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Frontiers in Pediatrics 2022Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is a serious condition related to prematurity and the initiation of enteral feeding. In this article, we review the evidence published in...
Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is a serious condition related to prematurity and the initiation of enteral feeding. In this article, we review the evidence published in recent years on necrotizing enterocolitis risk factors (prematurity, feeding with low-weight formula, existence of intestinal dysbiosis) and protective factors (human milk or donated milk supply, supplementation of human milk with oligosaccharides, probiotics administration, and the determination of disease predictive biomarkers). A systematic review was conducted of preventive, risk and predictive factors for necrotizing enterocolitis in neonates prior to 37 weeks' gestational age, based on a literature search for clinical trials, meta-analyses, randomized controlled trials and systematic reviews published between January 2018 and October 2021. For this purpose, the PubMed, MEDLINE, and Cochrane Library databases were consulted. The literature search obtained 113 articles, of which 19 were selected for further analysis after applying the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The conclusions drawn from this analysis were that adequate knowledge of risk factors that can be prevented or modified (such as alteration of the intestinal microbiota, oxidative stress, metabolic dysfunction at birth, or alteration of the immunity modulation) can reduce the incidence of NEC in premature infants. These factors include the supplementation of enteral nutrition with human milk oligosaccharides (with prebiotic and immunomodulatory effects), the combined administration of probiotics (especially the spp and spp combination, which inhibits bacterial adhesion effects, improves the intestinal mucosa barrier function, strengthens the innate and adaptive immune system and increases the secretion of bioactive metabolites), the supplementation of human milk with lactoferrin and the use of donated milk fortified in accordance with the characteristics of the premature newborn. The determination of factors that can predict the existence of NEC, such as fecal calprotectin, increased TLR4 activity, and IL6 receptor, can lead to an early diagnosis of NEC. Although further studies should be conducted to determine the values of predictive biomarkers of NEC, and/or the recommended doses and strains of probiotics, lactoferrin or oligosaccharides, the knowledge acquired in recent years is encouraging.
PubMed: 35656377
DOI: 10.3389/fped.2022.874976 -
The American Journal of Clinical... Jun 2004In vitro studies of the use of immune cells and animal models demonstrate that conjugated linoleic acid (CLA), a lipid, modulates immune function. In addition, recent... (Review)
Review
In vitro studies of the use of immune cells and animal models demonstrate that conjugated linoleic acid (CLA), a lipid, modulates immune function. In addition, recent publications demonstrate that 2 active CLA isomers (ie, cis-9,trans-11 CLA and trans-10,cis-12 CLA) modulate immune function in humans. Aspects of both the innate and adaptive immune responses are affected by dietary CLA supplementation. CLA consists of a mixture of isomers, which reduced immune-induced wasting and enhanced ex vivo lymphocyte proliferation in broilers and decreased tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) and interleukin 6 (IL-6) production in rat models. In mice, ex vivo lymphocyte proliferation and IL-2 production were increased. Furthermore, evidence suggests that the cis-9,trans-11 and trans-10,cis-12 CLA isomers exert distinct effects on immune function. Specifically, these 2 isomers have differential effects on specific T cell populations and immunoglobulin subclasses in animal and human studies. Herein, a systematic review of the literature and relevant new data are presented with an aim to compare data and to present an overview covering the innate and adaptive components of the immune response that are regulated by CLA. In addition, potential mechanisms of action are discussed and the need for future studies on the immunomodulatory properties of CLA are outlined in detail. The understanding of the mechanism(s) by which CLA increases immune function will aid in the development of nutritionally based therapeutic applications to augment host resistance against infectious diseases and to treat immune imbalances, which result in inflammatory disorders, allergic reactions, or both.
