-
Frontiers in Nutrition 2024Rice starch has high digestibility due to its large carbohydrate content. Synergistic modification of hot-melt extrusion (HME) and additives such as flavonoids,...
BACKGROUND
Rice starch has high digestibility due to its large carbohydrate content. Synergistic modification of hot-melt extrusion (HME) and additives such as flavonoids, hydrocolloids, proteins, lipids, and other additives has the tendency to retard the rate of starch hydrolysis. Hence, the current investigation aimed to study the combined effect of the HME-assisted addition of nobiletin (NOB, 0, 2, 4, and 6%) on the multi-scale structures, interactions, thermal, and digestibility characteristics of rice starch.
METHODS
The study employed density functional theory calculations and an infrared second derivative of an Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometer to analyze the interactions between NOB and starch. The physicochemical properties of the starch extrudates were characterized by FTIR, C nuclear magnetic resonance, X-ray diffraction, and differential scanning calorimetry, while the digestibility was evaluated using an digestion model.
RESULTS
HME was found to disrupt the crystalline structure, helix structure, short-ordered structure, and thermal properties of starch. The interaction between NOB and starch involved hydrophobic interactions and hydrogen bonds, effectively preventing the molecular chains of starch from interacting with each other and disrupting their double helix structure. The addition of NOB led to the formation of a highly single-helical V-type crystalline structure, along with the formation of ordered structural domains. Consequently, the combined treatment significantly enhanced the ordered structure and thermal stability of starch, thus effectively leading to an increase in resistant starch and slowly digestion starch.
DISCUSSION
The study underscores that synergistic modification of HME and NOB holds promise for enhancing both the nutritional value and functional properties of rice starch. These findings offer valuable insights for developing high-quality rice starch products with broader applications.
PubMed: 38812933
DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2024.1398380 -
Foods (Basel, Switzerland) May 2024Chickpea has significant benefits as an adjuvant treatment for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The properties of chickpea resistant starches (RSs) and their abilities...
Chickpea has significant benefits as an adjuvant treatment for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The properties of chickpea resistant starches (RSs) and their abilities to reduce T2DM symptoms and control intestinal flora were investigated. The RS content in citrate-esterified starch (CCS; 74.18%) was greater than that in pullulanase-modified starch (enzymatically debranched starch (EDS); 38.87%). Compared with those of native chickpea starch, there were noticeable changes in the granular structure and morphology of the two modified starches. The CCS showed surface cracking and aggregation. The EDS particles exhibited irregular layered structures. The expansion force of the modified starches decreased. The CCS and EDS could successfully lower blood glucose, regulate lipid metabolism, lower the levels of total cholesterol (TC) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), reduce the expressions of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and interleuki n-10 (IL-10), and decrease diabetes-related liver damage. Moreover, the CCS and EDS altered the intestinal flora makeup in mice with T2DM. The abundance of Bacteroidota increased. Both types of chickpea RSs exhibited significant hypoglycaemic and hypolipidaemic effects, contributing to the reduction in inflammatory levels and the improvement in gut microbiota balance.
PubMed: 38790786
DOI: 10.3390/foods13101486 -
Gels (Basel, Switzerland) May 2024Emulsified meat products contain high animal fat content, and excessive intake of animal fat is not good for health, so people are paying more and more attention to...
Emulsified meat products contain high animal fat content, and excessive intake of animal fat is not good for health, so people are paying more and more attention to reduced-fat meat products. This study investigated the impact of varying proportions of pork back-fat and/or resistant starch on the proximate composition, water and fat retention, texture properties, color, and rheology characteristic of pork batter. The results found that replacing pork back-fat with resistant starch and ice water significantly decreased the total lipid and energy contents of cooked pork batter ( < 0.05) while improving emulsion stability, cooking yield, texture, and rheology properties. Additionally, when the pork back-fat replacement ratio was no more than 50%, there was a significant increase in emulsion stability, cooking yield, hardiness, springiness, cohesiveness, chewiness, and L* and G' values ( < 0.05). Furthermore, resistant starch and ice water enhanced myosin head and tail thermal stability and increased G' value at 80 °C. However, the initial relaxation times significantly decreased ( < 0.05) and the peak ratio of P significantly increased from 84.62% to 94.03%, suggesting reduced fluidity of water. In conclusion, it is feasible to use resistant starch and ice water as a substitute for pork back-fat in order to produce reduced-fat pork batter with favorable gel and rheology properties.
