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PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases Nov 2017Zika virus (ZIKV) is an arthropod-borne virus (arbovirus) that recently caused outbreaks in the Americas. Over the past 60 years, this virus has been observed... (Review)
Review
Zika virus (ZIKV) is an arthropod-borne virus (arbovirus) that recently caused outbreaks in the Americas. Over the past 60 years, this virus has been observed circulating among African, Asian, and Pacific Island populations, but little attention has been paid by the scientific community until the discovery that large-scale urban ZIKV outbreaks were associated with neurological complications such as microcephaly and several other neurological malformations in fetuses and newborns. This paper is a systematic review intended to list all mosquito species studied for ZIKV infection or for their vector competence. We discuss whether studies on ZIKV vectors have brought enough evidence to formally exclude other mosquitoes than Aedes species (and particularly Aedes aegypti) to be ZIKV vectors. From 1952 to August 15, 2017, ZIKV has been studied in 53 mosquito species, including 6 Anopheles, 26 Aedes, 11 Culex, 2 Lutzia, 3 Coquillettidia, 2 Mansonia, 2 Eretmapodites, and 1 Uranotaenia. Among those, ZIKV was isolated from 16 different Aedes species. The only species other than Aedes genus for which ZIKV was isolated were Anopheles coustani, Anopheles gambiae, Culex perfuscus, and Mansonia uniformis. Vector competence assays were performed on 22 different mosquito species, including 13 Aedes, 7 Culex, and 2 Anopheles species with, as a result, the discovery that A. aegypti and Aedes albopictus were competent for ZIKV, as well as some other Aedes species, and that there was a controversy surrounding Culex quinquefasciatus competence. Although Culex, Anopheles, and most of Aedes species were generally observed to be refractory to ZIKV infection, other potential vectors transmitting ZIKV should be explored.
Topics: Aedes; Americas; Animals; Anopheles; Culex; Disease Outbreaks; Humans; Microcephaly; Mosquito Vectors; Saliva; Zika Virus; Zika Virus Infection
PubMed: 29145400
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0005933 -
PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases Jul 2022Yellow fever (YF) has re-emerged in the last two decades causing several outbreaks in endemic countries and spreading to new receptive regions. This changing... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
Yellow fever (YF) has re-emerged in the last two decades causing several outbreaks in endemic countries and spreading to new receptive regions. This changing epidemiology of YF creates new challenges for global public health efforts. Yellow fever is caused by the yellow fever virus (YFV) that circulates between humans, the mosquito vector, and non-human primates (NHP). In this systematic review and meta-analysis, we review and analyse data on the case fatality rate (CFR) and prevalence of YFV in humans, and on the prevalence of YFV in arthropods, and NHP in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). We performed a comprehensive literature search in PubMed, Web of Science, African Journal Online, and African Index Medicus databases. We included studies reporting data on the CFR and/or prevalence of YFV. Extracted data was verified and analysed using the random effect meta-analysis. We conducted subgroup, sensitivity analysis, and publication bias analyses using the random effect meta-analysis while I2 statistic was employed to determine heterogeneity. This review was registered with PROSPERO under the identification CRD42021242444. The final meta-analysis included 55 studies. The overall case fatality rate due to YFV was 31.1% (18.3-45.4) in humans and pooled prevalence of YFV infection was 9.4% (6.9-12.2) in humans. Only five studies in West and East Africa detected the YFV in mosquito species of the genus Aedes and in Anopheles funestus. In NHP, YFV antibodies were found only in members of the Cercopithecidae family. Our analysis provides evidence on the ongoing circulation of the YFV in humans, Aedes mosquitoes and NHP in SSA. These observations highlight the ongoing transmission of the YFV and its potential to cause large outbreaks in SSA. As such, strategies such as those proposed by the WHO's Eliminate Yellow Fever Epidemics (EYE) initiative are urgently needed to control and prevent yellow fever outbreaks in SSA.
