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Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety May 2024Fluorosis due to high fluoride levels in drinking water profoundly affects the development of human skeletal and dental structures. Sodium butyrate (NaB) has been found...
Fluorosis due to high fluoride levels in drinking water profoundly affects the development of human skeletal and dental structures. Sodium butyrate (NaB) has been found to regulate overall bone mass and prevent pathological bone loss. However, the mechanism of NaB action on fluorosis remains unclear. In this study, a rat model of fluorosis induced by 100 mg/L sodium fluoride was used to investigate the impact of NaB on bone homeostasis and serum metabolomics. It was found that NaB significantly reduced the levels of bone resorption markers CTX-Ⅰ and TRACP-5B in fluorosis rats. Moreover, NaB increased calcium and magnesium levels in bone, while decreasing phosphorus levels. In addition, NaB improved various bone microstructure parameters, including bone mineral density (BMD), trabecular thickness (Tb. Th), trabecular bone separation (Tb. SP), and structural model index (SMI) in the femur. Notably, NaB intervention also enhanced the antioxidant capacity of plasma in fluorosis rats. Furthermore, a comprehensive analysis of serum metabolomics by LC-MS revealed a significant reversal trend of seven biomarkers after the intervention of NaB. Finally, pathway enrichment analysis based on differential metabolites indicated that NaB exerted protective effects on fluorosis by modulating arginine and proline metabolic pathways. These findings suggest that NaB has a beneficial effect on fluorosis and can regulate bone homeostasis by ameliorating metabolic disorders.
Topics: Animals; Rats; Homeostasis; Butyric Acid; Fluorosis, Dental; Bone and Bones; Male; Bone Density; Biomarkers; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Protective Agents; Bone Resorption; Sodium Fluoride
PubMed: 38581912
DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2024.116284 -
Dentistry Journal Mar 2024Modern toothpastes are complex formulations with various ingredients. The aim of this study was to analyze the improvement of toothpaste formulations from 1900 to 2023... (Review)
Review
Modern toothpastes are complex formulations with various ingredients. The aim of this study was to analyze the improvement of toothpaste formulations from 1900 to 2023 focusing on active ingredients with remineralizing, antibacterial, or plaque-removing effects, and to discuss their influence on caries prevention. For this, worldwide patent applications were searched using the international database Espacenet from the European Patent Office. Additionally, toothpaste products were searched using the Mintel product database from 1996 to 2023. The searched ingredients were (in alphabetical order): calcium carbonate, calcium phosphates, hydrated silica, sodium fluoride, sodium lauryl sulfate, triclosan, xylitol, and zinc salts as they are known from the scientific literature to be remineralizing or antibacterial/antiplaque agents. It was shown that the number of patent applications containing these ingredients significantly increased since the 1970s. As these ingredients have remineralizing, antibacterial, or plaque-removing effects, they all can contribute to caries prevention. In conclusion, and within the limitations of this approach, this study shows that toothpaste formulations have greatly improved over the past decades by using various active anticaries ingredients.
PubMed: 38534288
DOI: 10.3390/dj12030064 -
Clinical Oral Investigations Mar 2024To compare the effectiveness of using a 0.454% stannous fluoride-containing dentifrice twice daily in relieving dentinal hypersensitivity (DH) in a Chinese population. (Randomized Controlled Trial)
Randomized Controlled Trial
OBJECTIVES
To compare the effectiveness of using a 0.454% stannous fluoride-containing dentifrice twice daily in relieving dentinal hypersensitivity (DH) in a Chinese population.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
This was a single-centre, randomized, controlled, examiner-blind, three-treatment-arm, parallel-group study in participants with clinically diagnosed DH. Subjects who met inclusion criteria (n = 197) were randomly allocated into 3 groups: test group (n = 66)-using a 0.454% stannous fluoride-containing dentifrice twice daily; positive control group (n = 64)-using a 5.0% calcium sodium phosphosilicate-containing dentifrice twice daily; negative control group (n = 67)-using a 1150 ppm of NaF dentifrice twice daily. Status of DH was assessed at week 4 and week 8 by the same independent examiner. Changes from baseline in Schiff sensitivity score, tactile threshold and Dentine Hypersensitivity Experience Questionnaire (DHEQ) score were analysed using analysis of covariance models. The DHEQ evaluated subject-perceived oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL).
