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Foods (Basel, Switzerland) Mar 2024The term Conjugated Linoleic Acid (CLA) refers generically to a class of positional and geometric conjugated dienoic isomers of linoleic acid. Among the isomers of... (Review)
Review
The term Conjugated Linoleic Acid (CLA) refers generically to a class of positional and geometric conjugated dienoic isomers of linoleic acid. Among the isomers of linoleic acid , 11-CLA (9, 11-CLA) and 10, 12-CLA (10, 12-CLA) are found to be biologically active isomers, and they occur naturally in milk, dairy products and meat from ruminants. In addition, some vegetables and some seafoods have also been reported to contain CLA. Although the CLA levels in these natural sources are insufficient to confer the essential health benefits, anti-carcinogenic or anti-cancer effects are of current interest. In the rumen, CLA is an intermediate of isomerization and the biohydrogenation process of linoleic acid to stearic acid conducted by ruminal microorganisms. In addition to rumen bacteria, some other bacteria, such as , and some lactic acid bacteria (LAB) are also capable of producing CLA. In this regard, (formerly ) has demonstrated the ability to produce CLA isomers from linoleic acid by multiple enzymatic activities, including hydration, dehydration, and isomerization. is one of the most versatile species of LAB and the bacterium is widely used in the food industry as a microbial food culture. Thus, in this review we critically analyzed the literature produced in the last ten years with the aim to highlight the potentiality as well as the optimal conditions for CLA production by Evidence was provided suggesting that the use of appropriate strains of , as a starter or additional culture in the production of some fermented foods, can be considered a critical factor in the design of new CLA-enriched functional foods.
PubMed: 38611281
DOI: 10.3390/foods13070975 -
Polymers Apr 2024Currently, the application of solvent exchange-induced in situ gel is underway for drug delivery to the body target site. Nitrocellulose was attempted in this research...
Currently, the application of solvent exchange-induced in situ gel is underway for drug delivery to the body target site. Nitrocellulose was attempted in this research as the matrix-forming agent in solvent exchange-induced in situ gel for acne and periodontitis treatments. The gel incorporated a combination of 1% / levofloxacin HCl and 2% / salicylic acid as the active compounds. In order to facilitate formulation development, the study explored the matrix-forming behavior of different concentrations of nitrocellulose in -methyl pyrrolidone (NMP). Consequently, their physicochemical properties and matrix-forming behavior, as well as antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory activities, were evaluated using the agar cup diffusion method and thermal inhibition of protein denaturation in the egg albumin technique, respectively. All prepared formulations presented as clear solutions with Newtonian flow. Their contact angles on agarose gel were higher than on a glass slide due to matrix formation upon exposure to the aqueous phase of agarose, with an angle of less than 60° indicating good spreadability. Nitrocellulose concentrations exceeding 20% initiated stable opaque matrix formation upon contact with phosphate buffer pH 6.8. The high hardness and remaining force of the transformed gel indicated their robustness after solvent exchange. Fluorescence tracking using sodium fluorescein and Nile red confirmed the retardation of NMP and water diffusion by the nitrocellulose matrix. From the Franz cell permeation study, these drugs could permeate through neonate porcine skin and tissue of porcine buccal from the nitrocellulose in situ forming gel. Their accumulation in these tissues might enable the inhibition of the invading bacterial pathogens. The developed in situ gels effectively inhibited , , , and . Furthermore, the formulations demonstrated an anti-inflammatory effect. The low viscosity of LvSa25Nc makes it appropriate for injectable treatments targeting periodontitis, while the higher viscosity of LvSa40Nc renders it appropriate for topical applications in acne treatment. Therefore, the nitrocellulose in situ gel loaded with combined levofloxacin HCl and salicylic acid emerges as a promising dosage form for treating acne and periodontitis.
PubMed: 38611247
DOI: 10.3390/polym16070989 -
Genome Biology Apr 2024Unraveling bacterial gene function drives progress in various areas, such as food production, pharmacology, and ecology. While omics technologies capture...
