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Narra J Apr 2024Second-degree burn, the most common among burn degrees, underscores the importance of timely and proper treatment in influencing prognosis. Nutmeg (), renowned for its...
Second-degree burn, the most common among burn degrees, underscores the importance of timely and proper treatment in influencing prognosis. Nutmeg (), renowned for its potent antibacterial and antifungal properties, also serves as an effective antiseptic for open wounds. The aim of this study was to identify the phytochemical constituents of nutmeg essential oil and analyze the wound healing effect of nutmeg cream on second-degree burns in an animal model. An experimental study with a completed randomized design was conducted on strain Wistar rats with second-degree burn. This study had four groups and each group consisting of four rats: B (burn-treated base cream), B+N (burn-treated 3% nutmeg cream), B+SSD (burn-treated silver sulfadiazine (BSS)), and B+N+SSD (burn-treated 3% nutmeg cream and SSD in a 1:1 ratio). The phytochemical analysis of nutmeg essential oil was conducted by gas chromatography and mass spectroscopy (GC-MS). The burn diameter and burn wound healing percentage were measured from day 0 to 18. One-way ANOVA followed by post hoc analysis using the least significant difference (LSD) was employed to analysis the effect. The phytochemical analysis of nutmeg essential oil found that myristicin, terpinene-4-ol, terpinene, safrole and terpinolene were the most abundant putative compounds in nutmeg essential oil. On day 0, the average burn wound diameters were 1.4 cm in all groups and increases were observed in all groups on day 3. The wound diameter decreased until day 18 with the smallest burn wound diameter was found in the B+N group (0.86±0.37 cm), followed by B+SSD (0.93±0.29 cm). The B+SSD group exhibited the highest percentage of burn wound healing (56.80±14.05%), which was significantly different from the base cream (<0.05). The percentage of burn wound healing in rats given 3% nutmeg cream was 41.88±13.81%, suggesting that nutmeg cream could promote burn wound healing in rats induced by second-degree burns.
Topics: Animals; Myristica; Wound Healing; Burns; Rats, Wistar; Rats; Disease Models, Animal; Oils, Volatile; Skin Cream; Male; Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; Anti-Infective Agents, Local; Silver Sulfadiazine
PubMed: 38798873
DOI: 10.52225/narra.v4i1.621 -
Journal of Food Protection May 2024Linking outbreaks of Shigella spp. to specific foods is challenging due to poor selectivity of current enrichment media. We have previously shown that enrichment media,...
Overcoming Microbial Inhibition of S. Sonnei Through the Exploitation of Genomically Predicted Antibiotic Resistance Profiles for the Development of Food Enrichment Media.
Linking outbreaks of Shigella spp. to specific foods is challenging due to poor selectivity of current enrichment media. We have previously shown that enrichment media, tailored to the genomically-predicted antimicrobial resistance (AMR) of Shiga toxigenic E. coli strains, enhances their isolation from foods. This study investigates the application of this approach for Shigella isolation. The AMR gene profiles of 21,908 published S. sonnei genomes indicated a high prevalence of genes conferring resistance to streptomycin (aadA, aph(3″)-Ib, aph(6)-Id, 92.8%), sulfonamides (sul1, sul2, 74.8%), and/or trimethoprim (dfrA, 96.2%). Genomic analysis and antibiotic susceptibility testing conducted with a panel of 17 outbreak-associated S. sonnei strains confirmed the correlation of AMR gene detection with resistance phenotypes. Supplementation of Shigella Broth (SB) with up to 400 µg/mL of trimethoprim or sulfadiazine did not suppress the growth of sensitive strains, whereas 100 µg/mL of streptomycin increased the selectivity of this broth. All three antibiotics increased the selectivity of modified Tryptone Soya Broth (mTSB). Based on these results, supplemented media formulations were developed and assessed by measuring the relative growth of S. sonnei in cultures coinoculated with a strain of bacteriocin-producing E. coli that is inhibitory to Shigella growth. S. sonnei was not recovered from cocultures grown in SB or mTSB without antibiotics. In contrast, media supplemented with streptomycin at 50 and 100 µg/mL, trimethoprim at 25 and 50 µg/mL, and sulfadiazine at 100 µg/mL increased the relative proportion of S. sonnei in postenrichment cultures. The enhanced recovery of resistant S. sonnei strains achieved in this study indicates that, in cases where genomic data are available for clinical S. sonnei isolates, customization of selective enrichment media based on AMR gene detection could be a valuable tool for supporting the investigation of foodborne shigellosis outbreaks.
