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International Journal of Molecular... Jan 2022Human endogenous retroviruses (HERVs) are remnants of ancient retroviral infections that have become fixed in the human genome. While HERV genes are typically silenced...
Human endogenous retroviruses (HERVs) are remnants of ancient retroviral infections that have become fixed in the human genome. While HERV genes are typically silenced in healthy somatic cells, there are numerous reports of HERV transcription and translation across a wide spectrum of cancers, while T and B cell responses against HERV proteins have been detected in cancer patients. This review systematically categorizes the published evidence on the expression of and adaptive immune response against specific HERVs in distinct cancer types. A systematic literature search was performed using Medical Search Headings (MeSH) in the PubMed/Medline database. Papers were included if they described the translational activity of HERVs. We present multiple tables that pair the protein expression of specific HERVs and cancer types with information on the quality of the evidence. We find that HERV-K is the most investigated HERV. HERV-W (syncytin-1) is the second-most investigated, while other HERVs have received less attention. From a therapeutic perspective, HERV-K and HERV-E are the only HERVs with experimental demonstration of effective targeted therapies, but unspecific approaches using antiviral and demethylating agents in combination with chemo- and immunotherapies have also been investigated.
Topics: Animals; Antibody Formation; Endogenous Retroviruses; Host-Pathogen Interactions; Humans; Neoplasms; Retroviridae Infections; Viral Proteins
PubMed: 35163254
DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031330 -
Journal of Alternative and... May 2013The aim of this review is to summarize and assess critically clinical trial evidence of the effect of t'ai chi (TC) exercise on immunity and TC efficacy for treating... (Review)
Review
PURPOSE
The aim of this review is to summarize and assess critically clinical trial evidence of the effect of t'ai chi (TC) exercise on immunity and TC efficacy for treating infectious diseases.
METHODS
Fourteen databases were searched from their respective inceptions through January 2011. No language restrictions were imposed. Quality and validity of the included clinical trials were evaluated using standard scales.
RESULTS
Sixteen (16) studies, including 7 randomized controlled trials, 4 controlled clinical trials, and 5 retrospective case-control studies, met the inclusion criteria for this review. One (1) study examined clinical symptoms, 3 studies tested functional measures of immunity (antigen-induced immunity), and the other studies tested enumerative parameters of immunity. such as lymphocytes, immunoglobulins, complements, natural-killer cells, and myeloid dendritic cells. Overall, these studies suggested favorable effects of TC exercise.
CONCLUSIONS
TC exercise appears to improve both cell-mediated immunity and antibody response in immune system, but it remains debatable whether or not the changes in immune parameters are sufficient to provide protection from infections.
Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Antibody Formation; Complement System Proteins; Controlled Clinical Trials as Topic; Female; Humans; Immunity, Cellular; Immunocompetence; Immunoglobulins; Infections; Lymphocyte Count; Male; Middle Aged; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; Tai Ji
PubMed: 23317394
DOI: 10.1089/acm.2011.0593 -
Nature Communications Jan 2020Standard inactivated influenza vaccines are poorly immunogenic in immunologically naive healthy young children, who are particularly vulnerable to complications from... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
Standard inactivated influenza vaccines are poorly immunogenic in immunologically naive healthy young children, who are particularly vulnerable to complications from influenza. For them, there is an unmet need for better influenza vaccines. Oil-in-water emulsion-adjuvanted influenza vaccines are promising candidates, but clinical trials yielded inconsistent results. Here, we meta-analyze randomized controlled trials with efficacy data (3 trials, n = 15,310) and immunogenicity data (17 trials, n = 9062). Compared with non-adjuvanted counterparts, adjuvanted influenza vaccines provide a significantly better protection (weighted estimate for risk ratio of RT-PCR-confirmed influenza: 0.26) and are significantly more immunogenic (weighted estimates for seroprotection rate ratio: 4.6 to 7.9) in healthy immunologically naive young children. Nevertheless, in immunologically non-naive children, adjuvanted and non-adjuvanted vaccines provide similar protection and are similarly immunogenic. These results indicate that oil-in-water emulsion adjuvant improves the efficacy of inactivated influenza vaccines in healthy young children at the first-time seasonal influenza vaccination.
Topics: Adjuvants, Immunologic; Antibodies, Viral; Antibody Formation; Child; Databases, Factual; Emulsions; Humans; Immunity; Influenza Vaccines; Influenza, Human; Oils; Orthomyxoviridae; Vaccination; Water
PubMed: 31949137
DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-14230-x -
International Journal of Infectious... Mar 2020Geographic region can be an important source of variation in the immune response to pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCV). The aim of this study was to collate data from... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
OBJECTIVE
Geographic region can be an important source of variation in the immune response to pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCV). The aim of this study was to collate data from available PCV clinical trials in order to characterize the differences in antibody responses in different countries.
