-
International Journal of Surgery Case... Jan 2024The tapeworm Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato is the causative agent of cystic echinococcosis (CE), often known as hydatid disease. Over two-thirds of all occurrences...
INTRODUCTION AND IMPORTANCE
The tapeworm Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato is the causative agent of cystic echinococcosis (CE), often known as hydatid disease. Over two-thirds of all occurrences of this zoonotic disease process in humans are caused by hepatic infection. Clinicians should have a low threshold to consider CE as a differential diagnosis in patients with positive serology and suggestive radiological findings, especially in endemic regions, because signs and symptoms are typically non-specific, especially in early disease.
CASE PRESENTATION
This is a case report of a 26-year-old male who presented with increasing lower abdominal discomfort, mild pain, sense of fullness in the lower abdomen, described as (I'm having a ball in my abdomen), with a history of early satiation and tenesmus, frequency of urine, and history of weight loss and general weakness of 10-months duration. The diagnosis of a hydatid cyst in the mesorectum was made. The cyst was completely excised via open surgery. No local recurrence has been detected up to the present time.
CLINICAL DISCUSSION
Given how uncommon a site like this is, this case report helps broaden the differential diagnosis of soft tissue masses in such settings, especially in endemic areas. It also describes in great detail how these locations are affected by the hydatid disease.
CONCLUSION
The mesorectal hydatid cyst was challenging to diagnose initially due to its infrequent incidence and uncommon location. In a few rare cases, the diagnosis of a hydatid cyst might be guided by the detection of the cyst membrane and daughter cysts in the germinal membrane.
PubMed: 38039567
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijscr.2023.109061 -
PeerJ 2023Collisions between birds and aircraft cause bird mortality, economic damage, and aviation safety hazards. One proposed solution to increasing the distance at which birds...
Collisions between birds and aircraft cause bird mortality, economic damage, and aviation safety hazards. One proposed solution to increasing the distance at which birds detect and move away from an approaching aircraft, ultimately mitigating the probability of collision, is through onboard lighting systems. Lights in vehicles have been shown to lead to earlier reactions in some bird species but they could also generate attraction, potentially increasing the probability of collision. Using information on the visual system of the Canada goose (), we developed light stimuli of high chromatic contrast to their eyes. We then conducted a controlled behavioral experiment (, single-choice test) to assess the avoidance or attraction responses of Canada geese to LED lights of different wavelengths (blue, 483 nm; red, 631 nm) and pulsing frequencies (steady, pulsing at 2 Hz). Overall, Canada geese tended to avoid the blue light and move towards the red light; however, these responses depended heavily on light exposure order. At the beginning of the experiment, geese tended to avoid the red light. After further exposure the birds developed an attraction to the red light, consistent with the mere exposure effect. The response to the blue light generally followed a U-shape relationship (avoidance, attraction, avoidance) with increasing number of exposures, again consistent with the mere exposure effect, but followed by the satiation effect. Lights pulsing at 2 Hz enhanced avoidance responses under high ambient light conditions; whereas steady lights enhanced avoidance responses under dim ambient light conditions. Our results have implications for the design of lighting systems aimed at mitigating collisions between birds and human objects. LED lights in the blue portion of the spectrum are good candidates for deterrents and lights in the red portion of the spectrum may be counterproductive given the attraction effects with increasing exposure. Additionally, consideration should be given to systems that automatically modify pulsing of the light depending on ambient light intensity to enhance avoidance.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Geese; Light; Eye; Lighting; Ducks; Canada
PubMed: 38025716
DOI: 10.7717/peerj.16379 -
Animals : An Open Access Journal From... Nov 2023This experiment was performed to assess the substitution impact of fish meal (FM) with tuna by-product meal (TBM) in feeds on growth and feed availability of the early...