PubMed: 38754553
DOI: 10.1016/j.jfp.2024.100302 -
RSC Advances May 2024Advanced oxidation techniques based on peroxysulfate activation have been paid much attention owing to their excellent performance in degrading stubborn pollutants in...
Advanced oxidation techniques based on peroxysulfate activation have been paid much attention owing to their excellent performance in degrading stubborn pollutants in water. In response to the current situation that requires more raw materials and higher costs and involves more complicated processes for the preparation of Fe/C catalysts to activate persulfates, novel catalysts (Fe/C-700, Fe/C-800, Fe/C-900 and Fe/C-1000) were prepared by a high-temperature carbonization method at different pyrolysis temperatures (700, 800, 900 and 1000 °C) using inexpensive and environmentally friendly ferric citrate as raw material. Fe/C catalysts were characterized using SEM, EDS, XRD, XPS, and VSM and were screened for the activation of peroxymonosulfate (PMS) to degrade sulfadiazine (SDZ) in water, where Fe/C-900 exhibited higher efficiency. Thus, its activation performance for PMS to degrade SDZ was comprehensively investigated and the mechanisms of activation degradation were analyzed. The results showed that the degradation rate of 98.7% can be achieved to 10 mg L SDZ by 0.1 g L Fe/C-900 and 0.5 mmol L PMS within 60 min. A wide range of solution pH, low catalyst dosage and good recycling performance were found in the Fe/C-900 application and the amount of iron ions dissolved at the end of the reaction was low (0.350 mg L). It was shown that both free radical and non-free radical pathways existed in the reaction system, where O, SO˙ and O˙ played dominant roles in the degradation process of SDZ. The results could provide new ideas for the preparation of Fe/C catalysts and their heterogeneous activation for PMS to degrade stubborn organic pollutants in water.
PubMed: 38746842
DOI: 10.1039/d4ra00768a -
JAC-antimicrobial Resistance Jun 2024Microorganisms tend to rely on close relationships with other species to survive. Consequently, biofilms formed by interactions of different species have been shown to...
BACKGROUND
Microorganisms tend to rely on close relationships with other species to survive. Consequently, biofilms formed by interactions of different species have been shown to delay the wound healing process. Studies suggest these mixed-population infections contribute to the development of drug resistance and inhibition of host immune response. Silver sulfadiazine (SSD) has been shown to effectively decrease the risk of infection in an open wound. Typically, these are bacterial wound infections; however, the role of fungal species needs further attention.
OBJECTIVES
The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of SSD on interactions between 09-009 (PA1) or 09-010 (PA2) and ATTC 64550 (CA).
METHODS
A mixture of 4 mL of tryptic soy broth (TSB) and 100 µL of CA and/or PA1 or PA2 (∼10 log cfu/mL) inoculums were deposited into either wells or vials. The wells or vials were then sonicated (50 W for 10 s) to separate microorganisms attached to the walls. After incubation, cell counts were performed at 24 and 48 h for each microorganism using specific media.
RESULTS
Our results show that without SSD treatment, exhibits an inhibitory effect on . Treatment with SSD demonstrated significant reduction of ; however, persisted. This experiment demonstrates that SSD was effective in reducing the bioburden of both strains after 24 and 48 h; however, it was not as effective in reducing .
CONCLUSIONS
The data suggest that for polymicrobial mixed infections containing spp. and , treatment with SSD may be beneficial but does not provide adequate microorganism eradication. As such, added treatments that provide coverage for infection are necessary. Additional studies are needed to obtain a better understanding of the complex interactions between these organisms.
PubMed: 38741896
DOI: 10.1093/jacamr/dlae075 -
Jornal Brasileiro de Nefrologia 2024
Topics: Humans; Sulfadiazine; Toxoplasmosis, Cerebral; Male; HIV Infections; HIV-1; Crystallization; Renal Insufficiency; Adult; Crystalluria
PubMed: 38739000
DOI: 10.1590/2175-8239-JBN-2023-0151en -
Environment International May 2024DNA methylation is well-accepted as a bridge to unravel the complex interplay between genome and environmental exposures, and its alteration regulated the cellular...
