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Experimental Eye Research Apr 2024Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are released as highly stable lipid bilayer particles carrying proteins, lipids, glycans and miRNAs. The contents of EVs vary based on the... (Review)
Review
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are released as highly stable lipid bilayer particles carrying proteins, lipids, glycans and miRNAs. The contents of EVs vary based on the cellular origin, biogenesis route and the functional state of the cell suggesting certain diseased conditions. A growing body of evidence show that EVs carry important molecules implicated in the development and progression of ophthalmic diseases. EVs associated with ophthalmic diseases are mainly carried by one of the three ocular biofluids which include tears, aqueous humor and vitreous humor. This review summarizes the list of EV derived biomarkers identified thus far in ocular fluids for ophthalmic disease diagnosis. Further, the methods used for sample collection, sample volume and the sample numbers used in these studies have been highlighted. Emphasis has been given to describe the EV isolation and the characterization methods used, EV size profiled and the EV concentrations analyzed by these studies, thus providing a roadmap for future EV biomarker studies in ocular fluids.
Topics: Extracellular Vesicles; Biomarkers; MicroRNAs; Proteins; Body Fluids
PubMed: 38401855
DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2024.109831 -
Frontiers in Immunology 2024Acute retinal necrosis (ARN) is an inflammatory disease that is primarily caused by herpesvirus infection, most commonly varicella-zoster virus (VZV), followed by herpes... (Review)
Review
Acute retinal necrosis (ARN) is an inflammatory disease that is primarily caused by herpesvirus infection, most commonly varicella-zoster virus (VZV), followed by herpes simplex virus (HSV) and occasionally cytomegalovirus (CMV). Sintilimab is an immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) that can enhance the body's anti-tumor immune response. However, treatment with ICIs may lead to reactivation of the VZV. Here, we present a case of ARN caused by VZV infection in a patient receiving sintilimab for cervical cancer. A 64-year-old female patient developed vision loss and floaters with left eye redness for one week after 22 cycles of sintilimab for cervical cancer. Based on clinical manifestations, ophthalmological examination, and vitreous humor biopsy, the patient was diagnosed with acute retinal necrosis syndrome secondary to VZV. After receiving systemic antiviral and anti-inflammatory therapy, retinal necrosis lesions and visual function improved. In conclusion, clinicians should be aware of the risk of ARN when using sintilimab and should actively monitor patients for prompt diagnosis and optimal management of this rare adverse drug reaction.
Topics: Female; Humans; Middle Aged; Retinal Necrosis Syndrome, Acute; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms; Herpesvirus 3, Human; Herpes Simplex; Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized
PubMed: 38322266
DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1301329 -
Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual... Feb 2024To sequence, identify, and perform phylogenetic and recombination analysis on three clinical adenovirus samples taken from the vitreous humor at the Bascom Palmer Eye...
PURPOSE
To sequence, identify, and perform phylogenetic and recombination analysis on three clinical adenovirus samples taken from the vitreous humor at the Bascom Palmer Eye Institute.
METHODS
The PacBio Sequel II was used to sequence the genomes of the three clinical adenovirus isolates. To identify the isolates, a full genome-based multiple sequence alignment (MSA) of 722 mastadenoviruses was generated using multiple alignment using fast Fourier transform (MAFFT). MAFFT was also used to generate genome-based human adenovirus B (HAdV-B) MSAs, as well as HAdV-B fiber, hexon, and penton protein-based MSAs. To examine recombination within HAdV-B, RF-Net 2 and Bootscan software programs were used.
RESULTS
In the course of classifying three new atypical ocular adenovirus samples, taken from the vitreous humor, we found that all three isolates were HAdV-B species. The three Bascom Palmer HAdV-B genomes were then combined with over 300 HAdV-B genome sequences, including nine ocular HAdV-B genome sequences. Attempts to categorize the penton, hexon, and fiber serotypes using phylogeny of the three Bascom Palmer samples were inconclusive due to incongruence between serotype and phylogeny in the dataset. Recombination analysis using a subset of HAdV-B strains to generate a hybridization network detected recombination between nonhuman primate and human-derived strains, recombination between one HAdV-B strain and the HAdV-E outgroup, and limited recombination between the B1 and B2 clades.