This experiment was performed to assess the substitution impact of fish meal (FM) with tuna by-product meal (TBM) in feeds on growth and feed availability of the early stage of juvenile rockfish (). Six experimental feeds were prepared to be isonitrogenous and isolipidic. Fifty-five percent of FM was contained in the control (Con) diet. In the Con diet, 20, 40, 60, 80, and 100% FM were replaced by TBM, named the TBM, TBM, TBM, TBM, and TBM diets, respectively. A total of 540 early-stage juvenile rockfish averaging 2.4 g was divided into 18 tanks and hand-fed to satiation for 56 days. Weight gain and feed consumption of rockfish fed the TBM and TBM diets were comparable to rockfish fed the Con diet. The specific growth rate (SGR) of rockfish fed the Con diet was comparable to rockfish fed the TBM, TBM, and TBM diets. Feed efficiency, biometric indices, hematological parameters, proximate composition, and amino acid profiles of rockfish were not impacted by dietary treatments. The economic profit index (EPI) of the Con, TBM, and TBM diets were higher than that of all other diets. FM up to 40% could be substitutable with TBM in the diets of rockfish without deteriorating weight gain and feed consumption, but producing the highest EPI.
PubMed: 38003203
DOI: 10.3390/ani13223586 -
Animals : An Open Access Journal From... Nov 2023Investigation on food allocation among nestlings of altricial birds is crucial in understanding parent-offspring conflicts within avian families. However, there is no...
Investigation on food allocation among nestlings of altricial birds is crucial in understanding parent-offspring conflicts within avian families. However, there is no consensus in empirical studies regarding whether parents or offspring determine the food allocation pattern within a brood. In the Plain Laughingthrush (), we examine the relationship between parental feeding strategies and nestling begging behaviors. Due to hatching asynchrony, larger nestlings have a competitive advantage in food acquisition over their smaller brood-mates; nevertheless, if the initial food-receivers were already satiated and did not immediately consume the food, parents would retrieve the food and re-allocate it to another nestling. This re-feeding tactic employed by parents reduced the likelihood of early-hatched nestlings monopolizing the food solely due to their larger body size. Our findings indicate that parents primarily allocated food based on nestling begging intensity, while their re-feeding tactic is determined by whether the first food-receivers have consumed the food. To date, our research demonstrates that while parental food allocation primarily hinges on the begging intensity of the nestlings, the decision to re-feed is contingent upon whether the initial recipients of the food ingest it immediately.
PubMed: 38003140
DOI: 10.3390/ani13223522 -
Nature Dec 2023The termination of a meal is controlled by dedicated neural circuits in the caudal brainstem. A key challenge is to understand how these circuits transform the sensory...
The termination of a meal is controlled by dedicated neural circuits in the caudal brainstem. A key challenge is to understand how these circuits transform the sensory signals generated during feeding into dynamic control of behaviour. The caudal nucleus of the solitary tract (cNTS) is the first site in the brain where many meal-related signals are sensed and integrated, but how the cNTS processes ingestive feedback during behaviour is unknown. Here we describe how prolactin-releasing hormone (PRLH) and GCG neurons, two principal cNTS cell types that promote non-aversive satiety, are regulated during ingestion. PRLH neurons showed sustained activation by visceral feedback when nutrients were infused into the stomach, but these sustained responses were substantially reduced during oral consumption. Instead, PRLH neurons shifted to a phasic activity pattern that was time-locked to ingestion and linked to the taste of food. Optogenetic manipulations revealed that PRLH neurons control the duration of seconds-timescale feeding bursts, revealing a mechanism by which orosensory signals feed back to restrain the pace of ingestion. By contrast, GCG neurons were activated by mechanical feedback from the gut, tracked the amount of food consumed and promoted satiety that lasted for tens of minutes. These findings reveal that sequential negative feedback signals from the mouth and gut engage distinct circuits in the caudal brainstem, which in turn control elements of feeding behaviour operating on short and long timescales.
Topics: Appetite Regulation; Brain Stem; Eating; Feedback, Physiological; Food; Neural Pathways; Neurons; Prolactin-Releasing Hormone; Satiation; Solitary Nucleus; Stomach; Taste; Time Factors; Animals; Mice
PubMed: 37993711
DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06758-2 -
BioRxiv : the Preprint Server For... Nov 2023Liraglutide and other agonists of the glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor (GLP-1RAs) are effective weight loss drugs, but how they suppress appetite remains unclear....
