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The American Journal of Gastroenterology Jun 2024Gut microbiome changes are linked to obesity, but findings are based on stool data. In this article, we analyzed the duodenal microbiome and serum biomarkers in subjects...
INTRODUCTION
Gut microbiome changes are linked to obesity, but findings are based on stool data. In this article, we analyzed the duodenal microbiome and serum biomarkers in subjects with normal weight, overweight, and obesity.
METHODS
Duodenal aspirates and serum samples were obtained from subjects undergoing standard-of-care esophagogastroduodenoscopy without colon preparation. Aspirate DNAs were analyzed by 16S rRNA and shotgun sequencing. Predicted microbial metabolic functions and serum levels of metabolic and inflammatory biomarkers were also assessed.
RESULTS
Subjects with normal weight (N = 105), overweight (N = 67), and obesity (N = 42) were identified. Overweight-specific duodenal microbial features include lower relative abundance (RA) of Bifidobacterium species and Escherichia coli strain K-12 and higher Lactobacillus intestinalis , L. johnsonii , and Prevotella loescheii RA. Obesity-specific features include higher Lactobacillus gasseri RA and lower L. reuteri (subspecies rodentium ), Alloprevotella rava , and Leptotrichia spp RA. Escalation features (progressive changes from normal weight through obesity) include decreasing Bacteroides pyogenes , Staphylococcus hominis , and unknown Faecalibacterium species RA, increasing RA of unknown Lactobacillus and Mycobacterium species, and decreasing microbial potential for biogenic amines metabolism. De-escalation features (direction of change altered in normal to overweight and overweight to obesity) include Lactobacillus acidophilus , L. hominis , L. iners , and Bifidobacterium dentium . An unknown Lactobacillus species is associated with type IIa dyslipidemia and overweight, whereas Alloprevotella rava is associated with type IIb and IV dyslipidemias.
DISCUSSION
Direct analysis of the duodenal microbiome has identified key genera associated with overweight and obesity, including some previously identified in stool, e.g., Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus . Specific species and strains exhibit differing associations with overweight and obesity, including escalation and de-escalation features that may represent targets for future study and therapeutics.
Topics: Humans; Obesity; Female; Male; Overweight; Middle Aged; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Adult; Duodenum; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; Biomarkers; Lactobacillus; Bifidobacterium; Aged
PubMed: 38578969
DOI: 10.14309/ajg.0000000000002790 -
Ear, Nose, & Throat Journal Sep 2023Paragangliomas are rare, slow-growing, hypervascular, catecholamine-secreting neuroendocrine tumors arising from the paraganglia. Paragangliomas are rarely found in the...
Paragangliomas are rare, slow-growing, hypervascular, catecholamine-secreting neuroendocrine tumors arising from the paraganglia. Paragangliomas are rarely found in the head and neck and are typically benign, presenting as a painless, slow-growing mass. Surgical extirpation in combination with long-term surveillance has been long regarded as the standard of care; however, the advances in imaging, radiation therapy, and embolization techniques have improved diagnostic and therapeutic modalities. We present a case of an 87-year-old female who had previously undergone resection of a paraganglioma in 1998, with no evidence of disease in 2002. Eighteen years later, the patient presented to the clinic with otogenic complaints. Imaging showed an expansive mass from the jugular foramen with bone destruction and opacification within the ear canal. The patient opted for observation. The patient eventually presented to the emergency room with neurologic manifestations. Imaging showed a cerebellar abscess prompting emergency drainage. Intraoperative cultures grew and , and the patient was started on 6 weeks of IV antibiotic therapy. Debulking of the paraganglioma was performed followed several months by mastoid and ear canal obliteration; however, the patient experienced complications, including dehiscence of the external auditory canal and infection. The patient was eventually treated successfully, marked by a reduction in complaints, a return to baseline activities, and imaging showing no increase in tumor size.
Topics: Female; Humans; Aged, 80 and over; Paraganglioma; Diagnostic Imaging; Head and Neck Neoplasms; Neck; Mastoid
PubMed: 37551648
DOI: 10.1177/01455613231187762 -
Journal of Indian Society of... 2023is a Gram-negative anaerobic bacilli. The phenotypic characteristics of the various species of are similar, which often makes it difficult in routine differentiation...
Simultaneous detection and evaluation of , and in subgingival plaque samples of chronic periodontitis and healthy individuals through multiplex polymerase chain reaction.
BACKGROUND
is a Gram-negative anaerobic bacilli. The phenotypic characteristics of the various species of are similar, which often makes it difficult in routine differentiation and identification of all the species.
AIM
The purpose of the study was to detect and compare presence of , and in subgingival plaque samples of chronic periodontitis and healthy individuals.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Two hundred and thirty-six subjects were considered consisting of chronic periodontitis (128) and healthy (108) individuals. Subgingival plaque sample was collected in reduced transport fluid and analyzed. DNA extraction and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) were performed for genus followed by positive samples were considered for the detection of selected species through multiplex PCR using specific primers.