Topics: Aedes; Africa South of the Sahara; Animals; Arthropods; Humans; Primates; Yellow Fever; Yellow fever virus
PubMed: 35867659
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0010610 -
Heliyon Jan 2022In Iran, the prospect of malaria control relies mainly on insecticides used against the genus (Diptera: Culicidae) as important vectors of malaria, arboviruses, and so... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
In Iran, the prospect of malaria control relies mainly on insecticides used against the genus (Diptera: Culicidae) as important vectors of malaria, arboviruses, and so on. Only eight out of 30 malaria mosquito vectors ( species) have been examined for insecticide resistance in Iran. This study aimed to review articles related to the incremental trend in insecticide resistance and their mechanisms among anopheline malaria vectors in Iran.
METHODS
A literature review was conducted based on such search engines as Iran doc, Web of Science, SID, PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar websites using the following keywords: "," "Malaria," "Resistance," "Vectors," "Insecticide Resistance," and "Iran" for data collection. Published papers in English or Persian covering 1980 to 2020 were reviewed.
RESULTS
A total of 1125 articles were screened, only 16 of which were filtered to be pertinent in this review. While most of the mosquito vectors of malaria, such as were resistant to DDT, dieldrin, malathion, and becoming less susceptible to deltamethrin and other synthetic pyrethroid insecticides, few like s. l. were susceptible to all insecticides. A disseminating trend in insecticide resistance among different anopheline mosquito vector species was evident. Metabolic and insecticide target-site resistance mechanisms were involved with organochlorines and pyrethroids, respectively.
CONCLUSIONS
Insecticide resistance is becoming a severe scourge to the effectiveness of vector-borne disease management measures. This event is especially critical in developing and marginalized communities that applied chemical-based vector elimination programs for malaria; therefore, it is crucial to monitor insecticide resistance in malaria vectors in Iran using biochemical and molecular tools.
PubMed: 35128113
DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e08830 -
Parasites & Vectors May 2020The transmission of malaria is known to be sensitive to the survival (longevity, mortality) of its mosquito vector, yet there have been few reviews of estimates of this... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
BACKGROUND
The transmission of malaria is known to be sensitive to the survival (longevity, mortality) of its mosquito vector, yet there have been few reviews of estimates of this important population parameter in the malaria-carrying genus Anopheles.
METHODS
We carried out a systematic search for and meta-analysis of survival estimates, framed around the methods of estimation, under the major groupings of ‛vertical' (based on stable age or stage frequencies), ‛horizontal' (based on recaptures of marked and released cohorts), and ‛parasitological' (proportion of infectious mosquitoes). Because of the intricacies of the estimation process we provide an outline of these methods.
RESULTS
By meta-analysis we quantify the average of the distribution of daily survival [Formula: see text] for vertical (0.83, 95% CI: 0.80-0.86), horizontal (0.73, 95% CI: 0.66-0.79) and parasitological (0.92, 95% CI: 0.86-0.95) methods.
CONCLUSIONS
The meta-analysis demonstrates the anticipated result that horizontal estimates are lowest because they estimate apparent survival (survival and non-emigration) rather than true survival. On the other hand, vertical methods make strong assumptions about the stability or stationarity of the underlying populations. Further potential sources of methodological bias are mentioned. The substantial differences in estimates between methods indicates that methodological biases need to be considered when making use of available survival estimates.
Topics: Animals; Anopheles; Humans; Longevity; Malaria; Models, Biological; Mosquito Control; Mosquito Vectors; Population Dynamics; Survival Analysis
PubMed: 32381111
DOI: 10.1186/s13071-020-04092-4 -
Journal of Nematology 2021Knowledge of the vectors of dirofilariasis in the world beside the treatment of infected dog is crucial to establish mosquito vector-based control programs. The current...
Knowledge of the vectors of dirofilariasis in the world beside the treatment of infected dog is crucial to establish mosquito vector-based control programs. The current systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted on published studies, documenting the prevalence of infected/infective mosquitoes from field surveys and laboratory experiments under controlled conditions. Articles up through 2019 from Scopus, PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, Google Scholar were screened systematically. The overall prevalence of infected/infective mosquitoes was estimated using a random effect model. Meta-regression was used to identify factors related to high dirofilariasis prevalence in the vectors. In these studies, the detection method was not identified as a heterogeneity and the overall prevalence in both subgroups had overlap (7.9-34.9 and 1.5-48.5). The overall prevalence of infective stage was 2.6 (95% CI: 0.97-4.77 per 1,000) and 84.7 per 1000 (95% CI: 20.5-183.8 per 1,000) for the field survey/laboratory experiment, respectively. The higher overall prevalence of infected/infective mosquitoes were reported across studies in which take place in Eastern Mediterranean Region office (EMRO), longitude: 80 to 110, latitude: 20 to 40, annual rainfall: 250 to 1000, sea level: 26 to 100 and <1,000, humidity: 66 to 70, during 2000 to 2005 by dissection methods. Our review determined that mosquito species within the genus and to a less extent were the main vectors of dirofilariasis.