Liraglutide and other agonists of the glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor (GLP-1RAs) are effective weight loss drugs, but how they suppress appetite remains unclear. GLP-1RAs inhibit hunger-promoting Agouti-related peptide (AgRP) neurons of the arcuate hypothalamus (Arc) but only indirectly, implicating synaptic afferents to AgRP neurons. To investigate, we developed a method combining rabies-based connectomics with single-nuclei transcriptomics. Applying this method to AgRP neurons in mice predicts 21 afferent subtypes in the mediobasal and paraventricular hypothalamus. Among these are + Arc neurons (Trh), which express the gene and are activated by the GLP-1RA liraglutide. Activating Trh neurons inhibits AgRP neurons and decreases feeding in an AgRP neuron-dependent manner. Silencing Trh neurons increases feeding and body weight and reduces liraglutide's satiating effects. Our results thus demonstrate a widely applicable method for molecular connectomics, reveal the molecular organization of AgRP neuron afferents, and shed light on a neurocircuit through which GLP-1RAs suppress appetite.
PubMed: 37961449
DOI: 10.1101/2023.10.31.564990 -
Animals : An Open Access Journal From... Nov 2023We investigated the growth and feeding characteristics of threadsail filefish, , during early ontogenesis.
BACKGROUND
We investigated the growth and feeding characteristics of threadsail filefish, , during early ontogenesis.
METHODS
The growth indices of hatchlings fed compound feed were measured from 0 to 50 days post hatching (dph). The absorption time of the yolk sac and oil globule, as well as the rate of first feeding were measured to characterise the early growth stage and determine the point-of-no-return (PNR). Feeding characteristics and rhythms were investigated under a light/dark cycle and under continuous light.
RESULTS
Growth indices increased significantly at 24, 28, 30, 40, 45, and 50 dph. The yolk sac and oil globules were completely absorbed before 4 dph, indicative of a short mixed-nutrition period at 3-4 dph. Under starvation conditions, the first feeding rate was highest (86%) at 0.5 dph and then decreased to 53.3% at 1.5 dph and 26.2% at 2 dph, suggesting that the PNR occurs at 1.5-2 dph. The feeding peak appeared at 15:00-18:00 and under light conditions, while the feeding trough appeared at 0:00-3:00.
CONCLUSIONS
Compound feed supplied adequate nutrition for early growth and development. The peaks and troughs of feeding times were indicative of daytime feeding behaviour. These results provide guidance for successful rearing of filefish seedlings and juveniles.
PubMed: 37958175
DOI: 10.3390/ani13213420 -
F1000Research 2023living in Lake Singkarak, Indonesia, has high potential market demand but is threatened by overfishing and has not been successfully cultured. This study describes the...
living in Lake Singkarak, Indonesia, has high potential market demand but is threatened by overfishing and has not been successfully cultured. This study describes the first broodstock development, induced breeding, and larval rearing of A total of 1,000 female and 1,000 male broodfish were collected from the wild and reared in two concrete ponds (128 m ) at the Centre for Biodiversity Conservation, P.T. Semen Padang, Indonesia. The broodfish were fed commercial feed to satiation at 09:00 and 17:00 h. The females (average weight 7.56 ± 0.85 g) and males (4.86 ± 1.20 g) were selected at a ratio of 1:4 (female:male), and gonad maturation was induced with a single dose of GnRH analogue (Ovaprim) of 0.1 ml/fish. At 16 h after hormone injection, eggs were collected individually into a plastic vessel. Spermatozoa were collected with sterile syringes. Eggs were fertilized using the "dry" method, and 0.5 ml samples (equal to 100 eggs) were taken. The eggs were incubated in a plastic strainer with a water volume of 1.57 litres and placed in a tarpaulin pond with a volume of 150.72 litres. The overall hatching rate was 78.93 ± 4.13%. The newly hatched larvae were 3900.81 µm long, with a yolk sac of 82881.480 µm . The mouth opened at 72 days post hatching (DPH) with a gape measuring approximately 61.880 µm. The protocol of larval feeding started with artificial feed, followed by Artemia nauplii up to 30 DPH. Weaning of larvae started at 4 DPH. Larvae started metamorphosis by 15 DPH and ended by 22 DPH when the larvae reached 7430.27 µm. Larval rearing resulted in an average survival rate of 28.4 ± 3.04%. Its successful spawning induction and high larval hatching and survival rates make an excellent aquaculture candidate.