RESULTS
Out of 236 samples, 94.1% were positive for genus . Out of 222 cases showed the highest number of cases positive (59.5%) followed by (57.2%), (55.4%), and (40.1%). Species were analyzed individually between chronic periodontitis and healthy, , and showed greater positivity in healthy compared to chronic periodontitis. Positivity for was high in chronic periodontitis compared to healthy.
CONCLUSION
The number of positive cases for species, when correlated with clinical parameters showed an increase in mean score for all clinical parameters assessed, suggesting the presence of variation in the prevalence of species and geographic variation do exist in oral microflora. Findings suggest that they can be normal commensals and opportunistic.
PubMed: 37346862
DOI: 10.4103/jisp.jisp_154_22 -
Pharmaceutics May 2023Alternative methods to reduce infectious diseases caused by bacterial pathogens and their virulence factors, biofilm formations, have arisen to reduce the pressure on...
Alternative methods to reduce infectious diseases caused by bacterial pathogens and their virulence factors, biofilm formations, have arisen to reduce the pressure on existing or currently developed disinfectants and antimicrobial agents. The current strategies for reducing the severity of periodontal pathogen-caused disease by using beneficial bacteria and their metabolites are highly desirable. Probiotic strains of lactobacilli related to foods from Thai-fermented foods were selected and their postbiotic metabolites (PM) were isolated with inhibitory activity on periodontal pathogens and their biofilm formation. The PM from PD18 (PD18 PM) with the highest antagonistic effect against , , and was selected from 139 isolates. The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum biofilm inhibitory concentration (MBIC) values of PD18 PM against the pathogens ranged from 1:2 to 1:4. The PD18 PM demonstrated the ability to prevent the biofilm formation of and by showing a significant reduction in viable cells, high percentages of biofilm inhibition at 92.95 and 89.68%, and the highest effective contact times at 5 and 0.5 min, respectively. PD18 PM showed potential as a promising natural adjunctive agent to inhibit periodontal pathogens and their biofilms.
PubMed: 37242661
DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15051419 -
BioMed Research International 2022The characteristics of the oral microbiota may depend on oral health, age, diet, and geography, but the influence of the geographic setting on the oral microbiota has...
The characteristics of the oral microbiota may depend on oral health, age, diet, and geography, but the influence of the geographic setting on the oral microbiota has received limited attention. The characteristics of oral microbiota have been reported to differ between urban and rural environments. In order to minimize the influence of genetic background, we recruited 54 volunteers from the same ethnic group, living in urban and rural areas of Gansu Province, China. We collected dental plaque samples and divided them into four groups according to the participant's area of residence and dental caries status. We sequenced the 16S rRNA of these samples using the Pacific Biosciences sequencing platform and analyzed the correlation between the geographic area and the characteristics of the oral microbiota. Analysis of the alpha and beta diversity revealed that there were significant differences in diversity and composition of dental plaque microflora among the four groups. Cluster analysis revealed that geographic area played an important role in determining the oral microbiota. Network analysis of oral microorganisms showed that geographic differences had major influence on the composition characteristics and internal structure of oral microorganisms. We found that some dominant strains which may play a key role in maintaining oral health, such as , and , were less affected by the geographic setting. These results provide a deeper understanding of factors influencing the composition of the oral microbiota and could contribute to early diagnosis and effective prevention of dental caries in different settings.
Topics: Dental Caries; Dental Plaque; Ethnicity; Humans; Microbiota; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S
PubMed: 35800217
DOI: 10.1155/2022/6544497 -
Frontiers in Oral Health 2021Periodontitis, a chronic inflammatory oral infection is the outcome of disturbances in the homeostasis of the oral biofilm microbiota. A number of studies have found...
Periodontitis, a chronic inflammatory oral infection is the outcome of disturbances in the homeostasis of the oral biofilm microbiota. A number of studies have found the occurrence of species in elevated levels in periodontitis compared to healthy subjects. Even though different aspects of as part of oral biofilm have been studied, biofilms formed by these species have not been characterized systematically. The objective of this study was to characterize biofilms formed by several species and further to assess biofilm inhibition and detachment of preformed biofilms. Biofilms were grown in 24-well plates containing brucella broth in anaerobic conditions for 3 days, and were quantified using crystal violet staining. Images of SYTO 9 Green fluorescent stained biofilms were captured using confocal microscopy. Biofilm inhibition and detachment by proteinase and DNase I was tested. The biochemical characterization included quantification of proteins and DNA in the biofilms and biofilm-supernatants. and showed highest biofilm formation. formed significantly higher amounts of biofilms than ( = 0.005) and ( = 0.0013). Inhibition of biofilm formation was significant only in the case of when treated with proteinase ( = 0.037), whereas with DNase I treatment, the inhibition was not significant ( = 0.531). Overall, proteinase was more effective in biofilm detachment than DNase I. Protein and DNA content were higher in biofilm than the supernatant with the highest amounts found in biofilm and supernatants. biofilms appeared to secrete large amounts of proteins extracellularly into the biofilm-supernatants. Significant differences among species to form biofilms may imply their variable abilities to get integrated into oral biofilm communities. Of the species that were able to grow as biofilms, DNase I and proteinase inhibited the biofilm growth or were able to cause biofilm detachment.
