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Cureus Mar 2020Breast cancer is the leading cause of cancer death in women, and most breast cancer related deaths are due to metastasis. Urinary bladder metastasis from breast cancer... (Review)
Review
Breast cancer is the leading cause of cancer death in women, and most breast cancer related deaths are due to metastasis. Urinary bladder metastasis from breast cancer is rarely reported in the literature. In this review, we examined the reported cases of breast cancer metastasizing to the urinary bladder, with the objective of identifying clues that could help physicians in diagnosing and planning further treatment. We performed a systematic review of the literature to analyze the clinical and pathological profile of this disease. We thoroughly examined and systematically reported data regarding epidemiology, the pattern of spread, signs and symptoms, pathology and hormonal status, diagnostic workup, management, and outcomes. Urinary bladder metastases from breast cancers are more common in invasive lobular carcinoma. In addition to asymptomatic presentations, most cases present with hematuria and voiding dysfunction. This review summarizes the insights into the incidence, clinical presentation, diagnostic workup, management, and prognosis of urinary bladder metastasis in patients with breast cancer.
PubMed: 32257726
DOI: 10.7759/cureus.7408 -
PloS One 2023Bladder cancer is one of the most frequent cancers of the urinary tract, associated with high recurrence rates and metastasis. Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are a...
Bladder cancer is one of the most frequent cancers of the urinary tract, associated with high recurrence rates and metastasis. Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are a subpopulation of cancer cells characterized by high self-renewal and differentiation capacities, resulting in increased cancer recurrence, larger tumor size, higher rates of metastasis, higher resistance to treatment, and overall poorer prognosis. This study aimed to evaluate the role of CSCs as a prognostic tool to predict the risks of metastasis and recurrence in bladder cancer. A literature search was conducted across seven databases from January 2000 to February 2022 for clinical studies investigating the use of CSCs to determine the prognosis of bladder cancer. The following keywords were used: ("Bladder Cancer" OR "Transitional Cell Carcinoma" OR "Urothelial Carcinoma") AND ("Stem Cell" OR "Stem Gene") AND ("Metastasis" OR "Recurrence"). A total of 12 studies were deemed eligible for inclusion. SOX2, IGF1R, SOX4, ALDH1, CD44, Cripto-1, OCT4, ARRB1, ARRB2, p-TFCP2L1, CDK1, DCLK1, and NANOG, which were all identified as CSC markers. Several of these markers have been implicated in the recurrence and metastasis of tumor in bladder cancer, which played a role as prognostic factor of bladder cancer. Given the pluripotent and highly proliferative properties of CSCs. CSCs may play a role in the complex biological behavior of bladder cancer, including, but not limited to, its high rates of recurrence, metastasis, and resistance to treatment. The detection of cancer stem cell markers offers a promising approach in determining the prognosis of bladder cancer. Further studies in this area are thus warranted and may contribute significantly to the overall management of bladder cancer.
Topics: Humans; Urinary Bladder; Neoplasm Recurrence, Local; Urinary Bladder Neoplasms; Neoplastic Stem Cells; Carcinoma, Transitional Cell; Biomarkers, Tumor; SOXC Transcription Factors; Doublecortin-Like Kinases
PubMed: 37196048
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0269214 -
Cancers Apr 2022Bladder cancer is a common and highly heterogeneous malignancy with a relatively poor outcome. Patient-derived tumor organoid cultures have emerged as a preclinical... (Review)
Review
Bladder cancer is a common and highly heterogeneous malignancy with a relatively poor outcome. Patient-derived tumor organoid cultures have emerged as a preclinical model with improved biomimicity. However, the impact of the different methods being used in the composition and dynamics of the models remains unknown. This study aims to systematically review the literature regarding patient-derived organoid models for normal and cancer tissue of the bladder, and their current and potential future applications for tumor biology studies and drug testing. A PRISMA-compliant systematic review of the PubMED, Embase, Web of Sciences, and Scopus databases was performed. The results were analyzed based on the methodologies, comparison with primary tumors, functional analysis, and chemotherapy and immunotherapy testing. The literature search identified 536 articles, 24 of which met the inclusion criteria. Bladder cancer organoid models have been increasingly used for tumor biology studies and drug screening. Despite the heterogeneity between methods, organoids and primary tissues showed high genetic and phenotypic concordance. Organoid sensitivity to chemotherapy matched the response in patient-derived xenograft (PDX) models and predicted response based on clinical and mutation data. Advances in bioengineering technology, such as microfluidic devices, bioprinters, and imaging, are likely to further standardize and expand the use of organoids.