Unraveling bacterial gene function drives progress in various areas, such as food production, pharmacology, and ecology. While omics technologies capture high-dimensional phenotypic data, linking them to genomic data is challenging, leaving 40-60% of bacterial genes undescribed. To address this bottleneck, we introduce Scoary2, an ultra-fast microbial genome-wide association studies (mGWAS) software. With its data exploration app and improved performance, Scoary2 is the first tool to enable the study of large phenotypic datasets using mGWAS. As proof of concept, we explore the metabolome of yogurts, each produced with a different Propionibacterium reichii strain and discover two genes affecting carnitine metabolism.
Topics: Genome-Wide Association Study; Multiomics; Phenotype; Genes, Bacterial; Genomics
PubMed: 38605417
DOI: 10.1186/s13059-024-03233-7 -
Frontiers in Microbiology 2024Atopic dermatitis (AD) is one of the most common inflammatory skin diseases. Skin microecological imbalance is an important factor in the pathogenesis of AD, but the...
INTRODUCTION
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is one of the most common inflammatory skin diseases. Skin microecological imbalance is an important factor in the pathogenesis of AD, but the underlying mechanism of its interaction with humans remains unclear.
METHODS
16S rRNA gene sequencing was conducted to reveal the skin microbiota dynamics. Changes in skin metabolites were tracked by LC-MS metabolomics. We then explored the potential mechanism of interaction by analyzing the correlation between skin bacterial communities and metabolites in corresponding skin-associated samples.
RESULTS
Samples from 18 AD patients and 18 healthy volunteers (HVs) were subjected to 16S rRNA gene sequencing and LC-MS metabolomics. AD patients had dysbiosis of the skin bacterial community with decreased species richness and evenness. The relative abundance of the genus increased significantly in AD, while the abundances of the genera and decreased significantly. The relative abundance of the genera in healthy females was significantly higher than those in healthy males, while it showed no difference in AD patients with or without lesions. The effects of AD status, sex and the presence or absence of rashes on the number of differentially abundant metabolites were successively reduced. Multiple metabolites involved in purine metabolism and phenylalanine metabolism pathways (such as xanthosine/xanthine and L-phenylalanine/trans-cinnamate) were increased in AD patients. These trends were much more obvious between female AD patients and female HVs. Spearman correlation analysis revealed that the genus was positively correlated with various compounds involved in phenylalanine metabolism and purine metabolic pathways. The genera and were negatively correlated with various compounds involved in purine metabolism, phenylalanine metabolism and sphingolipid signaling pathways.
DISCUSSION
We suggest that purine metabolism and phenylalanine metabolism pathway disorders may play a certain role in the pathogenic mechanism of in AD. We also found that females are more likely to be colonized by the genus than males. Differentially abundant metabolites involved in purine metabolism and phenylalanine metabolism pathways were more obvious in female. However, we should notice that the metabolites we detected do not necessarily derived from microbes, they may also origin from the host.
PubMed: 38559353
DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1349674 -
Microorganisms Mar 2024Among epithelial ovarian cancer, clear cell carcinoma is common for chemo-resistance and high mortality. This cancer arises from benign ovarian endometrioma (OE), which...
Among epithelial ovarian cancer, clear cell carcinoma is common for chemo-resistance and high mortality. This cancer arises from benign ovarian endometrioma (OE), which is a high oxidative stress environment due to the cystic retention of menstrual blood produced during menstruation and the "iron" liberated from the cyst. There has been strong evidence that the iron concentration in OE decreases when they become cancerous. A decrease in iron concentration is a necessary condition for the formation of cancer. However, the mechanism of carcinogenesis is not yet clear. In the current study, the bacterial flora in endometriosis-associated ovarian cancer (EAOC), including clear cell carcinoma, and their origin, OE, were investigated using next-generation sequencing. The Shannon index in the genus level was significantly higher in EAOC than in OE fluids. Among several bacterial flora that were more abundant than benign chocolate cysts, a number of bacterial species that correlate very well with iron concentrations in the cysts were identified. These bacterial species are likely to be associated with decreased iron concentrations and cancer development.
