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Annals of Clinical Microbiology and... May 2024Proteus mirabilis is a significant nosocomial pathogen that is frequently associated with a wide range of infections, necessitating heightened attention to mitigate...
BACKGROUND
Proteus mirabilis is a significant nosocomial pathogen that is frequently associated with a wide range of infections, necessitating heightened attention to mitigate potential health risks. Hence, this study was performed to investigate the impact of sub-minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of ciprofloxacin (CIP) on Proteus mirabilis clinical isolates.
METHODS
The sub-MICs of CIP were selected using the growth curve approach. The untreated and treated isolates with sub-MICs of CIP were assessed for their biofilm development, motilities on agar, and other virulence factors. The cell morphology of untreated and treated isolates with sub-MIC of CIP was explored using electron microscope. Moreover, the expression levels of the virulence genes in isolates were measured using quantitative real-time PCR.
RESULTS
Data revealed that sub-MICs of CIP significantly (p < 0.05), in a concentration-dependent manner, inhibited biofilm formation and other virulence factors in the selected isolates. Electron microscope analysis showed cell enlargement and various abnormalities in the cell wall and membrane integrity.
CONCLUSION
Sub-MICs of CIP exhibited inhibition of virulence and alterations in morphological integrity against P. mirabilis isolates.
Topics: Proteus mirabilis; Ciprofloxacin; Biofilms; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Humans; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Proteus Infections; Virulence Factors; Virulence
PubMed: 38802894
DOI: 10.1186/s12941-024-00704-4 -
Pharmaceutics May 2024is a fern documented in ethnobotanical records for its use in Mexican traditional medicine to treat gastric disorders and mouth ulcers. Consequently, conducting...
is a fern documented in ethnobotanical records for its use in Mexican traditional medicine to treat gastric disorders and mouth ulcers. Consequently, conducting biological and pharmacological assays is crucial to validate the therapeutic efficacy of this plant within the context of traditional medicine. In the present study, we investigated the biological activity of extracts and fractions obtained from organs against bacteria (, , , , , , and using in vitro models. The precipitate fraction obtained from the frond methanolic extract showed significant antibacterial activity (minimal inhibitory concentration [MIC] 120 µg/mL) against the strain and was effective against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. The hexane fraction also obtained from frond methanolic extract, showed a trichomonacidal effect with an IC of 82.8 μg/mL and a low cytotoxic effect. Hsf6 exhibited the highest activity against , and the GC-MS analysis revealed that the predominant compound was 16-pregnenolone. The remaining identified compounds were primarily terpene-type compounds.
PubMed: 38794287
DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16050624 -
Annals of Clinical Microbiology and... May 2024Proteus mirabilis is an opportunistic pathogen that has been held responsible for numerous nosocomial and community-acquired infections which are difficult to be...
BACKGROUND
Proteus mirabilis is an opportunistic pathogen that has been held responsible for numerous nosocomial and community-acquired infections which are difficult to be controlled because of its diverse antimicrobial resistance mechanisms.
METHODS
Antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of P. mirabilis isolates collected from different clinical sources in Mansoura University Hospitals, Egypt was determined. Moreover, the underlying resistance mechanisms and genetic relatedness between isolates were investigated.
RESULTS
Antimicrobial susceptibility testing indicated elevated levels of resistance to different classes of antimicrobials among the tested P. mirabilis clinical isolates (n = 66). ERIC-PCR showed great diversity among the tested isolates. Six isolates (9.1%) were XDR while all the remaining isolates were MDR. ESBLs and AmpCs were detected in 57.6% and 21.2% of the isolates, respectively, where bla, bla, bla, bla and bla were detected. Carbapenemases and MBLs were detected in 10.6 and 9.1% of the isolates, respectively, where bla and bla genes were detected. Quinolone resistant isolates (75.8%) harbored acc(6')-Ib-cr, qnrD, qnrA, and qnrS genes. Resistance to aminoglycosides, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and chloramphenicol exceeded 80%. Fosfomycin was the most active drug against the tested isolates as only 22.7% were resistant. Class I or II integrons were detected in 86.4% of the isolates. Among class I integron positive isolates, four different gene cassette arrays (dfrA17- aadA5, aadB-aadA2, aadA2-lnuF, and dfrA14-arr-3-bla-aadA15) and two gene cassettes (dfrA7 and aadA1) were detected. While class II integron positive isolates carried four different gene cassette arrays (dfrA1-sat1-aadA1, estXVr-sat2-aadA1, lnuF- dfrA1-aadA1, and dfrA1-sat2).
CONCLUSION
P. Mirabilis ability to acquire resistance determinants via integrons may be held responsible for the elevated rates of antimicrobial resistance and emergence of XDR or even PDR strains limiting the available therapeutic options for management of infections caused by those strains.