DNA methylation is well-accepted as a bridge to unravel the complex interplay between genome and environmental exposures, and its alteration regulated the cellular metabolic responses towards pollutants. However, the mechanism underlying site-specific aberrant DNA methylation and metabolic disorders under pollutant stresses remained elusive. Herein, the multilevel omics interferences of sulfonamides (i.e., sulfadiazine and sulfamerazine), a group of antibiotics pervasive in farmland soils, towards rice in 14 days of 1 mg/L hydroponic exposure were systematically evaluated. Metabolome and transcriptome analyses showed that 57.1-71.4 % of mono- and disaccharides were accumulated, and the differentially expressed genes were involved in the promotion of sugar hydrolysis, as well as the detoxification of sulfonamides. Most differentially methylated regions (DMRs) were hypomethylated ones (accounting for 87-95 %), and 92 % of which were located in the CHH context (H = A, C, or T base). KEGG enrichment analysis revealed that CHH-DMRs in the promoter regions were enriched in sugar metabolism. To reveal the significant hypomethylation of CHH, multi-spectroscopic and thermodynamic approaches, combined with molecular simulation were conducted to investigate the molecular interaction between sulfonamides and DNA in different sequence contexts, and the result demonstrated that sulfonamides would insert into the minor grooves of DNA, and exhibited a stronger affinity with the CHH contexts of DNA compared to CG or CHG contexts. Computational modeling of DNA 3D structures further confirmed that the binding led to a pitch increase of 0.1 Å and a 3.8° decrease in the twist angle of DNA in the CHH context. This specific interaction and the downregulation of methyltransferase CMT2 (logFC = -4.04) inhibited the DNA methylation. These results indicated that DNA methylation-based assessment was useful for metabolic toxicity prediction and health risk assessment.
Topics: DNA Methylation; Oryza; Sulfonamides; Carbohydrate Metabolism; Soil Pollutants
PubMed: 38735075
DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2024.108737 -
Journal of Wound Care May 2024Burn injuries pose a heightened risk of infection, which is primarily responsible for increased morbidity and mortality. Factors such as extensive skin damage and... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study
OBJECTIVE
Burn injuries pose a heightened risk of infection, which is primarily responsible for increased morbidity and mortality. Factors such as extensive skin damage and compromised immunity exacerbate this vulnerability. and are frequently identified in burns, with Gram-negative often resistant to antibacterial agents. While Flaminal, an alginate-based wound dressing (Flen Health, Belgium), aids wound healing, its antibacterial effects are limited compared with 1% silver sulfadiazine (1% SSD). In contrast, Prontosan Wound Gel X, a betaine and polyhexanide-based hydrogel (B. Braun Medical AG, Switzerland), has been shown to effectively combat various microbes and promotes wound healing.
METHOD
In this study, two research cohorts were retrospectively established (control group: patients receiving standard of care with the alginate-based wound dressing; intervention group: patients receiving the polyhexanide hydrogel wound dressing), comprising patients admitted to a burn centre between 2019 and 2022. Patients were eligible when continuous wound treatment with either of the two wound dressings was performed. Laser Doppler imaging (LDI) scans were conducted. Regions of interest (ROIs) were selected based on LDI scans and divided into healing time categories. Wound swabs were collected and the presence of and was documented. Bacterial load was evaluated using a semiquantitative scale. Wound healing was recorded.
RESULTS
The control group consisted of 31 patients with 93 ROIs, while the intervention group had 67 ROIs involving 29 patients. Both groups exhibited similar proportions of healing time categories (p>0.05). The polyhexanide hydrogel dressing outperformed the alginate-based dressing in antiseptic efficacy by significantly reducing the incidence of - and -positive cultures in patients' wounds. Wound healing time for conservative treatment was comparable between groups.
CONCLUSION
In this study, the polyhexanide hydrogel dressing minimised and colonisation in burn wounds, demonstrating strong antibacterial properties, emphasising its potential to minimise infections in burn injuries.
Topics: Humans; Alginates; Biguanides; Burns; Male; Female; Retrospective Studies; Adult; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Middle Aged; Wound Healing; Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Bandages; Wound Infection; Staphylococcus aureus; Hydrogels
PubMed: 38683776
DOI: 10.12968/jowc.2024.33.5.335 -
Annals of Burns and Fire Disasters Jun 2023Scalds constitute the most common type of childhood burns. Given their potential for spontaneous healing, a variety of dressings are used to promote healing and prevent...
