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The European Respiratory Journal Dec 2017Paediatric airway endoscopy is accepted as a diagnostic and therapeutic procedure, with an expanding number of indications and applications in children. The aim of this... (Review)
Review
Paediatric airway endoscopy is accepted as a diagnostic and therapeutic procedure, with an expanding number of indications and applications in children. The aim of this European Respiratory Society task force was to produce a statement on interventional bronchoscopy in children, describing the evidence available at present and current clinical practice, and identifying areas deserving further investigation. The multidisciplinary task force panel performed a systematic review of the literature, focusing on whole lung lavage, transbronchial and endobronchial biopsy, transbronchial needle aspiration with endobronchial ultrasound, foreign body extraction, balloon dilation and occlusion, laser-assisted procedures, usage of airway stents, microdebriders, cryotherapy, endoscopic intubation, application of drugs and other liquids, and caregiver perspectives. There is a scarcity of published evidence in this field, and in many cases the task force had to resort to the collective clinical experience of the committee to develop this statement. The highlighted gaps in knowledge underline the need for further research and serve as a call to paediatric bronchoscopists to work together in multicentre collaborations, for the benefit of children with airway disorders.
Topics: Advisory Committees; Balloon Occlusion; Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid; Bronchoscopy; Child; Endoscopic Ultrasound-Guided Fine Needle Aspiration; Europe; Foreign Bodies; Humans; Practice Guidelines as Topic; Societies, Medical
PubMed: 29242258
DOI: 10.1183/13993003.00901-2017 -
Journal of Crohn's & Colitis Feb 2018Restorative proctocolectomy with ileal pouch-anal anastomosis removes the diseased tissue in ulcerative colitis but also allows gastrointestinal continuity and... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Restorative proctocolectomy with ileal pouch-anal anastomosis removes the diseased tissue in ulcerative colitis but also allows gastrointestinal continuity and stoma-free living. Pouch strictures are a complication with a reported incidence of 5-38%. The three areas where pouch strictures occur are in the pouch inlet, mid-pouch and pouch-anal anastomosis.
AIM
To undertake a systematic review of the literature and to identify management strategies available for pouch-anal, mid-pouch and pre-pouch ileal strictures and their outcomes.
METHODS
A computer-assisted search of the online bibliographic databases MEDLINE and EMBASE limited to 1966 to February 2016 was performed. Randomized controlled trials, cohort studies, observational studies and case reports were considered. Those where data could not be extracted were excluded.
RESULTS
Twenty-two articles were considered eligible. Pouch-anal strictures have been initially managed using predominately dilators which include bougie and Hegar dilators with various surgical procedures advocated when initial dilatation fails. Mid-pouch strictures are relatively unstudied with both medical, endoscopic and surgical management reported as successful. Pouch inlet strictures can be safely managed using a combined medical and endoscopic approach.
CONCLUSION
The limited evidence available suggests that pouch-anal strictures are best treated in a stepwise fashion with initial treatment to include digital or instrumental dilatation followed by surgical revision or resection. Management of mid-pouch strictures requires a combination of medical, endoscopic and surgical management. Pouch inlet strictures are best managed using a combined medical and endoscopic approach. Future studies should compare different treatment modalities on separate stricture locations to enable an evidenced-based treatment algorithm.
Topics: Colonic Pouches; Constriction, Pathologic; Digestive System Surgical Procedures; Dilatation; Endoscopy, Gastrointestinal; Humans; Ileum
PubMed: 29155985
DOI: 10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjx151 -
PloS One 2021Patients undergo dilatation and evacuation for abortion or miscarriage. However, bleeding is sometimes problematic. Despite reports on the association between volatile... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
PURPOSE
Patients undergo dilatation and evacuation for abortion or miscarriage. However, bleeding is sometimes problematic. Despite reports on the association between volatile anesthetics and increased bleeding during the procedure, firm evidence is lacking. Therefore, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to compare the effects of volatile anesthetics and propofol on the amount of bleeding in patients undergoing dilatation and evacuation.
METHODS
We conducted a systematic search of four databases, namely PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials databases, and Web of Science (Clarivate Analytics), from their respective inception to April 2021. Moreover, we searched two trial registration sites. The inclusion criterion was randomized controlled trials of patients who underwent dilatation and evacuation under general anesthesia using volatile anesthetics or propofol. The primary outcome was the amount of perioperative bleeding. The mean difference of the bleeding was combined using a random-effects model. The I2 statistic was used to assess heterogeneity. We assessed risk of bias with Cochrane domains. We controlled type I and II errors due to sparse data and repetitive testing with Trial Sequential Analysis. We assessed the quality of evidence with GRADE.