METHODS
A systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted to examine the difference in antibody responses after primary series of PCVs in infants, associated with geographic regions, compared with each other and with the different PCVs using random-effects models.
RESULTS
A total of 69 trials were included. Studies conducted in the Western Pacific Region (WPR) showed higher geometric mean concentrations (GMC) compared to studies conducted in Europe. The pooled GMC for serotype 4 after three doses of PCV7 in the WPR was 5.19 μg/ml (95% confidence interval 4.85-5.53 μg/ml), while for studies conducted in Europe this was 2.01 μg/ml (95% confidence interval 1.88-2.14 μg/ml). The IgG GMC ratios among the WPR versus European regions ranged from 1.51 to 2.87 for PCV7, 1.69 to 3.22 for PCV10, and 1.49 to 3.08 for PCV13.
CONCLUSIONS
Studies conducted in the WPR generally showed greater antibody responses than the studies conducted in Europe. Indications of differences among geographic regions highlight the fact that further research is needed to compare the biological factors contributing to immune responses, which may affect vaccination schedules.
Topics: Antibody Formation; Australasia; Clinical Trials as Topic; Asia, Eastern; Female; Heptavalent Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine; Humans; Immunization Schedule; Infant; Male; Pneumococcal Infections; Pneumococcal Vaccines; Serogroup; Streptococcus pneumoniae
PubMed: 32147023
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2019.12.021 -
Revista Do Colegio Brasileiro de... 2020SARS-CoV-2 is a novel virus which has proven to be highly contagious. Specific viral dynamics and immune response to the virus are yet to be fully defined and...
SARS-CoV-2 is a novel virus which has proven to be highly contagious. Specific viral dynamics and immune response to the virus are yet to be fully defined and determining the sensitivity and specificity of the available testing methods is still a work in progress. This study examines the published information on the testing methods, and finds that yield of COVID-19 tests changes with specimen types and with time through course of illness. We propose a sequential battery of testing consisting of an epidemiologic survey, RT-PCR tests, serologic tests and chest CT on surgical candidates which may increase the negative predictive value, and facilitate surgical procedures.
Topics: Antibody Formation; Betacoronavirus; COVID-19; COVID-19 Testing; Clinical Laboratory Techniques; Coronavirus Infections; Elective Surgical Procedures; Humans; Pandemics; Pneumonia, Viral; Predictive Value of Tests; SARS-CoV-2; Virus Shedding
PubMed: 32667583
DOI: 10.1590/0100-6991e-20202634 -
Vaccine Sep 2013Evidence is accumulating that several markers in the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) region have been associated with decreased or increased antibody response to hepatitis... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
BACKGROUND AND AIM
Evidence is accumulating that several markers in the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) region have been associated with decreased or increased antibody response to hepatitis B vaccine in different individuals. This meta-analysis is to assess the associations of HLA class II DRB1 and DQB1 alleles with immunologic response to hepatitis B vaccine in healthy people.
METHODS
A systematic review of cohort studies in healthy people was performed. We searched databases for relevant studies that were published in English or Chinese up to February 17, 2012. Odds ratios (ORs) with corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of HLA alleles response to hepatitis B vaccine were pooled by using of a fixed-effects or random-effects model depending on absence or presence of significant heterogeneity. All statistical tests were two-sided.
RESULTS
Fifteen studies were included in this meta-analysis after scanning 774 potentially relevant articles. A total of 2308 subjects (including 1215 responders, 873 nonresponders and 220 control populations) were included. For DRB1 alleles, pooled ORs showed that three HLA variants, DRB1*01, DRB1*1301 and DRB1*15 were associated with a significant increase antibody response to hepatitis B vaccine, their pooled ORs were 2.73, 5.94 and 2.29 respectively. While DRB1 *03 (DRB1*0301), DRB1*04, DRB1*07 and DRB1*1302 were opposite, their pooled ORs were 0.55(0.42), 0.57, 0.24 and 0.25 respectively. And for DQB1 alleles, pooled ORs showed that DQB1*05 (DQB1*0501), DQB1*06, DQB1*0602 were associated with a significant increase antibody response to hepatitis B vaccine. Their merger ORs were 1.85, 2.35, 2.34 and 3.32 respectively. While DQB1*02 (pooled OR=0.27) was adverse. Sensitivity and specificity analysis of HLA alleles showed that DRB1*1301and DQB1*0602 had high specificity (94.2% and 90.1%) but low sensitivity (25.1% and 26.3%), respectively.