Topics: Egypt; Humans; Proteus mirabilis; Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial; Proteus Infections; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Prevalence; beta-Lactamases; Integrons; Bacterial Proteins; Cross Infection; Male
PubMed: 38790053
DOI: 10.1186/s12941-024-00705-3 -
Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) May 2024Multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria of the utmost importance are extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) and carbapenemase-producing Enterobacterales (CRE),...
Multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria of the utmost importance are extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) and carbapenemase-producing Enterobacterales (CRE), carbapenem-resistant (CRAB), carbapenem-resistant (CRPA), methicillin-resistant (MRSA) and vancomycin-resistant spp. (VRE). In this study, an evaluation of MDR bacteria in surgical intensive care units in a tertiary referral hospital was conducted. The study aimed to characterize β-lactamases and other resistance traits of Gram-negative bacteria isolated in surgical intensive care units (ICUs). Disk diffusion and the broth dilution method were used for antibiotic susceptibility testing, whereas ESBL screening was performed through a double disk synergy test and an inhibitor-based test with clavulanic acid. A total of 119 MDR bacterial isolates were analysed. ESBL production was observed in half of the , 90% of the and all of the and isolates. OXA-48 carbapenemase, carried by the L plasmid, was detected in 34 and one and complex isolates, whereas NDM occurred sporadically and was identified in three isolates. OXA-48 positive isolates coharboured ESBLs belonging to the CTX-M family in all but one isolate. OXA-23 carbapenemase was confirmed in all isolates. The findings of this study provide valuable insight of resistance determinants of Enterobacterales and which will enhance surveillance and intervention strategies that are necessary to curb the ever-growing carbapenem resistance rates.
PubMed: 38787264
DOI: 10.3390/pathogens13050411 -
BMC Complementary Medicine and Therapies May 2024Medicinal plants play a major role in the delivery of healthcare, particularly among the rural population of Ethiopia. Plant extracts and their bioactive compounds have...
BACKGROUND
Medicinal plants play a major role in the delivery of healthcare, particularly among the rural population of Ethiopia. Plant extracts and their bioactive compounds have been utilized for the treatment of several diseases. This study was aimed at evaluating the antibacterial activity, antioxidant capacity, and phytochemical content of selected medicinal plants used in Dibatie district, western Ethiopia.
METHODS
Study plants were collected, shade dried, pulverized, extracted by maceration in 80% ethanol, and subjected to antibacterial, antioxidant, and phytochemical tests. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined using 96-well microplates and nutrient broth microdilution. Antioxidant activity was evaluated using the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging assay. Phytochemical screening was conducted using standard test methods.
RESULTS
The ethanolic extract of Polystachya steudneri Rchb.f. pseudobulbs was the most active against gram-negative Proteus mirabilis, Salmonella typhimurium, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, and Shigella flexneri, with MIC values of 8 ± 0, 11 ± 5, 3 ± 1, 3 ± 1, and 2 ± 0 mg/mL, respectively. The ethanolic extract of P. steudneri was also the most effective against gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Streptococcus agalactiae, and Enterococcus faecalis, with MIC values of 8 ± 0, 8 ± 0, 3 ± 1, and 16 ± 0 mg/mL, respectively. Ethanolic extracts of Gnidia involucrata Steud. ex A.Rich. stems and roots were effective antioxidants, with respective 50% DPPH free radical inhibitory concentrations (IC) of 168.68 and 181.79 µg/mL, followed by that of P. steudneri (IC = 203.11 µg/mL). The study plants contained alkaloids, anthocyanins, anthraquinones, cardiac glycosides, coumarins, flavonoids, phenols, saponins, steroids, tannins, and terpenoids.
CONCLUSIONS
This study confirmed the antibiotic, antioxidant, and phytochemical constituents of the investigated plants and suggested further investigations that may lead to bioactive lead compounds.
Topics: Ethiopia; Plants, Medicinal; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antioxidants; Plant Extracts; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Phytochemicals; Medicine, African Traditional; Humans; Bacteria
PubMed: 38773522
DOI: 10.1186/s12906-024-04499-x -
Frontiers in Medicine 2024This retrospective study aims to identify risk factors for urogenic sepsis in patients with upper urinary tract stones following ureteral flexible lithotripsy (FURL)....
OBJECTIVE
This retrospective study aims to identify risk factors for urogenic sepsis in patients with upper urinary tract stones following ureteral flexible lithotripsy (FURL). Additionally, we analyze the clinical characteristics of bacterial infections post-surgery.
METHODS
A total of 759 patients who underwent FURL at the Urology Department of Zunyi Medical University were included. Univariate and multivariate Logistic regression analyses were conducted to identify independent risk factors for urogenic sepsis post-FURL. The distribution of bacteria based on preoperative urine cultures was also analyzed. Statistical analysis was performed using R4.2.2 software.