RESULTS
Statistically significant improvements in mean Schiff scores (p < 0.0001 for all products at Weeks 4 and 8), tactile threshold (p < 0.0001 for test and negative control at Weeks 4 and 8: Week 4 p = 0.0040 and Week 8 p < 0.0001 for positive control) and all DHEQ scores (p < 0.01 for all groups) were observed. No statistically significant differences were observed in the adjusted mean between all dentifrices at both timepoints, potentially driven by a placebo effect. Forty-two treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs) were reported (n = 32 subjects), with 2 serious AEs (n = 1) in the test group. TEAEs were not considered treatment-related.
CONCLUSIONS
All groups demonstrated statistically significant improvements in Schiff score, tactile threshold and OHRQoL. However, due to a possible placebo effect in the negative control, there were no statistically significant differences between the dentifrices.
CLINICAL RELEVANCE
This study adds to the growing research exploring why the placebo effect is a common phenomenon in DH studies.
TRIAL REGISTRATION
ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT04950465.
Topics: Humans; Tin Fluorides; Dentifrices; Sodium Fluoride; Quality of Life; Treatment Outcome; Dentin Sensitivity; Phosphates; Dentin Desensitizing Agents; Double-Blind Method; Touch; China; Fluorides
PubMed: 38530474
DOI: 10.1007/s00784-024-05610-9 -
Clinical and Experimental Dental... Apr 2024This study evaluated the remineralization potential of calcium sodium phosphosilicate and functionalized tri-calcium phosphate (f-TCP) dentifrices in deeper incipient...
Remineralization potential of dentifrices with calcium sodium phosphosilicate and functionalized tri-calcium phosphate in the deeper incipient carious lesions: An in vitro study.
OBJECTIVES
This study evaluated the remineralization potential of calcium sodium phosphosilicate and functionalized tri-calcium phosphate (f-TCP) dentifrices in deeper incipient carious lesions (ICLs).
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Artificial ICLs were created by placing premolars into demineralizing solutions. Teeth were randomly assigned into four groups: calcium sodium phosphosilicate (Group 1), f-TCP (Group 2), 1450 ppm fluoride (Group 3), and distilled water (Group 4), which were subjected to 10-day pH cycling. Mineral density (MD) was assessed using microcomputed tomography (Micro-CT), while hardness (H) and elastic modulus (EM) were assessed using nanomechanical testing.
RESULTS
MD % gain was higher in Groups 1-3 than in Group 4. In addition, Groups 1 and 2 exhibited significantly higher MD % gain than Group 3. Also, Groups 1-3 showed significantly higher EM and H values than Group 4 in the outer enamel area; yet, Groups 1 and 2 displayed significantly higher EM and H values than Groups 3 and 4 in the inner enamel.
CONCLUSIONS
The MD, EM, and H of ICLs significantly increased with the addition of calcium sodium phosphosilicate or f-TCP to fluoridated dentifrices compared to standard fluoride dentifrices. The added active ingredients remineralized the deeper parts of the ICLs, while remineralization at the lesion surface was similar between tested dentifrices.
Topics: Humans; Fluorides; Cariostatic Agents; Dentifrices; Calcium; X-Ray Microtomography; Calcium Phosphates; Dental Caries; Minerals; Fluorine Compounds; Sodium
PubMed: 38506322
DOI: 10.1002/cre2.876 -
JBMR Plus Feb 2024Chronic nonbacterial osteitis (CNO) is a rare disease spectrum, which lacks biomarkers for disease activity. Sodium fluoride-18 positron emission tomography/computed...
