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International Journal of Environmental... Sep 2022(1) Background: Recently, studies have emerged to explore the effects of concurrent training (CT) with a low-carb, high-fat ketogenic diet (LCHF) on body composition and... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
The Effects of Concurrent Training Combined with Low-Carbohydrate High-Fat Ketogenic Diet on Body Composition and Aerobic Performance: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.
(1) Background: Recently, studies have emerged to explore the effects of concurrent training (CT) with a low-carb, high-fat ketogenic diet (LCHF) on body composition and aerobic performance and observed its benefits. However, a large variance in the study design and observations is presented, which needs to be comprehensively assessed. We here thus completed a systematic review and meta-analysis to characterize the effects of the intervention combining CT and LCHF on body composition and aerobic capacity in people with training experience as compared to that combining CT and other dietary strategies. (2) Methods: A search strategy based on the PICOS principle was used to find literature in the databases of PubMed, Web of Science, EBSCO, Sport-discuss, and Medline. The quality and risk of bias in the studies were independently assessed by two researchers. (3) Result: Eight studies consisting of 170 participants were included in this work. The pooled results showed no significant effects of CT with LCHF on lean mass (SMD = -0.08, 95% CI -0.44 to 0.3, = 0.69), body fat percentage (SMD = -0.29, 95% CI -0.66 to 0.08, = 0.13), body mass (SMD = -0.21, 95% CI -0.53 to 0.11, = 0.2), VO (SMD = -0.01, 95% CI -0.4 to 0.37, = 0.95), and time (or distance) to complete the aerobic tests (SMD = -0.02, 95% CI -0.41 to 0.37, = 0.1). Subgroup analyses also showed that the training background of participants (i.e., recreationally trained participants or professionally trained participants) and intervention duration (e.g., > or ≤six weeks) did not significantly affect the results. (4) Conclusions: This systematic review and meta-analysis provide evidence that compared to other dietary strategies, using LCHF with CT cannot induce greater benefits for lean mass, body fat percentage, body mass, VO, and aerobic performance in trained participants.
Topics: Body Composition; Carbohydrates; Diet, High-Fat; Diet, Ketogenic; Exercise Tolerance; Humans
PubMed: 36141816
DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191811542 -
Sports (Basel, Switzerland) Nov 2021To conduct a systematic review and multilevel meta-analysis of the current literature as to the effects of interval training (IT) vs moderate intensity continuous... (Review)
Review
Slow and Steady, or Hard and Fast? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Studies Comparing Body Composition Changes between Interval Training and Moderate Intensity Continuous Training.
PURPOSE
To conduct a systematic review and multilevel meta-analysis of the current literature as to the effects of interval training (IT) vs moderate intensity continuous training (MICT) on measures of body composition, both on a whole-body and regional level.
METHODS
We searched English-language papers on PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, CINAHL, and sportrxiv for the following inclusion criteria: (a) randomized controlled trials that directly compared IT vs MICT body composition using a validated measure in healthy children and adults; (b) training was carried out a minimum of once per week for at least four weeks; (c) published in a peer-reviewed English language journal or on a pre-print server.
RESULTS
The main model for fat mass effects revealed a trivial standardized point estimate with high precision for the interval estimate, with moderate heterogeneity (-0.016 (95%CI -0.07 to 0.04); = 36%). The main model for fat-free mass (FFM) effects revealed a trivial standardized point estimate with high precision for the interval estimate, with negligible heterogeneity (-0.0004 (95%CI -0.05 to 0.05); = 16%). The GRADE summary of findings suggested high certainty for both main model effects.
CONCLUSIONS
Our findings provide compelling evidence that the pattern of intensity of effort and volume during endurance exercise (i.e., IT vs MICT) has minimal influence on longitudinal changes in fat mass and FFM, which are likely to minimal anyway.
TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER
This study was preregistered on the Open Science Framework.
PubMed: 34822354
DOI: 10.3390/sports9110155 -
Nutrients Nov 2022Time-restricted feeding (TRF) and Ramadan fasting (RF) have been recently associated with several health outcomes. However, it is not yet clear if they are superior to... (Review)
Review
Effects of Time-Restricted Feeding and Ramadan Fasting on Body Weight, Body Composition, Glucose Responses, and Insulin Resistance: A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials.