CONCLUSIONS
The discordance between serotype and phylogeny detected in this study suggests that the current classification system does not accurately describe the natural history and phylogenetic relationships among adenoviruses.
Topics: Humans; Animals; Adenoviridae; Vitreous Body; Phylogeny; Serogroup; Adenoviruses, Human; Hexamethonium; Recombination, Genetic
PubMed: 38319669
DOI: 10.1167/iovs.65.2.12 -
Indian Journal of Ophthalmology May 2024Some anterior chambers do not readily shallow because of insufficient posterior pressure and/or very deep anterior chamber anatomy, which can make unscrolling descemet...
Some anterior chambers do not readily shallow because of insufficient posterior pressure and/or very deep anterior chamber anatomy, which can make unscrolling descemet membrane endothelial keratoplasty (DMEK) tissue more challenging with an unmodified tap technique. We present a hands-free method for augmenting posterior pressure by temporarily tucking cellulose sponges under the blades of the eyelid speculum. The sponges transfer some of the eyelid speculum's weight onto the bulbar surface posterior to the iris, thereby indenting the sclera and causing the iris diaphragm to bulge further forward. This hands-free technique can transform a potentially challenging DMEK case into a more straightforward one by facilitating both a shallow anterior chamber and a bimanual unscrolling technique. However, it only works in bicameral eyes with a vitreous body (e.g., an eye with penetrating keratoplasty, vitreous syneresis, and axial myopia) and will not work in unicameral eyes after vitrectomy (e.g., an eye with an Anterior Chamber Intraocular Lens (ACIOL)).
Topics: Humans; Descemet Stripping Endothelial Keratoplasty; Anterior Chamber; Cellulose; Intraocular Pressure; Visual Acuity
PubMed: 38317304
DOI: 10.4103/IJO.IJO_1385_23 -
Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy =... Mar 2024Vitreous replacement is a commonly employed method for treating a range of ocular diseases, including posterior vitreous detachment, complex retinal detachment, diabetic... (Review)
Review
Vitreous replacement is a commonly employed method for treating a range of ocular diseases, including posterior vitreous detachment, complex retinal detachment, diabetic retinopathy, macular hole, and ocular trauma. Various clinical substitutes for vitreous include air, expandable gas, silicone oil, heavy silicone oil, and balanced salt solution. However, these substitutes have drawbacks such as short retention time, cytotoxicity, high intraocular pressure, and the formation of cataracts, rendering them unsuitable for long-term treatment. Polymeric hydrogels possess the potential to serve as ideal vitreous substitutes due to their structure-mimicking to natural vitreous and adjustable mechanical properties. Replacement with hydrogels as the tamponade can help maintain the shape of the eyeball, apply pressure to the detached retina, and ensure the metabolic transport of substances without impairing vision. This literature review examines the required properties of artificial vitreous, including the optical properties, rheological properties, expansive force action, and physiological and biochemical functions of chemically and physically crosslinked hydrogels. The strategies for enhancing the biocompatibility and injectability of hydrogels are also summarized and discussed. From a clinical ophthalmology perspective, this paper presents the latest developments in vitreous replacement, providing clinicians with a comprehensive understanding of hydrogel clinical applications, which offers guidance for future design directions and methodologies for hydrogel development.
Topics: Humans; Hydrogels; Eye; Cataract; Diabetic Retinopathy; Ophthalmology; Polymers
PubMed: 38306844
DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2024.116154 -
Genes Dec 2023Due to the scarcity of literature data on the DNA content of different human tissues, this study aimed to isolate DNA from different tissues and fluids of the human body...