Chronic nonbacterial osteitis (CNO) is a rare disease spectrum, which lacks biomarkers for disease activity. Sodium fluoride-18 positron emission tomography/computed tomography ([F]NaF-PET/CT) is a sensitive imaging tool for bone diseases and yields quantitative data on bone turnover. We evaluated the capacities of [F]NaF-PET/CT to provide structural and functional assessment in adult CNO. A coss-sectional study was performed including 43 adult patients with CNO and 16 controls (patients referred for suspected, but not diagnosed with CNO) who underwent [F]NaF-PET/CT at our expert clinic. Structural features were compared between patients and controls, and maximal standardized uptake values (SUV [g/mL]) were calculated for bone lesions, soft tissue/joint lesions, and reference bone. SUV was correlated with clinical disease activity in patients. Structural assessment revealed manubrial and costal sclerosis/hyperostosis and calcification of the costoclavicular ligament as typical features associated with CNO. SUV of CNO lesions was higher compared with in-patient reference bone (mean paired difference: 11.4; 95% CI: 9.4-13.5; p < .001) and controls (mean difference: 12.4; 95%CI: 9.1-15.8; p < .001). The highest SUV values were found in soft tissue and joint areas such as the costoclavicular ligament and manubriosternal joint, and these correlated with erythrocyte sedimentation rate in patients (correlation coefficient: 0.546; p < .002). Our data suggest that [F]NaF-PET/CT is a promising imaging tool for adult CNO, allowing for detailed structural evaluation of its typical bone, soft-tissue, and joint features. At the same time, [F]NaF-PET/CT yields quantitative bone remodeling data that represent the pathologically increased bone turnover and the process of new bone formation. Further studies should investigate the application of quantified [18F]NaF uptake as a novel biomarker for disease activity in CNO, and its utility to steer clinical decision making.
PubMed: 38505528
DOI: 10.1093/jbmrpl/ziad007 -
Medical Principles and Practice :... Mar 2024Oral healthcare professionals play a crucial role in guiding patients toward evidence-based choices among the many available oral rinses. In this study, we explored how...
OBJECTIVES
Oral healthcare professionals play a crucial role in guiding patients toward evidence-based choices among the many available oral rinses. In this study, we explored how specific oral rinse formulations affect the viability and modulate critical virulence traits of the opportunistic fungal pathogen Candida albicans.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
We assessed the effects of these oral rinses on the production of germ tube, production of phospholipase and hemolysin, as well as biofilm formation.
RESULTS
We found that oral rinses containing cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC) and chlorhexidine (CHX) showed the greatest fungicidal activity with the lowest MFCs (0.38% and 0.78%, respectively). Oral rinses based on zinc chloride and sodium fluoride with Miswak bark extract (MIS) or essential oils (EO) had much lower fungicidal activity (8-16 times lower) compared to CHX and CPC. However, they had a significantly greater impact on the virulence traits of C. albicans. They reduced germ tube production by 86% - 89% (versus 42% for CHX and 29% for CPC), completely inhibited phospholipase and hemolysin production, and together with the CPC-based oral rinse, exerted the greatest reductions in biofilm formation across all tested concentrations. This was in contrast to both the controls and CHX, which had a minimal effect on biofilm formation.
CONCLUSION
By inhibiting the virulence factors the oral rinse can have a crippling effect on C. albicans, weakening this opportunistic pathogen and hindering its potential to cause infection.
PubMed: 38498997
DOI: 10.1159/000538368 -
Atherosclerosis Feb 2024Atherosclerotic plaque fluorine-18 sodium fluoride (F-NaF) uptake on positron emission tomography with computed tomography (PET-CT) identifies active microcalcification...
BACKGROUND AND AIMS
Atherosclerotic plaque fluorine-18 sodium fluoride (F-NaF) uptake on positron emission tomography with computed tomography (PET-CT) identifies active microcalcification and has been shown to correlate with clinical instability in patients with cardiovascular (CV) disease. Statin therapy promotes coronary macrocalcification over time. Our aim was to investigate rosuvastatin effect on atheroma F-NaF uptake.
METHODS
Subjects with high CV risk but without CV events underwent F-NaF-PET-CT in a single-centre. Those with subclinical atherosclerosis and significant F-NaF plaque uptake were included in a single-arm clinical trial, treated with rosuvastatin 20 mg/daily for six months, and re-evaluated by F-NaF-PET-CT. Primary endpoint was reduction in maximum atheroma F-NaF uptake in the coronary, aortic or carotid arteries, assessed by the tissue-to-background ratio (TBR). The secondary endpoint was corrected uptake per lesion (CUL) variation.