Topics: Female; Male; Animals; Larva; Conservation of Natural Resources; Fisheries; Plant Breeding; Aquaculture; Mouth
PubMed: 37928170
DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.132013.2 -
Peptides Feb 2024Small intestinal satiation pathways involve nutrient-induced stimulation of chemoreceptors leading to release of satiety hormones from intestinal enteroendocrine cells...
Small intestinal satiation pathways involve nutrient-induced stimulation of chemoreceptors leading to release of satiety hormones from intestinal enteroendocrine cells (ECCs). Whether adaptations in these pathways contribute to increased maternal food intake during pregnancy is unknown. To determine the expression of intestinal nutrient-sensors and satiety hormone transcripts and proteins across pregnancy in mice. Female C57BL/6J mice (10-12 weeks old) were randomized to mating and then tissue collection at early- (6.5 d), mid- (12.5 d) or late-pregnancy (17.5 d), or to an unmated age matched control group. Relative transcript expression of intestinal fatty acid, peptide and amino acid and carbohydrate chemoreceptors, as well as gut hormones was determined across pregnancy. The density of G-protein coupled receptor 93 (GPR93), free fatty acid receptor (FFAR) 4, cholecystokinin (CCK) and glucagon-like peptide1 (GLP-1) immunopositive cells was then compared between non-pregnant and late-pregnant mice. Duodenal GPR93 expression was lower in late pregnant than non-pregnant mice (P < 0.05). Ileal FFAR1 expression was higher at mid- than at early- or late-pregnancy. Ileal FFAR2 expression was higher at mid-pregnancy than in early pregnancy. Although FFAR4 expression was consistently lower in late-pregnant than non-pregnant mice (P < 0.001), the density of FFAR4 immunopositive cells was higher in the jejunum of late-pregnant than non-pregnant mice. A subset of protein and fatty acid chemoreceptor transcripts undergo region-specific change during murine pregnancy, which could augment hormone release and contribute to increased food intake. Further investigations are needed to determine the functional relevance of these changes.
Topics: Animals; Female; Mice; Pregnancy; Cholecystokinin; Fatty Acids; Gastrointestinal Hormones; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Nutrients; Satiation
PubMed: 37926186
DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2023.171114 -
Virology Journal Nov 2023Gastrointestinal motility refers to the peristalsis and contractility of gastrointestinal muscles, including the force and frequency of gastrointestinal muscle... (Review)
Review
Gastrointestinal motility refers to the peristalsis and contractility of gastrointestinal muscles, including the force and frequency of gastrointestinal muscle contraction. Gastrointestinal motility maintains the normal digestive function of the human body and is a critical component of the physiological function of the digestive tract. At present, gastrointestinal motility disorder-related diseases are gradually affecting human production and life. In recent years, it has been consistently reported that the enteric nervous system has a coordinating and controlling role in gastrointestinal motility. Motility disorders are closely related to functional or anatomical changes in the gastrointestinal nervous system. At the same time, some viral infections, such as herpes simplex virus and varicella-zoster virus infections, can cause damage to the gastrointestinal nervous system. Therefore, this paper describes the mechanisms of viral infection in the gastrointestinal nervous system and the associated clinical manifestations. Studies have indicated that the means by which viruses can cause the infection of the enteric nervous system are various, including retrograde transport, hematogenous transmission and centrifugal transmission from the central nervous system. When viruses infect the enteric nervous system, they can cause clinical symptoms, such as abdominal pain, abdominal distension, early satiation, belching, diarrhea, and constipation, by recruiting macrophages, lymphocytes and neutrophils and regulating intestinal microbes. The findings of several case‒control studies suggest that viruses are the cause of some gastrointestinal motility disorders. It is concluded that one of the causes of gastrointestinal motility disorders is viral infection of the enteric nervous system. In such disorders, the relationships between viruses and nerves remain to be studied more deeply. Further studies are necessary to evaluate whether prophylactic antiviral therapy is feasible in gastrointestinal motility disorders.
Topics: Humans; Gastrointestinal Tract; Enteric Nervous System; Constipation; Herpes Zoster; Gastrointestinal Motility; Gastrointestinal Diseases
PubMed: 37915051
DOI: 10.1186/s12985-023-02185-x