CONCLUSION
It was suggested that specific HLA class II alleles (DRB1 and DQB1) were associated with antibody response to HepB.
Topics: Antibody Formation; Cohort Studies; Female; Genetic Variation; HLA-DQ beta-Chains; HLA-DRB1 Chains; Hepatitis B Antibodies; Hepatitis B Vaccines; Hepatitis B virus; Humans; Male
PubMed: 23887040
DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2013.06.108 -
The Journal of Infectious Diseases Apr 2019A number of enhanced influenza vaccines have been developed for use in older adults, including high-dose, MF59-adjuvanted, and intradermal vaccines. (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study Meta-Analysis
BACKGROUND
A number of enhanced influenza vaccines have been developed for use in older adults, including high-dose, MF59-adjuvanted, and intradermal vaccines.
METHODS
We conducted a systematic review examining the improvements in antibody responses measured by the hemagglutination inhibition assay associated with these enhanced vaccines, compared with each other and with the standard-dose (SD) vaccine using random effects models.
RESULTS
Thirty-nine trials were included. Compared with adults aged ≥60 years receiving SD vaccines, those receiving enhanced vaccines had significantly higher postvaccination titers (for all vaccine strains) and higher proportions with elevated titers ≥40 (for most vaccine strains). High-dose vaccine elicited 82% higher postvaccination titer to A(H3N2) compared with SD vaccine; this was significantly higher than the 52% estimated for MF59-adjuvanted versus SD vaccines (P = .04), which was higher than the 32% estimated for intradermal versus SD vaccines (P < .01).
CONCLUSIONS
Overall, by summarizing current evidence, we found that enhanced vaccines had greater antibody responses than the SD vaccine. Indications of differences among enhanced vaccines highlight the fact that further research is needed to compare new vaccine options, especially during seasons with mismatched circulating strains and for immune outcomes other than hemagglutination inhibition titers as well as vaccine efficacy.
Topics: Adjuvants, Immunologic; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Aging; Antibody Formation; Hemagglutination Inhibition Tests; Humans; Immunogenicity, Vaccine; Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype; Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype; Influenza B virus; Influenza Vaccines; Influenza, Human; Injections, Intradermal; Middle Aged
PubMed: 30551178
DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiy720 -
BMC Nephrology Jun 2020Lupus nephritis (LN) is a severe consequence of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) that affects approximately 40% of patients. Pathogenic immune complexes that are...
BACKGROUND
Lupus nephritis (LN) is a severe consequence of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) that affects approximately 40% of patients. Pathogenic immune complexes that are characteristic of LN deposit in the kidney and activate immune mediated pathways including the complement system. Complete remission rates in LN are approximately 44% highlighting the need for new treatment strategies in these patients. Eculizumab is a fully humanised IgG2/IgG4 monoclonal antibody directed at C5 and thus prevents the formation of the terminal complement complex. Eculizumab is successfully used in atypical haemolytic uraemic syndrome (aHUS) and paroxysomal nocturnal haemoglobinuria (PNH) but it is not standardly used in LN. The aim of this project was to determine whether there is any role for eculizumab as adjunctive therapy in LN.
METHODS
Using a predefined search strategy on Ovid MEDLINE and EMBASE the literature was reviewed systematically to identify studies in which eculizumab had been used to treat patients with SLE. All patients were included that were treated with complement inhibitors. Favourable outcome in this study was defined as resolution of symptoms that led to treatment, discharge from hospital or recovery of renal function. Patients were excluded if there was no outcome data or if complement inhibition was unrelated to their SLE.
RESULTS
From 192 abstracts screened, 14 articles were identified, involving 30 patients. All SLE patients administered eculizumab were treated for thrombotic microangiopathy (TMA) secondary to LN diagnosed either histologically (66%) or as part of a diagnosis of aHUS (73%). 93% of patients had a favourable outcome in response to eculizumab treatment, of which 46% had a favourable outcome and successfully stopped treatment without relapse in symptoms during a median follow up of 7 months. Three patients (10%) reported adverse outcomes related to eculizumab therapy.
CONCLUSIONS
Scientific evidence supports the involvement of complement in the pathogenesis of LN however the role of complement inhibition in clinical practice is limited to those with TMA features. This systematic review showed that in cases of LN complicated with TMA, eculizumab seems to be a very efficacious therapy. Further evidence is required to determine whether patients with refractory LN may benefit from adjunctive complement inhibition.
Topics: Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized; Atypical Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome; Complement Inactivating Agents; Hemoglobinuria, Paroxysmal; Humans; Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic; Lupus Nephritis; Thrombotic Microangiopathies
PubMed: 32605540
DOI: 10.1186/s12882-020-01888-5