RESULTS
Forty individuals were enrolled and 38 included in the pharmacological trial; mean age was 64 years, two-thirds were male and most were diabetic. The 10-year expected CV risk was 9.5% (6.0-15.3) for SCORE2 and 31.7 ± 18.7% for ASCVD systems. After six months of rosuvastatin treatment (n = 34), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol lowered from 133.6 ± 33.8 to 58.8 ± 20.7 mg dL (60% relative reduction, p < 0.01). There was a significant 19% reduction in maximum plaque F-NaF uptake after treatment, from 1.96 (1.78-2.22) to 1.53 (1.40-2.10), p < 0.001 (primary endpoint analysis). The secondary endpoint CUL was reduced by 23% (p = 0.003).
CONCLUSION
In a single-centre non-randomized clinical trial of high CV risk individuals with subclinical atherosclerosis, the maximum atherosclerotic plaque F-NaF uptake was significantly reduced after six months of high-intensity statin.
PubMed: 38480058
DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2024.117481 -
Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety Apr 2024Fluoride is known to induce nephrotoxicity; however, the underlying mechanisms remain incompletely understood. Therefore, this study aims to explore the roles and...
Rutin mitigates fluoride-induced nephrotoxicity by inhibiting ROS-mediated lysosomal membrane permeabilization and the GSDME-HMGB1 axis involved in pyroptosis and inflammation.
Fluoride is known to induce nephrotoxicity; however, the underlying mechanisms remain incompletely understood. Therefore, this study aims to explore the roles and mechanisms of lysosomal membrane permeabilization (LMP) and the GSDME/HMGB1 axis in fluoride-induced nephrotoxicity and the protective effects of rutin. Rutin, a naturally occurring flavonoid compound known for its antioxidative and anti-inflammatory properties, is primarily mediated by inhibiting oxidative stress and reducing proinflammatory markers. To that end, we established in vivo and in vitro models. In the in vivo study, rats were exposed to sodium fluoride (NaF) throughout pregnancy and up until 2 months after birth. In parallel, we employed in vitro models using HK-2 cells treated with NaF, n-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC), or rutin. We assessed lysosomal permeability through immunofluorescence and analyzed relevant protein expression via western blotting. Our findings showed that NaF exposure increased ROS levels, resulting in enhanced LMP and increased cathepsin B (CTSB) and D (CTSD) expression. Furthermore, the exposure to NaF resulted in the upregulation of cleaved PARP1, cleaved caspase-3, GSDME-N, and HMGB1 expressions, indicating cell death and inflammation-induced renal damage. Rutin mitigates fluoride-induced nephrotoxicity by suppressing ROS-mediated LMP and the GSDME/HMGB1 axis, ultimately preventing fluoride-induced renal toxicity occurrence and development. In conclusion, our findings suggest that NaF induces renal damage through ROS-mediated activation of LMP and the GSDME/HMGB1 axis, leading to pyroptosis and inflammation. Rutin, a natural antioxidative and anti-inflammatory dietary supplement, offers a novel approach to prevent and treat fluoride-induced nephrotoxicity.
Topics: Animals; Rats; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Antioxidants; Caspase 3; Fluorides; HMGB1 Protein; Inflammation; Lysosomes; Pyroptosis; Reactive Oxygen Species; Rutin; Sodium Fluoride; Kidney Diseases; Gasdermins
PubMed: 38479315
DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2024.116195 -
Heliyon Mar 2024Proteases are large group of highly demanded enzymes having huge application in food and pharmaceutical industries. Numerous sources, including plants, microorganisms,...