Time-restricted feeding (TRF) and Ramadan fasting (RF) have been recently associated with several health outcomes. However, it is not yet clear if they are superior to existing treatments in terms of glucose metabolism, insulin action, and weight loss. This review aims to summarize the current data on the effects of these regimes on body weight, body composition, and glycemia. An electronic search was conducted in PUBMED and SCOPUS databases up to August 2022. Twenty-four records met the inclusion criteria and underwent a risk-of-bias assessment. The main outcomes were: (a) TRF may result in moderate weight loss in individuals with overweight/obesity; when TRF is combined with caloric restriction, weight loss is >5% of the initial body weight, (b) 14 h of fasting may be as effective as 16 h in terms of weight loss, and (c) TRF may lead to improved insulin sensitivity and glycemic responses/variability throughout the day in individuals with overweight/obesity. Concerning RF, only two studies were available and thus, conclusions were not drawn. TRF may be an effective nutritional approach for weight loss, and the amelioration of glycemic control and insulin sensitivity in individuals with overweight/obesity. However, more long-term, well-designed studies are needed.
Topics: Humans; Blood Glucose; Body Composition; Body Weight; Fasting; Glucose; Insulin Resistance; Obesity; Overweight; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; Weight Loss
PubMed: 36432465
DOI: 10.3390/nu14224778 -
Nutrients Apr 2023Sarcopenia is a progressive and frequent syndrome among older adults highly related to physical inactivity and malnutrition. Nowadays, it is considered a pathology that... (Review)
Review
Sarcopenia is a progressive and frequent syndrome among older adults highly related to physical inactivity and malnutrition. Nowadays, it is considered a pathology that triggers multiple health complications associated with the loss of muscle mass, strength, autonomy, and quality of life. The objective of the present systematic review was to evaluate the effect of exercise programs combined with dietary supplementation on body composition as the primary outcome. This systematic review was carried out in accordance with the elements considered for planning a systematic review by the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA), and the search was performed in the Scopus, EBSCO, and PubMed databases for the last 10 years. A total of 16 studies met the inclusion criteria and were included in this systematic review. Regular resistance exercise together with daily essential amino acids or whey protein and vitamin D supplementation improve the maintenance or gains in appendiceal/skeletal muscle mass and total lean mass in sarcopenic older adults. The data suggest a synergistic effect not only on the primary outcome, but also on other variables such as strength, speed, stability, and other indicators of quality of life. This systematic review was registered in PROSPERO, ID: CRD42022344284.
Topics: Humans; Aged; Sarcopenia; Muscle Strength; Quality of Life; Dietary Supplements; Body Composition; Resistance Training; Diet; Muscle, Skeletal
PubMed: 37111217
DOI: 10.3390/nu15081998 -
International Journal of Environmental... Jun 2021Anthropometrics are a set of direct quantitative measurements of the human body's external dimensions, which can be used as indirect measures of body composition. Due to... (Review)
Review
Anthropometrics are a set of direct quantitative measurements of the human body's external dimensions, which can be used as indirect measures of body composition. Due to a number of limitations of conventional manual techniques for the collection of body measurements, advanced systems using three-dimensional (3D) scanners are currently being employed, despite being a relatively new technique. A systematic review was carried out using Pubmed, Medline and the Cochrane Library to assess whether 3D scanners offer reproducible, reliable and accurate data with respect to anthropometrics. Although significant differences were found, 3D measurements correlated strongly with measurements made by conventional anthropometry, dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) and air displacement plethysmography (ADP), among others. In most studies (61.1%), 3D scanners were more accurate than these other techniques; in fact, these scanners presented excellent accuracy or reliability. 3D scanners allow automated, quick and easy measurements of different body tissues. Moreover, they seem to provide reproducible, reliable and accurate data that correlate well with the other techniques used.
Topics: Absorptiometry, Photon; Anthropometry; Body Composition; Humans; Plethysmography; Reproducibility of Results; Somatotypes
PubMed: 34201258
DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18126213 -
Frontiers in Physiology 2021This systematic review and meta-analysis set out to determine the efficacy on whole-body electromyostimulation (WB-EMS) on body composition and strength parameters in...
This systematic review and meta-analysis set out to determine the efficacy on whole-body electromyostimulation (WB-EMS) on body composition and strength parameters in non-athletic cohorts. A systematic review of the literature according to the PRISMA statement included (a) controlled trials, (b) WB-EMS trials with at least one exercise and one control group, (c) WB-EMS as primary physical intervention, (d) WB-EMS with at least six electrodes covering most muscle groups, (e) non-athletic cohorts. We searched eight electronic databases up to June 30, 2020, without language restrictions. Standardized mean differences (SMD) for muscle mass parameters, total body fat mass, maximum leg extension, and trunk extension strength were defined as outcome measures. In summary, 16 studies with 19 individual WB-EMS groups representing 897 participants were included. Studies vary considerably with respect to age, BMI, and physical conditions. Impulse protocols of the studies were roughly comparable, but training frequency (1-5 sessions/week) and intervention length (6-54 weeks) differed between the studies. SMD average was 1.23 (95%-CI: 0.71-1.76) for muscle mass, 0.98 (0.74-1.22) for maximum leg, and 1.08 (0.78-1.39) for maximum trunk extension strength changes (all < 0.001). SMD for body fat changes (-0.40, [-0.98 to 0.17]), however, did not reach significance. and Q-statistics revealed substantial heterogeneity of muscle and fat mass changes between the trials. However, rank and regression tests did not indicate positive evidence for small-study bias and funnel plot asymmetries. This work provided further evidence for significant, large-sized effects of WB-EMS on muscle mass and strength parameters, but not on body fat mass. ClinicalTrials.gov, PROSPERO; ID: CRD42020183059.