RESULTS
Of the 759 patients, positive preoperative urine culture, urine nitrite positivity, urine white blood cell count (WBC) ≥ 200 cells/μL, residual stones, and neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) were found to be independent risk factors for urogenic sepsis after FURL. Among the 164 patients with positive preoperative urine cultures, 32 developed urogenic sepsis post-surgery, with 68.75% having positive preoperative cultures. The leading pathogens causing postoperative urogenic sepsis were (), , , and . The probabilities of progression to urogenic sepsis were as follows: 19% ( = 12), 43% ( = 3), 33.3% ( = 1), and 33.3% ( = 1). The ages of affected patients were 47.17 ± 13.2, 53.7, 41, and 79 years, respectively. Rates of comorbid diabetes were 36.4, 66.7, 50, 100%, with nitrite positivity rates at 72.7, 33.3, 50, 0%. Ten female patients were infected with , while patients infected with had an NLR of 7.62.
CONCLUSION
Positive preoperative urine culture, urine nitrite positivity, urine WBC ≥ 200 cells/μL, residual stones, and NLR are independent risk factors for urogenic sepsis after FURL. is the predominant pathogen post-FURL, with notable female prevalence and nitrite-positive urine in infections. infections are associated with diabetes.
PubMed: 38765255
DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2024.1393734 -
Frontiers in Microbiology 2024The permanence of HIV patients in healthcare provision centers exposes their weak immunity to various nosocomial microorganisms that migrate into and out of the hospital...
Correlation of CD4+ count and viral load with urinary tract infection and antimicrobial resistance pattern of bacterial uropathogens among HIV patients in Wolaita Sodo, South Ethiopia.
BACKGROUND
The permanence of HIV patients in healthcare provision centers exposes their weak immunity to various nosocomial microorganisms that migrate into and out of the hospital environment. The incidence of bacterial infections, including urinary tract infection, was inversely correlated with CD4+ T cells. Urinary tract infection (UTI) is one of the clinical problems among HIV patients. There was scarcity of published data on the relationship between viral load, CD4+ level, and UTI. This study aimed to assess the relationship between viral load and CD4 with bacterial UTI among HIV patients.
METHODS
The cross-sectional study was conducted in the Wolaita Sodo Town Health Center ART clinic. The socio-demographic data were collected using a pre-designed questionnaire. Patients' charts were reviewed to collect the current CD4 and viral load. Urine specimens were inoculated on blood agar, cysteine lactose electrolyte deficient (CLED) agar, and MacConkey agar, and bacterial species were finally identified using various biochemical methods. Antimicrobial sensitivity testing was conducted using standard microbiological tests. Bivariate and multivariate analyses were employed to describe the association between pairs of variables and to examine the relationship between independent variables and dependent variables.
RESULTS
In this study, the overall prevalence of urinary tract infection (UTI) was 13.7%. , and were bacterial uropathogens detected in this study. (45.7%) was the predominant isolate followed by (14.3%). Positive correlation between CD4+ count and urinary tract infection was detected and found statistically significant ( = 0.288 > 0.01), whereas the viral load and urinary tract infection negatively correlated and showed statistically significant association ( < 0.01). The resistance rate of was 94%, 75%, and 69% to ciprofloxacin, norfloxacin, and cefepime, respectively. This study revealed that exhibited 94% and 75% resistance to amoxicillin-clavulanic acid and tetracycline, respectively. demonstrated complete resistance (100%) to amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, tetracycline, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, while showing 100% susceptibility to ciprofloxacin and nitrofurantoin. In the present study, the magnitude of the multi-drug resistance (MDR) was found to be 80%. CD4+ count, combination of antiretroviral therapy (ART) drugs, and a history of hospitalization were risk factors for urinary tract infection.
CONCLUSION
In the current study, urinary tract infection emerged as a significant health concern among people living with HIV following their ART. The occurrence of urinary tract infection among HIV patients could be influenced by multifactorial factors that require further study. The CD4+ count was positively correlated with the prevalence of UTI, whereas the viral load was negatively correlated. The CD4+ count, combination of ART, and history of hospitalization were independent risk factors for UTI. The prevalence of MDR bacterial pathogens were notably high. Therefore, the treatment of UTI in HIV patients should be prescribed based on antibacterial susceptibility testing results.
PubMed: 38746741
DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1363287 -
Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety Jun 2024Cadmium (Cd) pollution is a serious global environmental problem, which requires a global concern and practical solutions. Microbial remediation has received widespread...