PubMed: 38786264
DOI: 10.3390/gels10050347 -
Frontiers in Microbiology 2024gut models allow for the study of the impact of molecules on human gut microbiota composition and function without the implication of the host. However, current models,...
gut models allow for the study of the impact of molecules on human gut microbiota composition and function without the implication of the host. However, current models, such as the Simulator of Human Intestinal Microbial Ecosystem (SHIME), are expensive, time-consuming, and require specialized personnel. Homemade models that lessen these issues have limited evidence of their humanlike functionality. In this study, we present the development of a low-cost and easy-to-use bioreactor with the proven functionality of human microbiota. In our model, we evaluated the capability of replicating human gut microbiota growth and the response of the human bacterial community to a prebiotic, resistant starch, particularly resistant starch type 2 (RS2). Our bioreactor produced an environment that was stable for pH, temperature, and anaerobic conditions. The bioreactor consistently cultivated bacterial communities over a 48 h time period, replicating the composition of the gut microbiota and the associated metabolite production response to RS2, in line with prior human studies. In response to the RS2 prebiotic, we observed an increase in and and an increase in the production of the short-chain fatty acids such as acetate, propionate, and isobutyrate. Taken together, these data demonstrate that our low-cost and user-friendly prototype bioreactor model provides a favorable environment for the growth of human gut microbiota and can mimic its response to a prebiotic.
PubMed: 38779503
DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1250366 -
Food Research International (Ottawa,... Jul 2024Resistant starch serves as a prebiotic in the large intestine, aiding in the maintenance of a healthy intestinal environment and mitigating associated chronic illnesses....
Resistant starch serves as a prebiotic in the large intestine, aiding in the maintenance of a healthy intestinal environment and mitigating associated chronic illnesses. This study aimed to investigate the impact of resistant starch-enriched brown rice (RBR) on intestinal health and functionality. We assessed changes in resistant starch concentration, structural alterations, and branch chain length distribution throughout the digestion process using an in vitro model. The efficacy of RBR in the intestinal environment was evaluated through analyses of its prebiotic potential, effects on intestinal microbiota, and intestinal function-related proteins in obese animals fed a high-fat diet. RBR exhibited a higher yield of insoluble fraction in both the small and large intestines compared to white and brown rice. The total digestible starch content decreased, while the resistant starch content significantly increased during in vitro digestion. Furthermore, RBR notably enhanced the growth of four probiotic strains compared to white and brown rice, displaying higher proliferation activity than the positive control, FOS. Notably, consumption of RBR by high-fat diet-induced obese mice suppressed colon shortening, increased Bifidobacteria growth, and improved intestinal permeability. These findings underscore the potential prebiotic and gut health-promoting attributes of RBR, offering insights for the development of functional foods aimed at preventing gastrointestinal diseases.
Topics: Animals; Oryza; Prebiotics; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Mice; Starch; Diet, High-Fat; Male; Obesity; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Mice, Obese; Resistant Starch; Probiotics; Digestion; Bifidobacterium
PubMed: 38763667
DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2024.114417 -
Animal Bioscience May 2024Lactic acid (LA) treatment of cereals is known to improve ruminant performance. However, changes in cereal nutrient levels and variations in rumen fermentation remain...
OBJECTIVE
Lactic acid (LA) treatment of cereals is known to improve ruminant performance. However, changes in cereal nutrient levels and variations in rumen fermentation remain unclear.
METHOD
This study was designed to compare the effects of 5% LA treatment on the trophic and morphological characteristics of barley and to discover the differences in rumen fermentation characteristics and metabolomes between LA-treated and untreated barley.