PubMed: 35048047
DOI: 10.3389/froh.2021.724194 -
Journal of Experimental & Clinical... Jan 2022Immune checkpoint inhibitor-related cardiotoxicity is one of the most lethal adverse effects, and thus, the identification of underlying mechanisms for developing...
BACKGROUND
Immune checkpoint inhibitor-related cardiotoxicity is one of the most lethal adverse effects, and thus, the identification of underlying mechanisms for developing strategies to overcome it has clinical importance. This study aimed to investigate whether microbiota-host interactions contribute to PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitor-related cardiotoxicity.
METHODS
A mouse model of immune checkpoint inhibitor-related cardiotoxicity was constructed by PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitor BMS-1 (5 and 10 mg/kg), and cardiomyocyte apoptosis and cardiotoxicity were determined by hematoxylin and eosin, Masson's trichome and TUNEL assays. 16S rRNA sequencing was used to define the gut microbiota composition. Gut microbiota metabolites short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) were determined by HPLC. The serum levels of myocardial enzymes (creatine kinase, aspartate transaminase, creatine kinase-MB and lactate dehydrogenase) and the production of M1 factors (TNF-α and IL-1β) were measured by ELISA. The colonic macrophage phenotype was measured by mmunofluorescence and qPCR. The expression of Claudin-1, Occludin, ZO-1 and p-p65 was measured by western blot. The gene expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα) and cytochrome P450 (CYP) 4X1 was determined using qPCR. Statistical analyses were performed using Student's t-test for two-group comparisons, and one-way ANOVA followed by Student-Newman-Keul test for multiple-group comparisons.
RESULTS
We observed intestinal barrier injury and gut microbiota dysbiosis characterized by Prevotellaceae and Rikenellaceae genus depletion and Escherichia-Shigella and Ruminococcaceae genus enrichment, accompanied by low butyrate production and M1-like polarization of colonic macrophages in BMS-1 (5 and 10 mg/kg)-induced cardiotoxicity. Fecal microbiota transplantation mirrored the effect of BMS-1 on cardiomyocyte apoptosis and cardiotoxicity, while macrophage depletion and neutralization of TNF-α and IL-1β greatly attenuated BMS-1-induced cardiotoxicity. Importantly, Prevotella loescheii recolonization and butyrate supplementation alleviated PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitor-related cardiotoxicity. Mechanistically, gut microbiota dysbiosis promoted M1-like polarization of colonic macrophages and the production of proinflammatory factors TNF-α and IL-1β through downregulation of PPARα-CYP4X1 axis.
CONCLUSIONS
Intestinal barrier dysfunction amplifies PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitor-related cardiotoxicity by upregulating proinflammatory factors TNF-α and IL-1β in colonic macrophages via downregulation of butyrate-PPARα-CYP4X1 axis. Thus, targeting gut microbiota to polarize colonic macrophages away from the M1-like phenotype could provide a potential therapeutic strategy for PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitor-related cardiotoxicity.
Topics: Animals; Butyrates; Cardiotoxicity; Colon; Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System; Disease Models, Animal; Fecal Microbiota Transplantation; Humans; Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors; Macrophages; Male; Mice; Transfection
PubMed: 34980222
DOI: 10.1186/s13046-021-02201-4 -
IDCases 2020Brain abscess (BA) is a rare and life-threatening disease which remains to be a challenge for physicians despite recent advances in both the diagnosis and treatment...
OBJECTIVES
Brain abscess (BA) is a rare and life-threatening disease which remains to be a challenge for physicians despite recent advances in both the diagnosis and treatment strategies. Appropriate management of brain abscesses requires a combined surgical and medical approach to prevent associated life-threatening complications. In clinical practice, new diagnostic techniques, such as metagenomic next-generation sequencing (mNGS) and quantitative electroencephalogram (qEEG), can help physicians identify the causative pathogens of brain abscesses in order to provide early pathogen-targeted therapy.
CLINICAL PRESENTATION
Here, we report a case of a 27-year-old Chinese woman with a Prevotella loescheii brain abscess into ventricular system. The diagnosis of the causative pathogen was identified by mNGS of abscess drainage fluid, leading to precise and targeted antimicrobial therapy and successful management of the abscess. We, therefor, avoided devastating consequences of the intraventricular rupture of the brain abscess.