Cadmium (Cd) pollution is a serious global environmental problem, which requires a global concern and practical solutions. Microbial remediation has received widespread attention owing to advantages, such as environmental friendliness and soil amelioration. However, Cd toxicity also severely deteriorates the remediation performance of functional microorganisms. Analyzing the mechanism of bacterial resistance to Cd stress will be beneficial for the application of Cd remediation. In this study, the bacteria strain, up to 1400 mg/L Cd resistance, was employed and identified as Proteus mirabilis Ch8 (Ch8) through whole genome sequence analyses. The results indicated that the multiple pathways of immobilizing and detoxifying Cd maintained the growth of Ch8 under Cd stress, which also possessed high Cd extracellular adsorption. Firstly, the changes in surface morphology and functional groups of Ch8 cells were observed under different Cd conditions through SEM-EDS and FTIR analyses. Under 100 mg/L Cd, Ch8 cells exhibited aggregation and less flagella; the Cd biosorption of Ch8 was predominately by secreting exopolysaccharides (EPS) and no significant change of functional groups. Under 500 mg/L Cd, Ch8 were present irregular polymers on the cell surface, some cells with wrapping around; the Cd biosorption capacity exhibited outstanding effects (38.80 mg/g), which was mainly immobilizing Cd by secreting and interacting with EPS. Then, Ch8 also significantly enhanced the antioxidant enzyme activity and the antioxidant substance content under different Cd conditions. The activities of SOD and CAT, GSH content of Ch8 under 500 mg/L Cd were significantly increased by 245.47%, 179.52%, and 241.81%, compared to normal condition. Additionally, Ch8 significantly induced the expression of Acr A and Tol C (the resistance-nodulation-division (RND) efflux pump), and some antioxidant genes (SodB, SodC, and Tpx) to reduce Cd damage. In particular, the markedly higher expression levels of SodB under Cd stress. The mechanism of Ch8 lays a foundation for its application in solving soil remediation.
Topics: Proteus mirabilis; Cadmium; Soil Pollutants; Biodegradation, Environmental
PubMed: 38728947
DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2024.116432 -
Emerging Microbes & Infections Dec 2024OXA-48-like enzymes represent the most frequently detected carbapenemases in Enterobacterales in Western Europe, North Africa and the Middle East. In contrast to other...
OXA-48-like enzymes represent the most frequently detected carbapenemases in Enterobacterales in Western Europe, North Africa and the Middle East. In contrast to other species, the presence of OXA-48-like in leads to an unusually susceptible phenotype with low MICs for carbapenems and piperacillin-tazobactam, which is easily missed in the diagnostic laboratory. So far, there is little data available on the genetic environments of the corresponding genes, -like, in In this study susceptibility phenotypes and genomic data of 13 OXA-48-like-producing were investigated (OXA-48, = 9; OXA-181, = 3; OXA-162, = 1). Ten isolates were susceptible to meropenem and ertapenem and three isolates were susceptible to piperacillin-tazobactam. The gene was chromosomally located in 7/9 isolates. Thereof, in three isolates was inserted into a genomic island. Of the three isolates harbouring one was located on an IncX3 plasmid and two were located on a novel MOB plasmid, pOXA-P12, within the new transposon Tn. In 5/6 isolates with plasmidic location of like, the plasmids could conjugate to recipients . , -carrying plasmids could conjugate from other Enterobacterales into a recipient. These data show a high diversity of -like genetic environments compared to other Enterobacterales, where genetic environments are quite homogenous. Given the difficult-to-detect phenotype of OXA-48-like-producing and the location of -like on mobile genetic elements it is likely that OXA-48-like-producing can disseminate, escape most surveillance systems, and contribute to a hidden spread of OXA-48-like.
Topics: Proteus mirabilis; beta-Lactamases; Bacterial Proteins; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Humans; Proteus Infections; Plasmids; Genomic Islands; Carbapenems
PubMed: 38712879
DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2024.2353310 -
Cureus Apr 2024Contiguous bacterial osteomyelitis results from the spread of a variety of pyogenic bacteria from nearby skin, soft tissue, or joint infections into the underlying bone....
Contiguous bacterial osteomyelitis results from the spread of a variety of pyogenic bacteria from nearby skin, soft tissue, or joint infections into the underlying bone. This report describes a case of severe contiguous bacterial osteomyelitis in an 82-year-old female nursing home resident with newly diagnosed and comorbid peripheral arterial disease, along with a history of decubitus ulcers as a result of presumed neglect at her residence. The patient initially presented with multiple ulcerative lesions overlying the left foot and ankle with associated severe pain and chronic vascular insufficiency. The patient was empirically started on broad-spectrum antibiotics, with a subsequent wound culture demonstrating heavy growth of . Multiple imaging modalities irrefutably demonstrated destructive bony changes characteristic of osteomyelitis. Left below-the-knee amputation was thereafter agreed upon as the most beneficial treatment method, with concomitant prolonged antibiotic therapy. This case emphasizes the importance of providing adequate medical and preventative care for elderly nursing home residents in an effort to reduce the incidence of contiguous bacterial osteomyelitis, a topic rarely discussed in current literature.
PubMed: 38711719
DOI: 10.7759/cureus.57710