RESULTS
Compared with those of untreated barley (BA), the dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), ash and water-soluble carbohydrate contents of barley plants treated with 5% LA for 48 h (BALA) decreased, but the resistant starch (RS) and non-fiber carbohydrate contents increased. Moreover, the amount of proteinaceous matrix in BA decreased in response to LA treatment. During in vitro fermentation, BALA had a greater pH but lower dry matter disappearance and ammonia, methane, and short-chain fatty acid levels than BA. The differential metabolites between BA and BALA were clustered into metabolic pathways such as purine metabolism, lysine degradation, and linoleic acid metabolism. Observable differences in ultrastructure between BALA and BA were noted during fermentation.
CONCLUSION
Lactic treatment altered barley nutrient content, including DM, CP, RS, ash, water-soluble carbohydrates and non-fiber carbohydrates, and affected barley ultrastructure. These variations led to significant and incubation time-dependent changes in the in vitro fermentation characteristics and metabolome.
PubMed: 38754844
DOI: 10.5713/ab.23.0550 -
Microbiome May 2024Non-toxic approaches to enhance radiotherapy outcomes are beneficial, particularly in ageing populations. Based on preclinical findings showing that high-fibre diets...
BACKGROUND
Non-toxic approaches to enhance radiotherapy outcomes are beneficial, particularly in ageing populations. Based on preclinical findings showing that high-fibre diets sensitised bladder tumours to irradiation by modifying the gut microbiota, along with clinical evidence of prebiotics enhancing anti-cancer immunity, we hypothesised that dietary fibre and its gut microbiota modification can radiosensitise tumours via secretion of metabolites and/or immunomodulation. We investigated the efficacy of high-fibre diets combined with irradiation in immunoproficient C57BL/6 mice bearing bladder cancer flank allografts.
RESULT
Psyllium plus inulin significantly decreased tumour size and delayed tumour growth following irradiation compared to 0.2% cellulose and raised intratumoural CD8 cells. Post-irradiation, tumour control positively correlated with Lachnospiraceae family abundance. Psyllium plus resistant starch radiosensitised the tumours, positively correlating with Bacteroides genus abundance and increased caecal isoferulic acid levels, associated with a favourable response in terms of tumour control. Psyllium plus inulin mitigated the acute radiation injury caused by 14 Gy. Psyllium plus inulin increased caecal acetate, butyrate and propionate levels, and psyllium alone and psyllium plus resistant starch increased acetate levels. Human gut microbiota profiles at the phylum level were generally more like mouse 0.2% cellulose profiles than high fibre profiles.
CONCLUSION
These supplements may be useful in combination with radiotherapy in patients with pelvic malignancy. Video Abstract.
Topics: Animals; Dietary Fiber; Mice; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Psyllium; Inulin; Urinary Bladder Neoplasms; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Dietary Supplements; Humans; Female; Radiation Injuries; Intestines; CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes
PubMed: 38745230
DOI: 10.1186/s40168-024-01804-1 -
The Journal of Nutrition May 2024The gut microbiota contributes to metabolic disease, and diet shapes the gut microbiota, emphasizing the need to better understand how diet impacts metabolic disease via...
BACKGROUND
The gut microbiota contributes to metabolic disease, and diet shapes the gut microbiota, emphasizing the need to better understand how diet impacts metabolic disease via gut microbiota alterations. Fiber intake is linked with improvements in metabolic homeostasis in rodents and humans, which is associated with changes in the gut microbiota. However, dietary fiber is extremely heterogeneous, and it is imperative to comprehensively analyze the impact of various plant-based fibers on metabolic homeostasis in an identical setting and compare the impact of alterations in the gut microbiota and bacterially derived metabolites from different fiber sources.
OBJECTIVES
The objective of this study was to analyze the impact of different plant-based fibers (pectin, β-glucan, wheat dextrin, resistant starch, and cellulose as a control) on metabolic homeostasis through alterations in the gut microbiota and its metabolites in high-fat diet (HFD)-fed mice.