Topics: Animals; Dietary Supplements; Humans; Immunity; Inflammation; Interleukin-2; Interleukin-6; Linoleic Acids, Conjugated; Lymphocyte Activation; Models, Animal; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha
PubMed: 15159257
DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/79.6.1199S -
The American Journal of Tropical... Sep 2013Abstract. Current regulations stipulate a yellow fever (YF) booster every 10 years. We conducted a systematic review of the protective efficacy and duration of immunity... (Review)
Review
Abstract. Current regulations stipulate a yellow fever (YF) booster every 10 years. We conducted a systematic review of the protective efficacy and duration of immunity of YF vaccine in residents of disease-endemic areas and in travelers to assess the need for a booster in these two settings and in selected populations (human immunodeficiency virus-infected persons, infants, children, pregnant women, and severely malnourished persons). Thirty-six studies and 22 reports were included. We identified 12 studies of immunogenicity, 8 of duration of immunity, 8 of vaccine response in infants and children, 7 of human-immunodeficiency virus-infected persons, 2 of pregnant women, and 1 of severely malnourished children. Based on currently available data, a single dose of YF vaccine is highly immunogenic and confers sustained life-long protective immunity against YF. Therefore, a booster dose of YF vaccine is not needed. Special considerations for selected populations are detailed.
Topics: Antibody Formation; Humans; Immunity; Immunization, Secondary; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; Risk Factors; Vaccination; Yellow Fever; Yellow Fever Vaccine; Yellow fever virus
PubMed: 24006295
DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.13-0264 -
Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics Dec 2024Cell-based therapeutic cancer vaccines use autologous patient-derived tumor cells, allogeneic cancer cell lines or autologous antigen presenting cells to mimic the... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
Cell-based therapeutic cancer vaccines use autologous patient-derived tumor cells, allogeneic cancer cell lines or autologous antigen presenting cells to mimic the natural immune process and stimulate an adaptive immune response against tumor antigens. The primary objective of this study is to perform a systematic literature review with an embedded meta-analysis of all published Phase 2 and 3 clinical trials of cell-based cancer vaccines in human subjects. The secondary objective of this study is to review trials demonstrating biological activity of cell-based cancer vaccines that could uncover additional hypotheses, which could be used in the design of future studies. We performed the systematic review and meta-analysis according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. The final review included 36 studies - 16 single-arm studies, and 20 controlled trials. Our systematic review of the existing literature revealed largely negative trials and our meta-analysis did not show evidence of clinical benefit from cell-based cancer-vaccines. However, as we looked beyond the stringent inclusion criteria of our systematic review, we identified significant examples of biological activity of cell-based cancer vaccines that are worth highlighting. In conclusion, the existing literature on cell-based cancer vaccines is highly variable in terms of cancer type, vaccine therapies and the clinical setting with no overall statistically significant clinical benefit, but there are individual successes that represent the promise of this approach. As cell-based vaccine technology continues to evolve, future studies can perhaps fulfill the potential that this exciting field of anti-cancer therapy holds.
Topics: Humans; Cancer Vaccines; Neoplasms; Antigens, Neoplasm; Adaptive Immunity
PubMed: 38544385
DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2024.2323256 -
Frontiers in Immunology 2020An unprecedented outbreak of pneumonia caused by a novel coronavirus (CoV), subsequently termed COVID-19 by the World Health Organization, emerged in Wuhan City (China)...
An unprecedented outbreak of pneumonia caused by a novel coronavirus (CoV), subsequently termed COVID-19 by the World Health Organization, emerged in Wuhan City (China) in December 2019. Despite rigorous containment and quarantine efforts, the incidence of COVID-19 continues to expand, causing explosive outbreaks in more than 160 countries with waves of morbidity and fatality, leading to significant public health problems. In the past 20 years, two additional epidemics caused by CoVs have occurred: severe acute respiratory syndrome-CoV, which has caused a large-scale epidemic in China and 24 other countries; and respiratory syndrome-CoV of the Middle East in Saudi Arabia, which continues to cause sporadic cases. All of these viruses affect the lower respiratory tract and manifest as pneumonia in humans, but the novel SARS-Cov-2 appears to be more contagious and has spread more rapidly worldwide. This mini-review focuses on the cellular immune response to COVID-19 in human subjects, compared to other clinically relevant coronaviruses to evaluate its role in the control of infection and pathogenesis and accelerate the development of a preventive vaccine or immune therapies.