PubMed: 35565191
DOI: 10.3390/cancers14092062 -
Bladder Cancer (Amsterdam, Netherlands) Jul 2018Depression affects more than 300 million people of all ages worldwide. In patients with cancer the reported prevalence is up to 24%.
BACKGROUND
Depression affects more than 300 million people of all ages worldwide. In patients with cancer the reported prevalence is up to 24%.
OBJECTIVE
To systematically review the literature to report the prevalence of depression and anxiety among patients with bladder cancer (BC).
METHODS
Web of Science, MEDLINE/PubMed, and The Cochrane Library were searched between January and March 2018 using the terms "bladder carcinoma OR bladder cancer AND depression OR anxiety".
RESULTS
Thirteen studies encompassing 1659 patients with BC were included. Six studies assessed depression prior and after treatment at 1, 6 and 12 months. Three were conducted in the US, one each in Turkey, Sweden/Egypt and China. Four studies showed a reduction of depression after radical cystectomy (RC) at 1, 6 and 12 months, respectively. Contrary, two studies showed no significant difference in depression between baseline and follow-up. Four studies investigated anxiety; they reported a slight reduction in anxiety score compared to baseline. Seven additional studies reported the prevalence of depression and anxiety (five studies) among patients with BC at a specific time-point. Studies were conducted in Sweden (2), Italy, Greece, US, China and Spain. Pretreatment depression rates ranged from 5.7 to 23.1% and post-treatment from 4.7 to 78%. Post-treatment anxiety rates ranged from 12.5 to 71.3%.
CONCLUSIONS
The prevalence of reported depression and anxiety among BC patients is high with large geographic heterogeneity. Gender and geriatric specific screening and management for anxiety and depression should be implemented to alleviate suffering.
PubMed: 30112443
DOI: 10.3233/BLC-180181 -
International Journal of Clinical... Aug 2020This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to assess the prognostic value of preoperative hematologic biomarkers in patients with urothelial carcinoma of the bladder... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to assess the prognostic value of preoperative hematologic biomarkers in patients with urothelial carcinoma of the bladder treated with radical cystectomy. PUBMED, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, and Scopus databases were searched in September 2019 according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-analysis statement. Studies were deemed eligible if they compared cancer-specific survival in patients with urothelial carcinoma of the bladder with and without pretreatment laboratoryabnormalities. Formal meta-analyses were performed for this outcome. The systematic review identified 36 studies with 23,632 patients, of these, 32 studies with 22,224 patients were eligible for the meta-analysis. Several preoperative hematologic biomarkers were significantly associated with cancer-specific survival as follows: neutrophil - lymphocyte ratio (pooled hazard ratio [HR]: 1.20, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.11-1.29), hemoglobin (pooled HR: 0.87, 95% CI 0.82-0.94), C-reactive protein (pooled HR: 1.44, 95% CI 1.26-1.66), De Ritis ratio (pooled HR: 2.18, 95% CI 1.37-3.48), white blood cell count (pooled HR: 1.05, 95% CI 1.02-1.07), and albumin-globulin ratio (pooled HR: 0.26, 95% CI 0.14-0.48). Several pretreatment laboratory abnormalities in patients with urothelial carcinoma of the bladder were associated with cancer-specific mortality. Therefore, it might be useful to incorporate such hematologic biomarkers into prognostic tools for urothelial carcinoma of the bladder. However, given the study limitations including heterogeneity and retrospective nature of the primary data, the conclusions should be interpreted with caution.