PubMed: 33716787
DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.640657 -
The Journal of Nutrition Jun 2020Increased protein intake has been suggested to improve gains in muscle mass and strength in adults. Furthermore, the timing of protein intake has been discussed as a... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
The Role of Protein Intake and its Timing on Body Composition and Muscle Function in Healthy Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.
BACKGROUND
Increased protein intake has been suggested to improve gains in muscle mass and strength in adults. Furthermore, the timing of protein intake has been discussed as a margin of opportunity for improved prevention measures.
OBJECTIVE
This systematic review investigated the effect of protein supplementation on body composition and muscle function (strength and synthesis) in healthy adults, with an emphasis on the timing of protein intake.
METHODS
Randomized controlled trials were identified using PubMed, Web of Science, CINAHL, and Embase, up to March 2019. For meta-analyses, data on lean body mass (LBM), handgrip strength, and leg press strength were pooled by age group (mean age 18-55 or >55 y) and timing of protein intake. The quality of evidence was assessed using the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluations approach.
RESULTS
Data from 65 studies with 2907 participants (1514 men and 1380 women, 13 unknown sex) were included in the review. Twenty-six, 8, and 24 studies were used for meta-analysis on LBM, handgrip strength, and leg press strength, respectively. The protein supplementation was effective in improving (mean difference; 95% CI) LBM in adults (0.62 kg; 0.36, 0.88) and older adults (0.46 kg; 0.23, 0.70), but not handgrip strength (older adults: 0.26 kg; -0.51, 1.04) and leg press strength (adults: 5.80 kg; -0.33, 11.93; older adults: 1.97 kg; -2.78, 6.72). Sensitivity analyses removing studies without exercise training had no impact on the outcomes. Data regarding muscle synthesis were scarce and inconclusive. Subgroup analyses showed no beneficial effect of a specific timing of protein intake on LBM, handgrip strength, and leg press strength.
CONCLUSION
Overall, the results support the positive impact of protein supplementation on LBM of adults and older adults, independently of intake timing. Effects on muscle strength and synthesis are less clear and need further investigation. This systematic review was registered on PROSPERO as CRD42019126742.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Body Composition; Dietary Proteins; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Muscle, Skeletal; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; Resistance Training; Young Adult
PubMed: 32232404
DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxaa049 -
Journal of Cachexia, Sarcopenia and... Feb 2022There is no consensus on the prevalence of sarcopenia or its impact on mortality in end-stage renal disease patients undergoing dialysis. This review aimed to summarize... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
There is no consensus on the prevalence of sarcopenia or its impact on mortality in end-stage renal disease patients undergoing dialysis. This review aimed to summarize the diagnostic criteria of sarcopenia and its prevalence and impact on the mortality of end-stage renal disease patients undergoing dialysis. Embase, MEDLINE, PubMed, and Cochrane Library were searched from inception to 8 May 2021 to retrieve eligible studies that assessed muscle mass by commonly used instruments, such as dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, bioelectrical impedance analysis, magnetic resonance imaging, and body composition monitor. Two assessment tools matched to study designs were employed to evaluate study quality. Pooled sarcopenia prevalence was calculated with 95% confidence interval (CI), and heterogeneity was estimated using the I test. Associations of sarcopenia with mortality were expressed as hazard ratio (HR) and 95% CI. The search identified 3272 studies, and 30 studies (6162 participants, mean age from 47.5 to 77.5 years) were analysed in this review. The risk of bias in the included studies was low to moderate. Twenty-two studies defined sarcopenia based on low muscle mass (LMM) plus low muscle strength and/or low physical performance, while eight studies used LMM alone. Muscle mass was assessed by different instruments, and a wide range of cut-off points were used to define LMM. Overall, sarcopenia prevalence was 28.5% (95% CI 22.9-34.1%) and varied from 25.9% (I = 94.9%, 95% CI 20.4-31.3%; combined criteria) to 34.6% (I = 98.1%, 95% CI 20.9-48.2%; LMM alone) (P = 0.247 between subgroups). The statistically significant differences were not found in the subgroups of diagnostic criteria (P > 0.05) and dialysis modality (P > 0.05). Additionally, the sarcopenia prevalence could not be affected by average age [regression coefficient 0.004 (95% CI: -0.005 to 0.012), P = 0.406] and dialysis duration [regression coefficient 0.002 (95% CI -0.002 to 0.005), P = 0.327] in the meta-regression. The pooled analyses showed that combined criteria of sarcopenia were related to a higher mortality risk [HR 1.82 (I = 26.3%, 95% CI 1.38-2.39)], as was LMM [HR 1.61 (I = 26.0%, 95% CI 1.31-1.99)] and low muscle strength [HR 2.04 (I = 80.4%, 95% CI 1.19-3.5)]. Although there are substantial differences in diagnostic criteria, sarcopenia is highly prevalent in dialysis patients and is linked to increased mortality. The standardization of sarcopenia diagnostic criteria would be beneficial, and future longitudinal studies are needed to investigate the prevalence and prognostic value of sarcopenia in dialysis patients.