Topics: Betacoronavirus; COVID-19; Coronavirus Infections; Epidemics; Humans; Immunity, Cellular; Immunotherapy; Pandemics; Pneumonia, Viral; SARS-CoV-2
PubMed: 32719687
DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01662 -
Immunology May 2022Chronic lung allograft dysfunction (CLAD) remains the major barrier to long-term survival after lung transplantation and improved insight into its underlying... (Review)
Review
Chronic lung allograft dysfunction (CLAD) remains the major barrier to long-term survival after lung transplantation and improved insight into its underlying immunological mechanisms is critical to better understand the disease and to identify treatment targets. We systematically searched the electronic databases of PubMed and EMBASE for original research publications, published between January 2000 and April 2021, to comprehensively assess current evidence on effector immune cells in lung tissue and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from lung transplant recipients with CLAD. Literature search revealed 1351 articles, 76 of which met the criteria for inclusion in our analysis. Our results illustrate significant complexity in both innate and adaptive immune cell responses in CLAD, along with presence of numerous immune cell products, including cytokines, chemokines and proteases associated with tissue remodelling. A clear link between neutrophils and eosinophils and CLAD incidence has been seen, in which eosinophils more specifically predisposed to restrictive allograft syndrome. The presence of cytotoxic and T-helper cells in CLAD pathogenesis is well-documented, although it is challenging to draw conclusions about their role in tissue processes from predominantly bronchoalveolar lavage data. In restrictive allograft syndrome, a more prominent humoral immune involvement with increased B cells, immunoglobulins and complement deposition is seen. Our evaluation of published studies over the last 20 years summarizes the complex multifactorial immunopathology of CLAD onset and progression. It highlights the phenotype of several key effector immune cells involved in CLAD pathogenesis, as well as the paucity of single cell resolution spatial studies in lung tissue from patients with CLAD.
Topics: Allografts; Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid; Chronic Disease; Graft vs Host Disease; Humans; Lung; Lung Transplantation; Retrospective Studies; Transplantation, Homologous
PubMed: 35137398
DOI: 10.1111/imm.13458 -
Respiratory Research Dec 2010Pulmonary inflammation, oxidants-antioxidants imbalance, as well as innate and adaptive immunity have been proposed as playing a key role in the development of COPD. The... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
BACKGROUND
Pulmonary inflammation, oxidants-antioxidants imbalance, as well as innate and adaptive immunity have been proposed as playing a key role in the development of COPD. The role of vitamins, as assessed either by food frequency questionnaires or measured in serum levels, have been reported to improve pulmonary function, reduce exacerbations and improve symptoms. Vitamin supplements have therefore been proposed to be a potentially useful additive to COPD therapy.
METHODS
A systematic literature review was performed on the association of vitamins and COPD. The role of vitamin supplements in COPD was then evaluated.
CONCLUSIONS
The results of this review showed that various vitamins (vitamin C, D, E, A, beta and alpha carotene) are associated with improvement in features of COPD such as symptoms, exacerbations and pulmonary function. High vitamin intake would probably reduce the annual decline of FEV1. There were no studies that showed benefit from vitamin supplementation in improved symptoms, decreased hospitalization or pulmonary function.
Topics: Avitaminosis; Comorbidity; Dietary Supplements; Humans; Prevalence; Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive; Risk Assessment; Risk Factors; Vitamins
PubMed: 21134250
DOI: 10.1186/1465-9921-11-171 -
Brain, Behavior, and Immunity Jul 2023Psychological interventions are viable, cost-effective strategies for improving clinical and psychological impact of inflammation-related conditions. However, their... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
Psychological interventions are viable, cost-effective strategies for improving clinical and psychological impact of inflammation-related conditions. However, their efficacy on immune system function remains controversial. We performed a systematic review and frequentist random-effects network meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials (RCTs) assessing the effects of psychological interventions, against a control condition, on biomarkers of innate and adaptive immunity in adults. PubMed, Scopus, PsycInfo, and Web of Science were searched from inception up to Oct 17, 2022. Cohen's d at 95% confidence interval (CI) was calculated to assess the effect sizes of each class of intervention against active control conditions at post-treatment. The study was registered in PROSPERO (CRD42022325508). Of the 5024 articles retrieved, we included 104 RCTs reporting on 7820 participants. Analyses were based on 13 types of clinical interventions. Compared with the control conditions, cognitive therapy (d = - 0.95, 95% CI: -1.64 to - 0.27), lifestyle (d = - 0.51, 95% CI: -0.99 to - 0.02), and mindfulness-based (d = - 0.38, 95% CI: -0.66 to - 0.09) interventions were associated with post-treatment reduction of proinflammatory cytokines and markers. Mindfulness-based interventions were also significantly associated with post-treatment increase in anti-inflammatory cytokines (d = 0.69, 95% CI: 0.09 to 1.30), while cognitive therapy was associated also with post-treatment increase in white blood cell count (d = 1.89, 95% CI: 0.05 to 3.74). Results on natural killer cells activity were non-significant. Grade of evidence was moderate for mindfulness and low-to-moderate for cognitive therapy and lifestyle interventions; however, substantial overall heterogeneity was detected in most of the analyses.
