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Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical... May 2013To investigate in vitro and in vivo antibacterial potentials of Vitex negundo (V. negundo) leaf extracts against diverse enteric pathogens.
OBJECTIVE
To investigate in vitro and in vivo antibacterial potentials of Vitex negundo (V. negundo) leaf extracts against diverse enteric pathogens.
METHODS
Water and methanol extracts of V. negundo leaves were evaluated against enteric bacterial pathogens by using standard disc diffusion, viable bacterial cell count methods, determination of minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBC).
RESULTS
Methanol extract of V. negundo leaves showed potent antibacterial activity (inhibition zone: 9.9-22.6 mm, MIC: 200-3200 μg/mL, MBC: 200-6400 μg/mL) against all the pathogenic enteric bacteria (Vibrio cholerae, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Vibrio mimicus, Echerichia coli, Shigella spps., and Aeromonas spps) tested. Methanol extract of V. negundo leaves showed potent bactericidal activity both in vitro laboratory conditions (MBC, 200-400 μg/mL) and in the intestinal environment (Dose, 1-2 mg/mL) of infant mice against pathogenic Vibrio cholerae, the major causative agent of cholera. Furthermore, assays using the mice cholera model showed that V. negundo methanol extract can protect mice from Vibrio cholerae infection and significantly decrease the mortality rate (P<0.0001).
CONCLUSIONS
For the first time we showed that methanol extract of V. negundo leaves exhibited strong vibriocidal activity both in vitro and in vivo conditions. Therefore, it will be useful to identify and isolate the active compounds of this extract that could be a good alternative of antibiotics to treat cholera.
Topics: Administration, Oral; Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacteria; Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial; Female; Intestines; Male; Methanol; Mice; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Plant Extracts; Plant Leaves; Survival Analysis; Vibrio Infections; Vitex
PubMed: 23608373
DOI: 10.1016/S1995-7645(13)60038-3 -
Revista Da Sociedade Brasileira de... 2013The present study aimed to survey the Vibrio microbiota of oysters (Crassostrea rhizophorae) obtained from restaurants in Fortaleza, State of Ceará, Brazil, and to...
INTRODUCTION
The present study aimed to survey the Vibrio microbiota of oysters (Crassostrea rhizophorae) obtained from restaurants in Fortaleza, State of Ceará, Brazil, and to identify virulence factors.
METHODS
The isolated vibrios were submitted to biochemical identification and were tested for hemolytic and urease activities.
RESULTS
The isolated strains belonged to 13 species, with predominance of Vibrio mimicus. Of the strain isolates only from fresh samples, 20.5% and 2.8% showed hemolytic and urease activities, respectively.
CONCLUSIONS
The findings support the little-publicized claim that Vibrio species other than V. parahaemolyticus and V. vulnificus can represent a health risk to public health.
Topics: Animals; Food Microbiology; Food, Preserved; Hemolysis; Ostreidae; Urease; Vibrio; Virulence Factors
PubMed: 23563836
DOI: 10.1590/0037-868210722013 -
Genome Announcements Mar 2013Vibrio mimicus is a Gram-negative bacterium associated with gastrointestinal diseases in humans around the world. We report the complete genome sequence of the Vibrio...
Vibrio mimicus is a Gram-negative bacterium associated with gastrointestinal diseases in humans around the world. We report the complete genome sequence of the Vibrio mimicus strain CAIM 602(T) (CDC1721-77, LMG 7896(T), ATCC 33653(T)).
PubMed: 23516211
DOI: 10.1128/genomeA.00084-13 -
F1000Research 2013Vibrio cholerae, the etiologic agent of cholera, is indigenous to aquatic environments. The V. cholerae genome consists of two chromosomes; the smallest of these harbors...
BACKGROUND
Vibrio cholerae, the etiologic agent of cholera, is indigenous to aquatic environments. The V. cholerae genome consists of two chromosomes; the smallest of these harbors a large gene capture and excision system called the superintegron (SI), of ~120 kbp. The flexible nature of the SI that results from gene cassette capture, deletion and rearrangement is thought to make it a hotspot of V. cholerae diversity, but beyond the basic structure it is not clear if there is a core genome in the SI and if so how it is structured. The aim of this study was to explore the core genome structure and the differences in gene content among strains of V. cholerae.
METHODS
From the complete genomes of seven V. cholerae and one Vibrio mimicus representative strains, we recovered the SI sequences based on the locations of the structural gene IntI4 and the V. cholerae repeats. Analysis of the pangenome, including cluster analysis of functional genes, pangenome profile analysis, genetic variation analysis of functional genes, strain evolution analysis and function enrichment analysis of gene clusters, was performed using a pangenome analysis pipeline in addition to the R scripts, splitsTree4 and genoPlotR.
RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS
Here, we reveal the genetic architecture of the V. cholerae SI. It contains eight core genes when V. mimicus is included and 21 core genes when only V. cholerae strains are considered; many of them are present in several copies. The V. cholerae SI has an open pangenome, which means that V. cholerae may be able to import new gene cassettes to SI. The set of dispensable SI genes is influenced by the niche and type species. The core genes are distributed along the SI, apparently without a position effect.
PubMed: 25580216
DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.2-63.v1 -
Journal of Bacteriology Dec 2012The genome sequence analysis of a clinical Vibrio cholerae VC35 strain from an outbreak case in Malaysia indicates multiple genes involved in host adaptation and a novel...
The genome sequence analysis of a clinical Vibrio cholerae VC35 strain from an outbreak case in Malaysia indicates multiple genes involved in host adaptation and a novel Na(+)-driven multidrug efflux pump-coding gene in the genome of Vibrio cholerae with the highest similarity to VMA_001754 of Vibrio mimicus VMA223.
Topics: Base Sequence; Cholera; DNA, Bacterial; Genome, Bacterial; Humans; Malaysia; Molecular Sequence Data; Sequence Analysis, DNA; Vibrio cholerae O1
PubMed: 23209200
DOI: 10.1128/JB.01832-12 -
PloS One 2012Ornamental fishes are among the most popular and fastest growing categories of pets in the United States (U.S.). The global scope and scale of the ornamental fish trade...
Ornamental fishes are among the most popular and fastest growing categories of pets in the United States (U.S.). The global scope and scale of the ornamental fish trade and growing popularity of pet fish in the U.S. are strong indicators of the myriad economic and social benefits the pet industry provides. Relatively little is known about the microbial communities associated with these ornamental fishes or the aquarium water in which they are transported and housed. Using conventional molecular approaches and next generation high-throughput amplicon sequencing of 16S ribosomal RNA gene hypervariable regions, we characterized the bacterial community of aquarium water containing common goldfish (Carassius auratus) and Chinese algae eaters (Gyrinocheilus aymonieri) purchased from seven pet/aquarium shops in Rhode Island and identified the presence of potential pathogens. Our survey identified a total of 30 phyla, the most common being Proteobacteria (52%), Bacteroidetes (18%) and Planctomycetes (6%), with the top four phyla representing >80% of all sequences. Sequences from our water samples were most closely related to eleven bacterial species that have the potential to cause disease in fishes, humans and other species: Coxiella burnetii, Flavobacterium columnare, Legionella birminghamensis, L. pneumophila, Vibrio cholerae, V. mimicus. V. vulnificus, Aeromonas schubertii, A. veronii, A. hydrophila and Plesiomonas shigelloides. Our results, combined with evidence from the literature, suggest aquarium tank water harboring ornamental fish are an understudied source for novel microbial communities and pathogens that pose potential risks to the pet industry, fishes in trade, humans and other species.
Topics: Animals; Bacteria; Biodiversity; Cloning, Molecular; Fishes; Goldfish; Molecular Sequence Data; Pets; Phylogeny; Polymerase Chain Reaction; Rhode Island; Species Specificity; Water Microbiology
PubMed: 22970112
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0039971 -
Applied and Environmental Microbiology Oct 2012A new protocol for rapid, specific, and sensitive cell-based quantification of Vibrio cholerae/Vibrio mimicus in water samples was developed. The protocol is based on...
Rapid and sensitive quantification of Vibrio cholerae and Vibrio mimicus cells in water samples by use of catalyzed reporter deposition fluorescence in situ hybridization combined with solid-phase cytometry.
A new protocol for rapid, specific, and sensitive cell-based quantification of Vibrio cholerae/Vibrio mimicus in water samples was developed. The protocol is based on catalyzed reporter deposition fluorescence in situ hybridization (CARD-FISH) in combination with solid-phase cytometry. For pure cultures, we were able to quantify down to 6 V. cholerae cells on one membrane with a relative precision of 39% and down to 12 cells with a relative precision of 17% after hybridization with the horseradish peroxidase (HRP)-labeled probe Vchomim1276 (specific for V. cholerae and V. mimicus) and signal amplification. The corresponding position of the probe on the 16S rRNA is highly accessible even when labeled with HRP. For the first time, we were also able to successfully quantify V. cholerae/V. mimicus via solid-phase cytometry in extremely turbid environmental water samples collected in Austria. Cell numbers ranged from 4.5 × 10(1) cells ml(-1) in the large saline lake Neusiedler See to 5.6 × 10(4) cells ml(-1) in an extremely turbid shallow soda lake situated nearby. We therefore suggest CARD-FISH in combination with solid-phase cytometry as a powerful tool to quantify V. cholerae/V. mimicus in ecological studies as well as for risk assessment and monitoring programs.