RESULTS
Five studies were included in the systematic review. The amount of bleeding was compared in four studies and was higher in the volatile anesthetic group, with a mean difference of 164.7 ml (95% confidence interval, 43.6 to 285.7; p = 0.04). Heterogeneity was considerable, with an I2 value of 97%. Two studies evaluated the incidence of significant bleeding, which was significantly higher in the volatile anesthetic group (RR, 2.42; 95% confidence interval, 1.04-5.63; p = 0.04).
CONCLUSION
Choosing propofol over volatile anesthetics during dilatation and evacuation might reduce bleeding and the incidence of excessive bleeding. However, the quality of the evidence was very low. This necessitates further trials with a low risk of bias.
TRIAL REGISTRATION
PROSPERO (CRD42019120873).
Topics: Abortion, Induced; Abortion, Spontaneous; Anesthetics, Inhalation; Anesthetics, Intravenous; Dilatation and Curettage; Female; Hemorrhage; Humans; Incidence; Pregnancy; Propofol
PubMed: 34937059
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0261494 -
International Journal of Medical... 2023The members of the transmembrane emp24 domain-containing protein (TMED) family are summarized in human as four subfamilies, α (TMED 4, 9), β (TMED 2), γ (TMED1, 3, 5,... (Review)
Review
The members of the transmembrane emp24 domain-containing protein (TMED) family are summarized in human as four subfamilies, α (TMED 4, 9), β (TMED 2), γ (TMED1, 3, 5, 6, 7) and δ (TMED 10), with a total of nine members, which are important regulators of intracellular protein transport and are involved in normal embryonic development, as well as in the pathogenic processes of many human diseases. Here we systematically review the composition, structure and function of TMED family members, and describe the progress of TMED family in human diseases, including malignancies (head and neck tumors, lung cancer, breast cancer, ovarian cancer, endometrial cancer, gastrointestinal tumors, urological tumors, osteosarcomas, etc.), immune responses, diabetes, neurodegenerative diseases, and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, dilated cardiomyopathy, mucin 1 nephropathy (MKD), and desiccation syndrome (SS). Finally, we discuss and prospect the potential of TMED for disease prognosis prediction and therapeutic targeting, with a view to laying the foundation for therapeutic research based on TMED family causative genes.
Topics: Pregnancy; Female; Humans; Membrane Proteins; Protein Transport; Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease; Vesicular Transport Proteins
PubMed: 37928880
DOI: 10.7150/ijms.87272 -
The Cochrane Database of Systematic... Jun 2013Prolonged labour can lead to increased maternal and neonatal mortality and morbidity due to increased risks of maternal exhaustion, postpartum haemorrhage and sepsis,... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
BACKGROUND
Prolonged labour can lead to increased maternal and neonatal mortality and morbidity due to increased risks of maternal exhaustion, postpartum haemorrhage and sepsis, fetal distress and asphyxia and requires early detection and appropriate clinical response. The risks for complications of prolonged labour are much greater in poor resource settings. Active management of labour versus physiological, expectant management, has shown to decrease the occurrence of prolonged labour. Administering antispasmodics during labour could also lead to faster and more effective dilatation of the cervix. Interventions to shorten labour, such as antispasmodics, can be used as a preventative or a treatment strategy in order to decrease the incidence of prolonged labour. As the evidence to support this is still largely anecdotal around the world, there is a need to systematically review the available evidence to obtain a valid answer.
OBJECTIVES
To assess the effects of antispasmodics on labour in term pregnancies.
SEARCH METHODS
We searched the Cochrane Pregnancy and Childbirth Group's Trials Register (28 February 2013), the ProQuest dissertation and thesis database, the dissertation database of the University of Stellenbosch and Google Scholar (28 February 2013) and reference lists of articles. We also contacted pharmaceutical companies and experts in the field. We did not apply language restrictions.
SELECTION CRITERIA
Randomised controlled trials comparing antispasmodics with placebo or no medication in women with term pregnancies.
DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS
Two review authors independently screened abstracts and selected studies for inclusion, assessed risk of bias and extracted data. Data were checked for accuracy. We contacted trial authors when data were missing.