Due to the scarcity of literature data on the DNA content of different human tissues, this study aimed to isolate DNA from different tissues and fluids of the human body together with the determination of its content in the samples studied. Material was collected and tests were performed between 1990 and 2010, during autopsies performed for prosecutor's offices in the Department of Forensic Medicine. Goiter and thyroid cancer tissues were obtained from the Department of General Surgery, Gastroenterology and Endocrinology of Wroclaw Medical University. Isolated samples were measured spectrophotometrically, yielding an R 260/280 nm between 1.5 and 1.6. In some cases (when a sufficiently pure preparation could not be obtained), isolation was continued using the silica-based commercial QIAquick PCR Purification Kit (Qiagen). If the sampling tissues showed signs of decomposition such as bad odour or colour, the results were calibrated by Real-Time PCR, using the Quantifiler DNA assay (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Applied Biosystems). The results have shown that the maximum amount of genetic material was obtained from hair roots, adrenal glands, gonads and lymph nodes. The lowest DNA content per gram or milliliter of tissue or body fluid was found in adipose tissue, blood, saliva, bile, sweat, tears and the vitreous body of the eye. The presented findings indicate the best sources of high-quality DNA from the human body: gonads, kidneys, muscle (including heart), blood and bones (after decalcification).
Topics: Humans; Human Body; Body Fluids; DNA; Saliva; Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction
PubMed: 38275599
DOI: 10.3390/genes15010017 -
Retina (Philadelphia, Pa.) May 2024To evaluate features of infectious panuveitis associated with multiple pathogens detected by ocular fluid sampling.
PURPOSE
To evaluate features of infectious panuveitis associated with multiple pathogens detected by ocular fluid sampling.
METHODS
Single-center, retrospective, consecutive case series of patients with aqueous/vitreous polymerase chain reaction testing with >1 positive result in a single sample from 2001 to 2021.
RESULTS
Of 1,588 polymerase chain reaction samples, 28 (1.76%) were positive for two pathogens. Most common pathogens were cytomegalovirus (n = 16, 57.1%) and Epstein-Barr virus (n = 13, 46.4%), followed by varicella zoster virus (n = 8, 28.6%), Toxoplasma gondii (n = 6, 21.4%), herpes simplex virus 2 (n = 6, 21.4%), herpes simplex virus 1 (n = 6, 21.4%), and Toxocara (n = 1, 3.6%). Mean initial and final visual acuity (logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution) were 1.3 ± 0.9 (Snellen ∼20/400) and 1.3 ± 1.1 (Snellen ∼20/400), respectively. Cytomegalovirus-positive eyes (n = 16, 61.5%) had a mean final visual acuity of 0.94 ± 1.1 (Snellen ∼20/175), whereas cytomegalovirus-negative eyes (n = 10, 38%) had a final visual acuity of 1.82 ± 1.0 (Snellen ∼20/1,320) ( P < 0.05). Main clinical features included intraocular inflammation (100%), retinal whitening (84.6%), immunosuppression (65.4%), retinal hemorrhage (38.5%), and retinal detachment (34.6%).
CONCLUSION
Cytomegalovirus or Epstein-Barr virus were common unique pathogens identified in multi-PCR-positive samples. Most patients with co-infection were immunosuppressed with a high rate of retinal detachment and poor final visual acuity. Cytomegalovirus-positive eyes had better visual outcomes compared with cytomegalovirus-negative eyes.
Topics: Humans; Retrospective Studies; Male; Female; Panuveitis; Middle Aged; Aqueous Humor; Eye Infections, Viral; Polymerase Chain Reaction; Visual Acuity; Adult; Aged; DNA, Viral; Vitreous Body; Cytomegalovirus; Young Adult; Toxoplasma
PubMed: 38271688
DOI: 10.1097/IAE.0000000000004037 -
BMC Ophthalmology Jan 2024The importance of communicating the anterior chamber and vitreous cavity for managing malignant glaucoma (MG) is widely recognized. This study investigated the impact of...
BACKGROUND
The importance of communicating the anterior chamber and vitreous cavity for managing malignant glaucoma (MG) is widely recognized. This study investigated the impact of improved minimally invasive anterior vitrectomy (IAV) on the prognosis of MG.
METHODS
This retrospective interventional study included patients with MG who underwent conventional surgery or improved minimally IAV in Nanchang Aier Eye Hospital between January 2011 and April 2021. For the improved step, a small amount of triamcinolone acetonide was injected into the vicinity of the iris. Then, the residual vitreous body adhering to triamcinolone acetonide was excised. Comparisons were made using repeated measures ANOVA, t-test, and chi-squared test.