Topics: Aged; Body Composition; Humans; Middle Aged; Muscle Strength; Prevalence; Renal Dialysis; Sarcopenia
PubMed: 34989172
DOI: 10.1002/jcsm.12890 -
Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and... Oct 2020The objective of this systematic review was to examine the associations between sleep timing (e.g., bedtime/wake-up time, midpoint of sleep), sleep...
The objective of this systematic review was to examine the associations between sleep timing (e.g., bedtime/wake-up time, midpoint of sleep), sleep consistency/regularity (e.g., intra-individual variability in sleep duration, social jetlag, catch-up sleep), and health outcomes in adults aged 18 years and older. Four electronic databases were searched in December 2018 for articles published in the previous 10 years. Fourteen health outcomes were examined. A total of 41 articles, including 92 340 unique participants from 14 countries, met inclusion criteria. Sleep was assessed objectively in 37% of studies and subjectively in 63% of studies. Findings suggest that later sleep timing and greater sleep variability were generally associated with adverse health outcomes. However, because most studies reported linear associations, it was not possible to identify thresholds for "late sleep timing" or "large sleep variability". In addition, social jetlag was associated with adverse health outcomes, while weekend catch-up sleep was associated with better health outcomes. The quality of evidence ranged from "very low" to "moderate" across study designs and health outcomes using GRADE. In conclusion, the available evidence supports that earlier sleep timing and regularity in sleep patterns with consistent bedtimes and wake-up times are favourably associated with health. (PROSPERO registration no.: CRD42019119534.) This is the first systematic review to examine the influence of sleep timing and sleep consistency on health outcomes. Later sleep timing and greater variability in sleep are both associated with adverse health outcomes in adults. Regularity in sleep patterns with consistent bedtimes and wake-up times should be encouraged.
Topics: Accidents; Adiposity; Adult; Aging; Cardiometabolic Risk Factors; Cognition; Exercise; Female; Health Status; Humans; Male; Mental Health; Morbidity; Quality of Life; Sedentary Behavior; Sleep Hygiene; Time Factors
PubMed: 33054339
DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2020-0032 -
Public Health Nutrition Jan 2018To review the available literature on the association between consumption of ultra-processed foods and body fat during childhood and adolescence. (Review)
Review
OBJECTIVE
To review the available literature on the association between consumption of ultra-processed foods and body fat during childhood and adolescence.
DESIGN
A systematic review was conducted in the PubMed, Web of Science and LILACS databases. Studies that evaluated the association between consumption of ultra-processed food (exposure) and body fat (outcome) during childhood and adolescence were eligible.
SUBJECTS
Healthy children and adolescents.
RESULTS
Twenty-six studies that evaluated groups of ultra-processed foods (such as snacks, fast foods, junk foods and convenience foods) or specific ultra-processed foods (soft drinks/sweetened beverages, sweets, chocolate and ready-to-eat cereals) were selected. Most of the studies (n 15) had a cohort design. Consumption was generally evaluated by means of FFQ or food records; and body composition, by means of double indirect methods (bioelectrical impedance analysis and skinfolds). Most of the studies that evaluated consumption of groups of ultra-processed foods and soft drinks/sweetened beverages found positive associations with body fat.
CONCLUSIONS
Our review showed that most studies have found positive associations between consumption of ultra-processed food and body fat during childhood and adolescence. There is a need to use a standardized classification that considers the level of food processing to promote comparability between studies.
Topics: Adiposity; Adolescent; Adolescent Behavior; Child; Child Behavior; Fast Foods; Food Handling; Health Behavior; Humans; Observational Studies as Topic; Pediatric Obesity; Prevalence; Snacks
PubMed: 28676132
DOI: 10.1017/S1368980017001331