Scalds constitute the most common type of childhood burns. Given their potential for spontaneous healing, a variety of dressings are used to promote healing and prevent infection. This comparative study was carried out to document the clinical presentation of pediatric scald burns and evaluate their management outcome with hydrocolloid dressings versus silver sulphadiazine (SSD) in terms of complete healing, healing time, mean number of dressings required to achieve healing, and any need for split thickness skin grafting at three weeks. The study included all pediatric scald patients (aged ≤15 years) who presented with superficial partial-thickness and deep partial-thickness wounds during the study period. Exclusion criteria included children over the age of 15 years, facial scalds and full thickness scalds. Half of the patients were randomly assigned to the hydrocolloid group and half to the SSD group. Out of a total of 100 patients, 66% (n=66) were males whereas 34% (n=34) were females. Age ranged from 3 months to 15 years, with a mean of 2.88±2.86 years. Total body surface area (TBSA) affected ranged from 3% to 17% with a mean of 7.00±4.76%. The majority of the children (75%) were managed on an outpatient basis whereas 25% were hospitalized. Hydrocolloid dressings yielded superior results in terms of complete healing of the scalds, healing time, the mean number of dressings required to achieve healing, and less frequent need for split thickness skin grafting at three weeks. Given the observed benefits, hydrocolloid dressings should constitute the preferred choice of dressing for managing superficial and deep partial thickness scalds in the pediatric population.
PubMed: 38681948
DOI: No ID Found -
Annals of Burns and Fire Disasters Sep 2023Burn injuries are the fourth most common type of trauma worldwide, after traffic injuries, falls and interpersonal violence. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is...
Burn injuries are the fourth most common type of trauma worldwide, after traffic injuries, falls and interpersonal violence. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is one of the most critical proangiogenic factors. Failure in angiogenesis is often associated with chronic, non-healing wounds. This study aimed to compare the effect of sterile gauze with normal saline (NaCl) 0.9%, intermittent negative pressure wound therapy (NPWT), continuous NPWT, and silver sulfadiazine dressing on increasing VEGF and angiogenesis in deep dermal burn injury. This experimental laboratory study involved six Yorkshire pigs. Twenty burns were made on each pig's flank and dorsum areas, which were divided into four treatment groups: sterile gauze with NaCl 0.9%, intermittent NPWT, continuous NPWT, and silver sulfadiazine dressing. Skin biopsies were done on days 1, 3, 7, 14 and 21 to evaluate VEGF histoscore and mean microvascular density (MVD). We used immunohistochemical staining of VEGF-165 as VEGF's protein marker and hematoxylin-eosin (HE) to count the MVD. There was a significant difference in mean VEGF histoscore on evaluation day 14, in which continuous NPWT had the highest score compared to sterile gauze with NaCl 0.9%, intermittent NPWT, and silver sulfadiazine. The elevated VEGF histoscore could significantly increase the MVD.
PubMed: 38680436
DOI: No ID Found -
Annals of Burns and Fire Disasters Sep 2023We report a case of severe burn injury in a 42-year-old pregnant patient referred to our hospital's burn unit after experiencing a scald burn injury that burned her...
We report a case of severe burn injury in a 42-year-old pregnant patient referred to our hospital's burn unit after experiencing a scald burn injury that burned her neck, chest, trunk, abdomen and limbs. The patient had burn wounds distributed on her neck, all four extremities, the chest and abdomen, with a total burn area of 46.5%. The burn wounds were treated with surgical debridement and then covered with silver sulfadiazine and damp gauze. The patient's wounds were treated every three days. The patient delivered a healthy baby full-term through a spontaneous, vaginal delivery. After delivery, the amniotic membrane from the patient was used as an amniotic membrane graft and was planted on the patient's chest, right arm and right thigh. The amniotic membrane in this patient helped to accelerate the preparation of the wound bed for skin grafting. Split-thickness skin grafts were then used on the wounds and the patient was discharged from the hospital one week later. Patients that present with burn injuries during pregnancy require intense monitoring and careful management from a multidisciplinary team. A collaborative effort needs to be made in order to plan the best outcome for the mother and fetus. Precise and early resuscitation is the first step to treating such cases. The administration of fluids should be titered based on the patient's hemodynamic condition and urine output. Wound management can also be optimized using the amniotic membrane as a temporary dressing before skin grafting.
PubMed: 38680435
DOI: No ID Found