiling; Metabolomics; Metabolome; Gene Expression Regulation, Plant; Meiosis
PubMed: 38862889
DOI: 10.1186/s12870-024-05259-2