PubMed: 38543589
DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12030538 -
Microbial Cell Factories Mar 2024Propionic acid fermentation from renewable feedstock suffers from low volumetric productivity and final product concentration, which limits the industrial feasibility of...
High cell density sequential batch fermentation for enhanced propionic acid production from glucose and glycerol/glucose mixture using Acidipropionibacterium acidipropionici.
BACKGROUND
Propionic acid fermentation from renewable feedstock suffers from low volumetric productivity and final product concentration, which limits the industrial feasibility of the microbial route. High cell density fermentation techniques overcome these limitations. Here, propionic acid (PA) production from glucose and a crude glycerol/glucose mixture was evaluated using Acidipropionibacterium acidipropionici, in high cell density (HCD) batch fermentations with cell recycle. The agro-industrial by-product, heat-treated potato juice, was used as N-source.
RESULTS
Using 40 g/L glucose for nine consecutive batches yielded an average of 18.76 ± 1.34 g/L of PA per batch (0.59 g/g) at a maximum rate of 1.15 g/L.h, and a maximum biomass of 39.89 g/L. Succinic acid (SA) and acetic acid (AA) were obtained as major by-products and the mass ratio of PA:SA:AA was 100:23:25. When a crude glycerol/glucose mixture (60 g/L:30 g/L) was used for 6 consecutive batches with cell recycle, an average of 35.36 ± 2.17 g/L of PA was obtained per batch (0.51 g/g) at a maximum rate of 0.35 g/L.h, and reaching a maximum biomass concentration of 12.66 g/L. The PA:SA:AA mass ratio was 100:29:3. Further addition of 0.75 mg/L biotin as a supplement to the culture medium enhanced the cell growth reaching 21.89 g/L, and PA productivity to 0.48 g/L.h, but also doubled AA concentration.
CONCLUSION
This is the highest reported productivity from glycerol/glucose co-fermentation where majority of the culture medium components comprised industrial by-products (crude glycerol and HTPJ). HCD batch fermentations with cell recycling are promising approaches towards industrialization of the bioprocess.
Topics: Fermentation; Glycerol; Glucose; Acetic Acid; Propionibacterium; Propionates; Propionibacteriaceae
PubMed: 38532467
DOI: 10.1186/s12934-024-02366-5 -
Frontiers in Microbiology 2024[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1065386.].
[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1065386.].
PubMed: 38525082
DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1390825 -
JDS Communications Mar 2024The objectives were to evaluate the effects of a 4-strain direct-fed microbial (DFM) on gastrointestinal tract (GIT) permeability and inflammation during feed...
The objectives were to evaluate the effects of a 4-strain direct-fed microbial (DFM) on gastrointestinal tract (GIT) permeability and inflammation during feed restriction (FR) in heifers. Holstein heifers (n = 32; mean ± standard deviation; 295 ± 25 kg body weight; 287 ± 17 d of age) were used in an experiment conducted in 2 replicates (16/replicate). Heifers were randomly assigned to 1 of 2 top-dressed dietary treatments: (1) control (CON; 10 g/d dried lactose; n = 16) or (2) DFM containing a commercial blend of , , , and at 11.8 × 10 cfu/d (PRO; 10 g/d 4-strain DFM; n = 16). The trial consisted of 2 experimental periods (P): P1 (14 d) served as baseline for P2 (5 d), when all heifers were restricted to 40% of their P1 dry matter intake (DMI). On P1 d 12 and P2 d 2 and 5, GIT permeability was evaluated using oral chromium (Cr)-EDTA. By design, FR decreased DMI (60%) and body weight (∼18 kg) in all heifers. Regardless of treatment, during FR, all heifers had decreased circulating glucose, β-hydroxybutyrate, insulin, and l-lactate (4, 14, 45, and 19%, respectively), but increased nonesterified fatty acids, serum amyloid A, and haptoglobin (3.0-, 1.7-, and 5.0-fold, respectively). Circulating white blood cells, neutrophils, lymphocytes, and basophils decreased (4, 7, 5, and 6%, respectively), whereas eosinophils increased (41%) during P2 irrespective of dietary treatment. Circulating IFN-γ inducible protein-10 increased (23%) during FR compared with P1 regardless of treatment. Plasma Cr area under the curve increased in all heifers on d 2 and 5 (10 and 14%, respectively) of P2 relative to P1, but this was unaltered by dietary treatment. In summary, FR compromised GIT barrier function and stimulated an inflammatory response, but this did not appear to be ameliorated by PRO.