Topics: Austria; Bacterial Load; Horseradish Peroxidase; Image Cytometry; In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence; Oligonucleotide Probes; Sensitivity and Specificity; Staining and Labeling; Time Factors; Vibrio cholerae; Vibrio mimicus; Water Microbiology
PubMed: 22885749
DOI: 10.1128/AEM.02190-12 -
Microbiology and Immunology Nov 2012During a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled probiotic trial among 3758 children residing in an urban slum in Kolkata, India, Vibrio cholerae/mimicus was... (Randomized Controlled Trial)
Randomized Controlled Trial
During a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled probiotic trial among 3758 children residing in an urban slum in Kolkata, India, Vibrio cholerae/mimicus was detected in fecal microbiota of healthy children. The importance of this finding in the local, regional and global transmission of cholera is discussed.
Topics: Child, Preschool; Cholera; Endemic Diseases; Feces; Humans; India; Infant; Placebos; Poverty Areas; Probiotics; Vibrio cholerae; Vibrio mimicus
PubMed: 22882566
DOI: 10.1111/j.1348-0421.2012.00497.x -
Cytotechnology Mar 2013Vibrio sp. V26 isolated from mangrove sediment showed 98 % similarity to 16S rRNA gene of Vibrio cholerae, V. mimicus, V. albensis and uncultured clones of Vibrio....
Vibrio sp. V26 isolated from mangrove sediment showed 98 % similarity to 16S rRNA gene of Vibrio cholerae, V. mimicus, V. albensis and uncultured clones of Vibrio. Phenotypically also it resembled both V. cholerae and V. mimicus. Serogrouping, virulence associated gene profiling, hydrophobicity, and adherence pattern clearly pointed towards the non-toxigenic nature of Vibrio sp. V26. Purification and characterization of the enzyme revealed that it was moderately thermoactive, nonhemagglutinating alkaline metalloprotease with a molecular mass of 32 kDa. The application of alkaline protease from Vibrio sp. V26 (APV26) in sub culturing cell lines (HEp-2, HeLa and RTG-2) and dissociation of animal tissue (chick embryo) for primary cell culture were investigated. The time required for dissociation of cells as well as the viable cell yield obtained by while administering APV26 and trypsin were compared. Investigations revealed that the alkaline protease of Vibrio sp. V26 has the potential to be used in animal cell culture for subculturing cell lines and dissociation of animal tissue for the development of primary cell cultures, which has not been reported earlier among metalloproteases of Vibrios.
PubMed: 22717659
DOI: 10.1007/s10616-012-9472-z -
Journal of Microbiology and... Aug 2012Outbreaks of foodborne diseases associated with Vibrio species such as V. parahaemolyticus, V. vulnificus, and V. cholerae frequently occur in countries having a dietary...
Outbreaks of foodborne diseases associated with Vibrio species such as V. parahaemolyticus, V. vulnificus, and V. cholerae frequently occur in countries having a dietary habit of raw seafood consumption. For rapid identification of different Vibrio species involved in foodborne diseases, whole-cell protein pattern analysis for 13 type strains of 12 Vibrio species was performed using SDS-PAGE analysis. Pathogenic Vibrio species such as V. parahaemolyticus, V. vulnificus, V. cholerae, V. alginolyticus, V. fluvialis, and V. mimicus were included in the 12 Vibrio species used in this study. Each of the 12 Vibrio species showed clearly specific band patterns of its own. Two different strains of V. parahaemolyticus showed two different SDS-PAGE wholecell protein patterns, giving the possibility of categorizing isolated strains in the same V. parahaemolyticus species into two subgroups. The 36 Vibrio isolates collected from sushi restaurants in Busan were all identified as V. parahaemolyticus by comparing their protein patterns with those of Vibrio type strains. The identified isolates were categorized into two different subgroups of V. parahaemolyticus. The whole-cell protein pattern analysis by SDS-PAGE can be used as a specific, rapid, and simple identification method for Vibrio spp. involved in foodborne diseases at the subspecies level.
Topics: Bacterial Proteins; Bacteriological Techniques; Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel; Food Microbiology; Proteome; Sensitivity and Specificity; Time Factors; Vibrio
PubMed: 22713987
DOI: 10.4014/jmb.1201.01001