CONCLUSION
Appropriate management of BA requires a combination of both surgical and medical approaches. The increasing availability of molecular diagnostic techniques, such as the mNGS that is used to elucidate the microbial composition of the abscesses for definitive diagnosis, is likely to drive the future development of optimal treatment strategies for BA.
PubMed: 32337158
DOI: 10.1016/j.idcr.2020.e00758 -
Veterinary Microbiology May 2017Periodontitis is a polymicrobial infectious disease that causes occlusion change, tooth loss, difficulty in rumination, and premature culling of animals. This study...
Periodontitis is a polymicrobial infectious disease that causes occlusion change, tooth loss, difficulty in rumination, and premature culling of animals. This study aimed to detect species of the genera Porphyromonas and Prevotella present in the periodontal pocket of sheep with lesions deeper than 5mm (n=14) and in the gingival sulcus of animals considered periodontally healthy (n=20). The presence of microorganisms was evaluated by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using specific primers for Porphyromonas asaccharolytica, Porphyromonas endodontalis, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Porphyromonas gulae, Prevotella buccae, Prevotella intermedia, Prevotella loescheii, Prevotella melaninogenica, Prevotella nigrescens, Prevotella oralis, and Prevotella tannerae. Prevalence and risk analysis were performed using Student's t-test and Spearman's correlation. Among the Prevotella and Porphyromonas species detected in the periodontal lesions of sheep, P. melaninogenica (85.7%), P. buccae (64.3%), P. gingivalis (50%), and P. endodontalis (50%) were most prevalent. P. gingivalis (15%) and P. oralis (10%) prevailed in the gingival sulcus. P. gulae and P. tannerae were not detected in the 34 samples studied. Data evaluation by t-test verified that occurrence of P. asaccharolytica, P. endodontalis, P. gingivalis, P. buccae, P. intermedia, P. melalinogenica, and P. nigrescens correlated with sheep periodontitis. The findings of this study will be an important contribution to research on pathogenesis of sheep periodontitis and development of its control measures.
Topics: Animals; Bacteria, Anaerobic; Biofilms; Periodontal Pocket; Periodontitis; Polymerase Chain Reaction; Porphyromonas; Prevotella; Sheep; Sheep Diseases
PubMed: 28619155
DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2017.03.032 -
Journal of Dairy Science Feb 2015The objective of this experiment was to test the effect of a Met analog, 2-hydroxy-4-methylthio-butanoic acid (HMTBa), on ruminal fermentation and microbial protein...
The objective of this experiment was to test the effect of a Met analog, 2-hydroxy-4-methylthio-butanoic acid (HMTBa), on ruminal fermentation and microbial protein synthesis, nutrient digestibility, urinary N losses, and performance of dairy cows. Eight multiparous lactating Holstein dairy cows were assigned to 4 levels of HMTBa [0 (control), 0.05, 0.10, and 0.15% (dry matter basis)] in a replicated 4×4 Latin square trial. Experimental periods were 28 d, including 21 d for adaptation. Ruminal ammonia and microbial N were labeled through a 6-d intraruminal infusion of (15)NH4Cl, and microbial protein synthesis in the rumen was estimated using the reticular sampling technique. Treatment had no effect on dry matter intake (28.4 to 29.8kg/d), milk yield (44.1 to 45.3kg/d), feed efficiency, and milk composition. Total-tract apparent digestibility of nutrients was generally not affected by treatment, except digestibility of crude protein and starch decreased quadratically with HMTBa supplementation. Fecal, but not urinary, and total excreta N losses were increased quadratically by HMTBa. Ruminal pH, ammonia concentration, protozoal counts, and the major volatile fatty acids were not affected by treatment. Microbial N outflow from the rumen was linearly increased by HMTBa. 2-Hydroxy-4-methylthio-butanoic acid linearly increased the proportion of Fecalibacterium and quadratically decreased the proportion of Eubacterium in ruminal contents. Of the individual bacterial species, HMTBa increased or tended to increase Prevotella loescheii and Prevotella oralis. 2-Hydroxy-4-methylthio-butanoic acid linearly increased the concentration (and yield) of 15:0 in milk fat. In the conditions of this crossover experiment, HMTBa had no effect on feed intake and performance of dairy cows, decreased dietary crude protein digestibility, and increased microbial N outflow from the rumen.
Topics: Ammonia; Animals; Bacteria; Butyric Acid; Cattle; Dietary Proteins; Dietary Supplements; Digestion; Fats; Fatty Acids; Fatty Acids, Volatile; Female; Fermentation; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Lactation; Methionine; Milk; Nitrogen; Rumen
PubMed: 25434334
DOI: 10.3168/jds.2014-8904