RESULTS
Thirty-one eyes from 26 patients were included: 15 eyes from 13 patients in the conventional group and 16 eyes from 13 patients in the IAV group. The 1-week, 1-month, and 3-month intraocular pressure (IOP) and the 3-month mean central anterior chamber depth were comparable between the two groups (all P > 0.05). The conventional group showed one eye with intraoperative vitreous hemorrhage and two eyes with postoperative re-shallowing of the anterior chamber; such events did not occur in the IAV group, and none developed corneal endothelial decompensation, IOL deviation, suprachoroidal hemorrhage, or retinal detachment during treatment and follow-up.
CONCLUSION
Patients with MG who undergo improved minimally IAV might have similar postoperative IOP and central anterior chamber depth compared with conventional surgery but with reduced complications such as intraoperative vitreous hemorrhage and postoperative re-shallowing of the anterior chamber. Improved minimally IAV might be an alternative surgery for MG.
Topics: Humans; Vitrectomy; Retrospective Studies; Triamcinolone Acetonide; Vitreous Hemorrhage; Glaucoma; Prognosis; Anterior Chamber; Blood Loss, Surgical
PubMed: 38267918
DOI: 10.1186/s12886-024-03310-2 -
BMC Ophthalmology Jan 2024To report a case of retinitis with multiple intraocular viral infections after second haematopoietic stem cell transplantation.
Retinitis after haematopoietic stem cell transplantation with multiple intraocular viral infections (cytomegalovirus, Epstein‒Barr virus and herpes simplex virus)- a case report.
BACKGROUND
To report a case of retinitis with multiple intraocular viral infections after second haematopoietic stem cell transplantation.
CASE PRESENTATION
A 39-year-old female patient developed retinitis after a second haematopoietic stem cell transplant. Right eye was tested for three viral infections- cytomegalovirus, Epstein‒Barr virus and herpes simplex virus, while left was infected with cytomegalovirus. The patient was subsequently treated with vitreous cavity ganciclovir injections, and 1 week later both eyes tested negative for aqueous humour viruses.
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION
CMV, EBV and HSV belong to the herpes virus family. They are all commonly observed in the body and represent opportunity infectious viruses. The retinitis they cause have different characteristics. But simultaneous infection of the eye by multiple viruses is quite rare. In this case, three viruses were detected in the patient's eye, but whether the retina was caused by all three viruses at the same time could not be determined. A satisfactory outcome was achieved after treatment with vitreous cavity ganciclovir injection.
Topics: Female; Humans; Adult; Herpesvirus 4, Human; Cytomegalovirus; Simplexvirus; Epstein-Barr Virus Infections; Retinitis; Virus Diseases; Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation; Retina; Ganciclovir
PubMed: 38267915
DOI: 10.1186/s12886-024-03300-4 -
Journal of Ophthalmic & Vision Research 2023To report the development of malignant epiretinal membrane after radiation of ciliary body melanoma.
PURPOSE
To report the development of malignant epiretinal membrane after radiation of ciliary body melanoma.
CASE REPORT
A 65-year-old woman was referred for evaluation of a ciliary body tumor in her right eye. On examination, a pigmented ciliary body tumor, displacing the iris anteriorly, was visible superotemporally and ultrasound biomicroscopy revealed a large solid ciliary body tumor. She was diagnosed with ciliary body melanoma and treated with proton beam radiation. Over the following 29 months, the treated tumor regressed but optical coherence tomography (OCT) showed the development of a dense epiretinal membrane. Enucleation was performed and histopathological examination showed viable melanoma cells in the vitreous cavity with sheet-like growth of viable spindle melanoma cells on the epiretinal surface.
CONCLUSION
The development of a pigmented epiretinal membrane in eyes with uveal melanoma should raise the possibility of a malignant epiretinal membrane.
PubMed: 38250230
DOI: 10.18502/jovr.v18i4.14558