PubMed: 33860239
DOI: 10.21307/jofnem-2021-012 -
Marine Drugs Feb 2021Malaria is an infectious disease caused by protozoan parasites of the genus through the bite of female Anopheles mosquitoes, affecting 228 million people and causing...
Malaria is an infectious disease caused by protozoan parasites of the genus through the bite of female Anopheles mosquitoes, affecting 228 million people and causing 415 thousand deaths in 2018. Artemisinin-based combination therapies (ACTs) are the most recommended treatment for malaria; however, the emergence of multidrug resistance has unfortunately limited their effects and challenged the field. In this context, the ocean and its rich biodiversity have emerged as a very promising resource of bioactive compounds and secondary metabolites from different marine organisms. This systematic review of the literature focuses on the advances achieved in the search for new antimalarials from marine sponges, which are ancient organisms that developed defense mechanisms in a hostile environment. The principal inclusion criterion for analysis was articles with compounds with IC below 10 µM or 10 µg/mL against culture. The secondary metabolites identified include alkaloids, terpenoids, polyketides endoperoxides and glycosphingolipids. The structural features of active compounds selected in this review may be an interesting scaffold to inspire synthetic development of new antimalarials for selectively targeting parasite cell metabolism.
Topics: Animals; Antimalarials; Drug Development; Drug Resistance, Multiple; Humans; Inhibitory Concentration 50; Malaria, Falciparum; Plasmodium falciparum; Porifera; Secondary Metabolism
PubMed: 33670878
DOI: 10.3390/md19030134 -
Bulletin of the World Health... Mar 2024To explore the impact of mosquito collection methods, sampling intensity and target genus on molecular xenomonitoring detection of parasites causing lymphatic filariasis. (Review)
Review
OBJECTIVE
To explore the impact of mosquito collection methods, sampling intensity and target genus on molecular xenomonitoring detection of parasites causing lymphatic filariasis.
METHODS
We systematically searched five databases for studies that used two or more collection strategies for sampling wild mosquitoes, and employed molecular methods to assess the molecular xenomonitoring prevalence of parasites responsible for lymphatic filariasis. We performed generic inverse variance meta-analyses and explored sources of heterogeneity using subgroup analyses. We assessed methodological quality and certainty of evidence.
FINDINGS
We identified 25 eligible studies, with 172 083 mosquitoes analysed. We observed significantly higher molecular xenomonitoring prevalence with collection methods that target bloodfed mosquitoes compared to methods that target unfed mosquitoes (prevalence ratio: 3.53; 95% confidence interval, CI: 1.52-8.24), but no significant difference compared with gravid collection methods (prevalence ratio: 1.54; 95% CI: 0.46-5.16). Regarding genus, we observed significantly higher molecular xenomonitoring prevalence for anopheline mosquitoes compared to culicine mosquitoes in areas where species are the primary vector (prevalence ratio: 6.91; 95% CI: 1.73-27.52). One study provided evidence that reducing the number of sampling sites did not significantly affect molecular xenomonitoring prevalence. Evidence of differences in molecular xenomonitoring prevalence between sampling strategies was considered to be of low certainty, due partly to inherent limitations of observational studies that were not explicitly designed for these comparisons.
CONCLUSION
The choice of sampling strategy can significantly affect molecular xenomonitoring results. Further research is needed to inform the optimum strategy in light of logistical constraints and epidemiological contexts.
Topics: Humans; Animals; Elephantiasis, Filarial; Wuchereria bancrofti; Prevalence; Mosquito Vectors; Anopheles
PubMed: 38420575
DOI: 10.2471/BLT.23.290424