Topics: Aged; Biomarkers; C-Reactive Protein; Cystectomy; Female; Humans; Leukocyte Count; Lymphocytes; Male; Middle Aged; Neutrophils; Platelet Count; Preoperative Period; Prognosis; Proportional Hazards Models; Retrospective Studies; Urinary Bladder Neoplasms
PubMed: 32451768
DOI: 10.1007/s10147-020-01690-1 -
World Journal of Urology Jun 2020To evaluate the prognostic value of substaging on oncological outcomes in patients with T (or pT1) urothelial carcinoma of the bladder. (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
Prognostic value of T1 substaging on oncological outcomes in patients with non-muscle-invasive bladder urothelial carcinoma: a systematic literature review and meta-analysis.
PURPOSE
To evaluate the prognostic value of substaging on oncological outcomes in patients with T (or pT1) urothelial carcinoma of the bladder.
METHODS
A literature search using PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library was conducted on March 2019 to identify relevant studies according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-analysis (PRISMA) guidelines. The pooled disease recurrence (DR) and disease progression (DP) rate in T1(or pT1) patients were calculated using a fixed or random effects model.
RESULTS
Overall 36 studies published between 1994 and 2018 including a total of 6781 bladder cancer patients with T1(or pT1) stage were selected for the systematic review and meta-analysis. Twenty-nine studies reported significant association between tumor infiltration depth or muscularis mucosa (MM) invasion and oncological outcomes. Totally 12 studies were included in the meta-analysis. MM invasion (T1a/b/c [or pT1a/b/c] or T1a/b [or pT1a/b] substaging system) was associated with DR (pooled HR: 1.23, 95%CI: 1.01-1.49) and DP (pooled HR: 2.61, 95%CI: 1.61-4.23). Tumor infiltration depth (T1 m/e [or pT1 m/e] substaging system) was also associated with DR (pooled HR: 1.49, 95%CI: 1.11-2.00) and DP (pooled HR: 3.29, 95%CI: 2.39-4.51).
CONCLUSIONS
T1(or pT1) substaging in patients with bladder cancer is of prognostic value as it is associated with oncologic outcomes. Inclusion of this factors into the clinical decision-making process of this heterogeneous tumor may improve outcomes, while avoiding over- and under-treatment for T1(or pT1) bladder cancer.
Topics: Carcinoma, Transitional Cell; Disease Progression; Humans; Neoplasm Invasiveness; Neoplasm Recurrence, Local; Neoplasm Staging; Prognosis; Urinary Bladder Neoplasms
PubMed: 31493109
DOI: 10.1007/s00345-019-02936-y -
Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial... 2022Nidogen-2 () hypermethylation has been implicated in many types of cancers, such as lung, bladder, and gastric carcinomas. However, its role has not yet been studied... (Review)
Review
CONTEXT
Nidogen-2 () hypermethylation has been implicated in many types of cancers, such as lung, bladder, and gastric carcinomas. However, its role has not yet been studied adequately in head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCC). HNSCCs constituting a major portion of the global cancer load, it is of importance to diagnose and treat them at earliest. This systematic review was performed to assess the role of in HNSCCs and assess its utility as a diagnostic and prognostic marker.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
A systematic search was performed across multiple databases to identify studies pertaining to analysis of expression or methylation of in HNSCCs. The sample size, type of cancer/premalignant condition studied, type of tissue/fluid analysed, and the various methodologies used and their results were extracted. PROSPERO registration number: CRD42021245326.
RESULTS
Four studies were identified after a systematic search of literature. The studies analysed expression or methylation in conditions such as nasopharyngeal carcinoma, esophageal carcinoma, and oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). was found to be a highly specific marker for HNSCCs, and serum levels also correlated with poor survival.