Topics: Adult; Humans; Psychosocial Intervention; Network Meta-Analysis; Cognitive Behavioral Therapy; Cytokines; Biomarkers
PubMed: 37187256
DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2023.05.006 -
BioDrugs : Clinical Immunotherapeutics,... Nov 2021Immunogenicity with formation of anti-drug antibodies (ADA) to biologics is an important reason for treatment failure in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Our aim was to... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
BACKGROUND AND AIMS
Immunogenicity with formation of anti-drug antibodies (ADA) to biologics is an important reason for treatment failure in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Our aim was to assess the rate of ADA, the effect of combination therapy with immunomodulators on ADA and the influence of ADA on efficacy and safety of biologics for IBD treatment.
METHODS
MEDLINE, Embase and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) were searched from inception to April 2020 for trials of biologics that assessed immunogenicity. The overall certainty of evidence was evaluated using Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluations (GRADE). The primary outcome was rate of ADA. Secondary outcomes included efficacy and safety outcomes among patients with detectable versus undetectable ADA. For dichotomous outcomes, pooled risk ratios (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated.
RESULTS
Data from 68 studies were analyzed and 33 studies (5850 patients) were included in the meta-analysis. Pooled ADA rates for biologic monotherapy were 28.0% for infliximab, 7.5% for adalimumab, 3.8% for golimumab, 10.9% for certolizumab, 6.2% for ustekinumab and 16.0% for natalizumab. Pooled ADA rates were 8.4% for vedolizumab and 5.0% for etrolizumab for combo- and monotherapy combined. In all biologics, ADA rates were underestimated by use of drug-sensitive ADA assays and higher dose and/or frequency. ADA rate was significantly reduced in patients treated with combination therapy for infliximab (RR 0.52; 95% CI 0.44-0.62), adalimumab (RR 0.31; 95% CI 0.14-0.69), golimumab (RR 0.29; 95% CI 0.10-0.83), certolizumab pegol (RR 0.30; 95% CI 0.14-0.67) and natalizumab (RR 0.20; 95% CI 0.11-0. 39). ADA to infliximab were associated with lower clinical response rates (RR 0.75; 95% CI 0.61-0.91) and higher rates of infusion reactions (RR 2.36; 95% CI 1.85-3.01).
CONCLUSIONS
Differences in analytical methods to detect ADA hamper comparison of true ADA rates across biologics in IBD. Use of combination therapy with immunomodulators appeared to reduce ADA positivity for most biologics. For infliximab, ADA were associated with reduced drug efficacy and increased adverse events.
Topics: Adalimumab; Antibody Formation; Biological Factors; Humans; Inflammatory Bowel Diseases; Infliximab
PubMed: 34797516
DOI: 10.1007/s40259-021-00507-5 -
Journal of Clinical Medicine Oct 2021Corneal transplantation is one of the most successful forms of solid organ transplantation; however, immune rejection is still a major cause of corneal graft failure.... (Review)
Review
Corneal transplantation is one of the most successful forms of solid organ transplantation; however, immune rejection is still a major cause of corneal graft failure. Both innate and adaptive immunity play a significant role in allograft tolerance. Therefore, immune cells, cytokines, and signal-transduction pathways are critical therapeutic targets. In this analysis, we aimed to review the current literature on various immunotherapeutic approaches for corneal-allograft rejection using the PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, Cochrane, and China National Knowledge Infrastructure. Retrievable data for meta-analysis were screened and assessed. The review, which evaluated multiple immunotherapeutic approaches to prevent corneal allograft rejection, showed extensive involvement of innate and adaptive immunity components. Understanding the contribution of this immune diversity to the ocular surface is critical for ensuring corneal allograft survival.
PubMed: 34682792
DOI: 10.3390/jcm10204667