PubMed: 38482117
DOI: 10.3168/jdsc.2023-0402 -
Metabolic Engineering May 2024Cheese taste and flavour properties result from complex metabolic processes occurring in microbial communities. A deeper understanding of such mechanisms makes it...
Cheese taste and flavour properties result from complex metabolic processes occurring in microbial communities. A deeper understanding of such mechanisms makes it possible to improve both industrial production processes and end-product quality through the design of microbial consortia. In this work, we caracterise the metabolism of a three-species community consisting of Lactococcus lactis, Lactobacillus plantarum and Propionibacterium freudenreichii during a seven-week cheese production process. Using genome-scale metabolic models and omics data integration, we modeled and calibrated individual dynamics using monoculture experiments, and coupled these models to capture the metabolism of the community. This model accurately predicts the dynamics of the community, enlightening the contribution of each microbial species to organoleptic compound production. Further metabolic exploration revealed additional possible interactions between the bacterial species. This work provides a methodological framework for the prediction of community-wide metabolism and highlights the added value of dynamic metabolic modeling for the comprehension of fermented food processes.
Topics: Cheese; Models, Biological; Lactococcus lactis; Lactobacillus plantarum; Propionibacterium freudenreichii
PubMed: 38460783
DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2024.02.014 -
Narra J Aug 2023Halitosis is caused by a bacterial proteolytic process that induces the production of volatile sulfur compounds, odor-causing gases. The aim of this study was to...
Halitosis is caused by a bacterial proteolytic process that induces the production of volatile sulfur compounds, odor-causing gases. The aim of this study was to determine the clinical oral hygiene state and oral microbiome pattern of halitosis patients with periodontitis and gingivitis. The oral hygiene state of halitosis patients with periodontitis and gingivitis was assessed using the oral hygiene index simplified (OHI-S), decay missing filled teeth (DMFT), and tongue biofilm. The dorsum of the tongue and subgingival swabs were cultured for bacteria, and bacterial morphology was evaluated using Gram staining. Evaluation of the bacterial genus using the Bergey's systematic bacteriology diagram as a guide. A total of ten patients with periodontitis and gingivitis were included. Our data indicated that the scores of OHI-S and DMFT were different significantly between halitosis patients with periodontitis and gingivitis (both had <0.001) while tongue biofilm score was not different between groups. On the dorsum of the tongue, periodontitis patients had a significant higher oral microbiome population (85.65x10 CFU/mL) compared to those with gingivitis (0.047x10 CFU/mL) with =0.002. In contrast, the number of microbiomes in the subgingival had no significant different between periodontitis and gingivitis. On the dorsum of the tongue, six bacterial genera were isolated from periodontitis cases and seven genera were detected from gingivitis patients. On subgingival, 10 and 15 genera were identified from periodontitis and gingivitis, respectively. Fusobacterium, Propionibacterium, Eubacterium and Lactobacillus were the most prevalent among periodontitis cases while Porphyromonas was the most prevalent in gingivitis patients. In conclusion, although OHI-S and DMFT are different between periodontitis and gingivitis, overlapping of bacterial genera was detected between periodontitis and gingivitis cases.
PubMed: 38454982
DOI: 10.52225/narra.v3i2.163