METHODS
HFD-fed mice were supplemented with 5 different fiber types (pectin, β-glucan, wheat dextrin, resistant starch, or cellulose as a control) at 10% (wt/wt) for 18 wk (n = 12/group), measuring body weight, adiposity, indirect calorimetry, glucose tolerance, and the gut microbiota and metabolites.
RESULTS
Only β-glucan supplementation during HFD-feeding decreased adiposity and body weight gain and improved glucose tolerance compared with HFD-cellulose, whereas all other fibers had no effect. This was associated with increased energy expenditure and locomotor activity in mice compared with HFD-cellulose. All fibers supplemented into an HFD uniquely shifted the intestinal microbiota and cecal short-chain fatty acids; however, only β-glucan supplementation increased cecal butyrate concentrations. Lastly, all fibers altered the small-intestinal microbiota and portal bile acid composition.
CONCLUSIONS
These findings demonstrate that β-glucan consumption is a promising dietary strategy for metabolic disease, possibly via increased energy expenditure through alterations in the gut microbiota and bacterial metabolites in mice.
PubMed: 38735572
DOI: 10.1016/j.tjnut.2024.05.003 -
International Journal of Molecular... Apr 2024The human gut microbiota, an intricate ecosystem within the gastrointestinal tract, plays a pivotal role in health and disease. Prebiotics, non-digestible food... (Review)
Review
The human gut microbiota, an intricate ecosystem within the gastrointestinal tract, plays a pivotal role in health and disease. Prebiotics, non-digestible food ingredients that beneficially affect the host by selectively stimulating the growth and/or activity of beneficial microorganisms, have emerged as a key modulator of this complex microbial community. This review article explores the evolution of the prebiotic concept, delineates various types of prebiotics, including fructans, galactooligosaccharides, xylooligosaccharides, chitooligosaccharides, lactulose, resistant starch, and polyphenols, and elucidates their impact on the gut microbiota composition. We delve into the mechanisms through which prebiotics exert their effects, particularly focusing on producing short-chain fatty acids and modulating the gut microbiota towards a health-promoting composition. The implications of prebiotics on human health are extensively reviewed, focusing on conditions such as obesity, inflammatory bowel disease, immune function, and mental health. The review further discusses the emerging concept of synbiotics-combinations of prebiotics and probiotics that synergistically enhance gut health-and highlights the market potential of prebiotics in response to a growing demand for functional foods. By consolidating current knowledge and identifying areas for future research, this review aims to enhance understanding of prebiotics' role in health and disease, underscoring their importance in maintaining a healthy gut microbiome and overall well-being.
Topics: Prebiotics; Humans; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Probiotics; Obesity; Fatty Acids, Volatile; Animals; Inflammatory Bowel Diseases
PubMed: 38732060
DOI: 10.3390/ijms25094834 -
Foods (Basel, Switzerland) May 2024In this study, we have investigated the effects of polysaccharide (TP) on the pasting, rheological, structural and in vitro digestive properties of starch (CS). The...
In this study, we have investigated the effects of polysaccharide (TP) on the pasting, rheological, structural and in vitro digestive properties of starch (CS). The results showed that the addition of TP significantly changed the pasting characteristics of CS, increased the pasting temperature and pasting viscosity, inhibited pasting, reduced the exudation of straight-chain starch and was positively correlated with the amount of TP added. The addition of the appropriate amount of TP could increase its apparent viscosity and enhance its viscoelasticity. The composite system of CS/TP exhibited higher short-range ordered structure and solid dense structure, which protected the crystal structure of CS, but was related to the amount of TP added. In addition, the introduction of TP not only decreased the in vitro digestion rate of CS and increased the content of slow-digestible starch (SDS) and resistant starch (RS), but also reduced the degree of digestion. Correlation studies established that TP could improve the viscoelasticity, relative crystallinity and short-range order of the CS/TP composite gel, maintain the integrity of the starch granule and crystalline structure, reduce the degree of starch pasting and strengthen the gel network structure of CS, which could help to lower the digestibility of CS.
PubMed: 38731796
DOI: 10.3390/foods13091425