Proteases are large group of highly demanded enzymes having huge application in food and pharmaceutical industries. Numerous sources, including plants, microorganisms, and animals, can be used to obtain protease. Due to its affordability and safety consideration, fermented foods have recently attracted more attention as a source of microbial protease. The present study aimed to extract protease from , partially purify the extracted protease following dialysis after precipitation with ammonium sulfate, and determine general characteristics of protease. The having highest proteolysis activity after three days of control fermentation (Temperature 30±2 °C, RH 66 ± 2%) was taken for the study. About 2.45 fold of purification with overall recovery of 63.21% was achieved after precipitation with ammonium sulfate at 30-70% saturation level followed by dialysis of crude extracted protease. The dialysed protease had specific activity of 7.90 U/mg. The enzyme remained actively functional across a wider pH (5-9) and temperature (40-60 °C) range. SDS-PAGE and Zymogram confirmed the presence of three major active bands respectively of 29.04 kDa, 36.09 kDa and 46.35 kDa in the kinema protease extract. The enzyme kinetics data on casein, fitted to Mechaelis Mentens' plots showed the protease had V of 1.001 U/ml with corresponding K value of 0.825 mg/ml. Metal ions such as iron, mercury and aluminium showed the inhibition effect whereas presence of sodium, zinc, and calcium shows the activation effect on protease performance. The enzyme was active over various natural substrates; showing maximal activity on casein, and subsequent to bovine serum albumin, gelatin, hemoglobin and whey protein respectively. Furthermore, molecular weight distribution of the protease extract and activity inhibition with ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid and phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride, suggesting the protease from could be a metal dependent serine protease or mixture of them.
PubMed: 38463843
DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e27173 -
European Journal of Nuclear Medicine... Jul 2024Non-invasive detection of pathological changes in thoracic aortic disease remains an unmet clinical need particularly for patients with congenital heart disease....
INTRODUCTION
Non-invasive detection of pathological changes in thoracic aortic disease remains an unmet clinical need particularly for patients with congenital heart disease. Positron emission tomography combined with magnetic resonance imaging (PET-MRI) could provide a valuable low-radiation method of aortic surveillance in high-risk groups. Quantification of aortic microcalcification activity using sodium [F]fluoride holds promise in the assessment of thoracic aortopathies. We sought to evaluate aortic sodium [F]fluoride uptake in PET-MRI using three methods of attenuation correction compared to positron emission tomography computed tomography (PET-CT) in patients with bicuspid aortic valve, METHODS: Thirty asymptomatic patients under surveillance for bicuspid aortic valve disease underwent sodium [F]fluoride PET-CT and PET-MRI of the ascending thoracic aorta during a single visit. PET-MRI data were reconstructed using three iterations of attenuation correction (Dixon, radial gradient recalled echo with two [RadialVIBE-2] or four [RadialVIBE-4] tissue segmentation). Images were qualitatively and quantitatively analysed for aortic sodium [F]fluoride uptake on PET-CT and PET-MRI.
RESULTS
Aortic sodium [F]fluoride uptake on PET-MRI was visually comparable with PET-CT using each reconstruction and total aortic standardised uptake values on PET-CT strongly correlated with each PET-MRI attenuation correction method (Dixon R = 0.70; RadialVIBE-2 R = 0.63; RadialVIBE-4 R = 0.64; p < 0.001 for all). Breathing related artefact between soft tissue and lung were detected using Dixon and RadialVIBE-4 but not RadialVIBE-2 reconstructions, with the presence of this artefact adjacent to the atria leading to variations in blood pool activity estimates. Consequently, quantitative agreements between radiotracer activity on PET-CT and PET-MRI were most consistent with RadialVIBE-2.
CONCLUSION
Ascending aortic microcalcification analysis in PET-MRI is feasible with comparable findings to PET-CT. RadialVIBE-2 tissue attenuation correction correlates best with the reference standard of PET-CT and is less susceptible to artefact. There remain challenges in segmenting tissue types in PET-MRI reconstructions, and improved attenuation correction methods are required.
Topics: Humans; Male; Female; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Middle Aged; Multimodal Imaging; Aorta, Thoracic; Adult; Calcinosis; Positron-Emission Tomography; Aged; Aortic Valve; Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; Positron Emission Tomography Computed Tomography
PubMed: 38456972
DOI: 10.1007/s00259-024-06670-5