CONCLUSION
Data from the reviewed studies indicate that hypermethylation of is highly specific for HNSCC. The high specificity is maintained in salivary and serum samples, facilitating accurate and non-invasive prognostication of HNSCC. The relatively lower sensitivity of methylation may be overcome by analysing it along with a panel of multiple biomarkers such as HOX-A2 and YKL20.
PubMed: 36588846
DOI: 10.4103/jomfp.jomfp_293_22 -
SAGE Open Medicine 2023Globally, urothelial bladder carcinoma is a disease which carries a poor prognosis. There are various treatment modalities for urothelial bladder carcinoma with... (Review)
Review
A systematic review on the available treatment modalities for Bacillus Calmette-Guérin-unresponsive carcinoma in situ and tumors in patients who are ineligible for or decline radical cystectomy.
INTRODUCTION
Globally, urothelial bladder carcinoma is a disease which carries a poor prognosis. There are various treatment modalities for urothelial bladder carcinoma with intravesical Bacillus Calmette-Guérin immunotherapy being the most efficacious intravesical therapy and the treatment of choice for patients with carcinoma in situ. A number of chemotherapeutic drugs are also available for the management of Ta/T1 tumors such as mitomycin C and epirubicin. However, relapse and progression is quite common. The optimal management of patients with Bacillus Calmette-Guérin-unresponsive disease remains to be a challenge. The purpose of this study was to conduct a systematic review on the treatment modalities available for the management of Bacillus Calmette-Guérin-unresponsive carcinoma in situ and urothelial bladder carcinoma in patients who are ineligible or decline radical cystectomy.
METHODS
Two authors independently searched three databases on the treatment modalities available for the management of Bacillus Calmette-Guérin-unresponsive carcinoma in situ and Bacillus Calmette-Guérin-unresponsive urothelial bladder carcinoma.
RESULTS
The systematic search resulted in 15 studies. We recommend the use of intravesical CG0070 adenovirus or hyperthermic intravesical chemotherapy mitomycin C in patients with carcinoma in situ only disease. In patients with carcinoma in situ ± Ta/T1 disease, we recommend the use of intravesical radiofrequency-induced chemohyperthermia or electromotive drug administration of mitomycin C. In patients who have Ta/T1 disease, we recommend the use of either hyperthermic intravesical chemotherapy epirubicin or electromotive drug administration mitomycin C followed by chemohyperthermia mitomycin C. If any of these second line therapies fail, an alternative regimen would be a combination of gemcitabine, cabazitaxel, and cisplatin.
CONCLUSION
This recommendation is subject to the available resources and clinical expertise available in different hospitals. More studies using study designs such as randomized controlled trials comparing multiple drugs with larger sample sizes and regular follow-up intervals should be performed to accurately assess the different medications and aid in designing guidelines to guide the management of Bacillus Calmette-Guérin-unresponsive non-muscle invasive intravesical bladder cancer.
PubMed: 36949824
DOI: 10.1177/20503121231160408 -
European Urology Apr 2017Urothelial carcinoma is considered a pan-urothelial disease. As such, the remnant urothelium in the upper urinary tract and urethra following radical cystectomy (RC)... (Review)
Review
CONTEXT
Urothelial carcinoma is considered a pan-urothelial disease. As such, the remnant urothelium in the upper urinary tract and urethra following radical cystectomy (RC) remains at risk for secondary urothelial tumors (SUTs).
OBJECTIVE
To describe the incidence, diagnosis, treatment, and outcomes of patients with SUTs after RC.
EVIDENCE ACQUISITION
A systematic search was conducted using PubMed database according to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses guidelines to identify studies between 1970 and 2016 reporting on malignant diseases of the urothelium after RC for bladder cancer. The search strategy separated between upper and lower tract urothelial tumors.
EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS
Of a total of 1069 studies, 57 were considered for evidence synthesis. SUTs occured in approximately 4-10% of patients after RC. Carcinoma in situ of the bladder, a history of nonmuscle invasive bladder cancer, and tumor involvement of the distal ureter are the strongest risk factors for secondary upper tract tumors. Risk factors for secondary urethral tumors represent urothelial malignancy in the prostatic urethra/prostate and bladder neck (in women), nonorthotopic diversions, and positive findings on permanent sections. The majority of patients (84%) with SUTs, presented with urothelial recurrence without evidence of metastasis. Of those, 84.0% were treated with surgery, 10.5% with systemic chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy, and 5.6% with topical chemotherapy and/or immunotherapy. After a median follow-up of 91 mo (range: 26-155), 65.9% of patients died of disease and 21.5% died of other causes. Detection and treatment of SUTs at an asymptomatic stage can reduce the risks of cancer-specfific and overall mortality by 30%. A limitation of the study is that the available data were retrospective.
CONCLUSIONS
SUTs are rare oncological events and most patients have an adverse prognosis despite absence of distant disease at diagnosis. Therefore, surveillance of the remnant urothelium should be implemented for patients with histological features of panurothelial disease as it may improve timely detection and treatment.
PATIENT SUMMARY
Secondary tumors of the renal pelvis, ureters, and urethra occur in approximately 4-10% of patients after radical removal of the bladder for bladder cancer. These patients' prognoses are reduced, likely due to delayed diagnosis. Therefore, routine surveillance might be important to detect tumors at an early stage.
Topics: Carcinoma, Transitional Cell; Cystectomy; Humans; Kidney Neoplasms; Neoplasms, Second Primary; Ureteral Neoplasms; Urethral Neoplasms; Urinary Bladder Neoplasms
PubMed: 27720534
DOI: 10.1016/j.eururo.2016.09.035 -
Current Urology Dec 2023Vesical Imaging-Reporting and Data System (VI-RADS) was developed as a structured reporting tool to anticipate the possibility of muscle invasion. This study is aimed to...
Can magnetic resonance imaging differentiate muscle invasion (T2) and lamina propria invasion (T1) urothelial carcinoma of the bladder? A systematic review and meta-analysis of Vesical Imaging-Reporting and Data System accuracy.
BACKGROUND
Vesical Imaging-Reporting and Data System (VI-RADS) was developed as a structured reporting tool to anticipate the possibility of muscle invasion. This study is aimed to investigate the diagnostic accuracy of VI-RADS for discriminating T2 from T1 bladder cancer.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Scopus, Web of Science, PubMed, and Embase were searched on October 4, 2021, for studies with the following characteristics: (1) bladder cancer patient population, (2) VI-RADS as an index test, (3) retransurethral resection of bladder tumor/cystectomy as a reference, and (4) adequate VI-RADS score data for T1 and T2 lesions. The analyses were performed using the binary regression model of MIDAS in Stata.
RESULTS
Six studies with 624 magnetic resonance imaging reports were included. The receiver operating characteristics curve for differentiation of T2 from T1 bladder cancer showed an area under the curve of 0.93 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.91-0.95) for a VI-RADS ≥3 and 0.75 (95% CI, 0.71-0.79) for a VI-RADS ≥4. A VI-RADS ≥3 showed high sensitivity of 93% (95% CI, 85%-97%), specificity of 61% (95% CI, 30%-86%), positive likelihood ratio of 2.4 (95% CI, 1.1-5.3), and negative likelihood ratio of 0.11 (95% CI, 0.05-0.24). A total of 10.4% of T2 lesions were scored as VI-RADS 2, while 10% of T1 lesions were scored as VI-RADS 4 or 5.
CONCLUSIONS
The VI-RADS ≥3 has high accuracy and sensitivity for detecting muscle invasion in borderline populations of T1 or T2 bladder cancer. Thus, the VI-RADS could be a good non-invasive screening test for the detection of T2 urothelial lesions.
PubMed: 37994331
DOI: 10.1097/CU9.0000000000000214