MAIN RESULTS
Twenty-one trials (n = 3286) were included in the review. Seventeen trials (n = 2617) were included in the meta-analysis. Antispasmodics used included valethamate bromide, hyoscine butyl-bromide, drotaverine hydrochloride, rociverine and camylofin dihydrochloride. Most studies included antispasmodics as part of their package of active management of labour. Overall, the quality of studies was poor, as only four trials were assessed as low risk of bias. Thirteen trials (n = 1995) reported on the duration of first stage of labour, which was significantly reduced by an average of 74.34 minutes when antispasmodics were administered (mean difference (MD) -74.34 minutes; 95% confidence Interval (CI) -98.76 to -49.93). Seven studies (n = 797) reported on the total duration of labour, which was significantly reduced by an average of 85.51 minutes (MD -85.51 minutes; 95% CI -121.81 to -49.20). Six studies (n = 820) had data for the outcome: rate of cervical dilatation. Administration of antispasmodics significantly increased the rate of cervical dilatation by an average of 0.61 cm/hour (MD 0.61 cm/hour; 95% CI 0.34 to 0.88). Antispasmodics did not affect the duration of second and third stage of labour. The rate of normal vertex deliveries was not affected either. Only one study explored pain relief following administration of antispasmodics and no conclusions can be drawn on this outcome. There was significant heterogeneity for most outcomes and therefore, we undertook random-effects meta-analysis. Subgroup analysis was undertaken to explore heterogeneity, but remained largely unexplained. Maternal and neonatal adverse events were reported inconsistently. The main maternal adverse event reported was tachycardia. No serious neonatal adverse events were reported.
AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS
There is low quality evidence that antispasmodics reduce the duration of first stage of labour and increase the cervical dilatation rate. There is very low quality evidence that antispasmodics reduce the total duration of labour. There is moderate quality evidence that antispasmodics do not affect the rate of normal vertex deliveries. There is insufficient evidence to make any conclusions regarding the safety of these drugs for both mother and baby. Large, rigorous randomised controlled trials are needed to evaluate the effect of antispasmodics on prolonged labour and to evaluate their effect on labour in a context of expectant management of labour.
Topics: Female; Humans; Labor Stage, First; Obstetric Labor Complications; Parasympatholytics; Pregnancy; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; Tachycardia
PubMed: 23737030
DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD009243.pub3 -
BMJ Clinical Evidence Mar 2010Anal fissures are a common cause of anal pain during, and for 1 to 2 hours after, defecation. The cause is not fully understood, but low intake of dietary fibre may be a... (Review)
Review
INTRODUCTION
Anal fissures are a common cause of anal pain during, and for 1 to 2 hours after, defecation. The cause is not fully understood, but low intake of dietary fibre may be a risk factor.
METHODS AND OUTCOMES
We conducted a systematic review and aimed to answer the following clinical questions: What are the effects of non-surgical treatments for chronic anal fissure? What are the effects of surgical treatments for chronic anal fissure? We searched: Medline, Embase, The Cochrane Library, and other important databases up to August 2009 (Clinical Evidence reviews are updated periodically; please check our website for the most up-to-date version of this review). We included harms alerts from relevant organisations such as the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the UK Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA).
RESULTS
We found 28 systematic reviews, RCTs, or observational studies that met our inclusion criteria. We performed a GRADE evaluation of the quality of evidence for interventions.
CONCLUSIONS
In this systematic review we present information relating to the effectiveness and safety of the following interventions: anal advancement flap, anal stretch/dilation, botulinum A toxin-haemagglutinin complex alone or with nitrates, calcium channel blockers, internal anal sphincterotomy, and nitric oxide donors.
Topics: Administration, Oral; Anal Canal; Fissure in Ano; Humans; Nitric Oxide Donors; Nitroglycerin; Treatment Outcome
PubMed: 21718564
DOI: No ID Found -
Minerva Urologica E Nefrologica = the... Jun 2018Ureteral obstructions are managed by complex surgery not always feasible for surgical field complexity or poor patient conditions. Various surgical maneuvers, as... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
INTRODUCTION
Ureteral obstructions are managed by complex surgery not always feasible for surgical field complexity or poor patient conditions. Various surgical maneuvers, as ureteral dilation, stenting and percutaneous nephrostomy, can be offered, but they are related to considerable failure rates and negative impact on quality of life. In selected cases, the positioning of long-term expandable metallic ureteral stents (EMUSs) may be an appropriate and successful choice.
EVIDENCE ACQUISITION
Following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses criteria, a systematic review of the literature was performed in July 2017 using PubMed, Cochrane Library, Scopus and Web of Science databases. The search was conducted by typing the following terms: "Expandable metallic ureteral stent," "Memokath ureteral stent," "Allium ureteral stent," and "Uventa ureteral stent."
EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS
Twenty studies reported the safety, efficacy and clinical outcomes related to the common available EMUSs. Most studies were single-arm, retrospective and involving a low number of clinical cases, resulting in significant difficulties with outlining indications and drawing conclusions. Available papers showed EMUSs offered a high rate of patency, a long duration and a good quality of life, even if they are associated with significant complications.
CONCLUSIONS
Since the first description of ureteral stents 50 years ago, we have faced a significant evolution in stent design. The current generation of EMUSs offers many advantages, but the onset of adverse effects is still significant and limits their use to selected cases. Further research should be addressed to the realization of prospective, multi-institutional randomized clinical trials to highlight indications to manage appropriately ureteral obstructions.
Topics: Humans; Stents; Ureter; Ureteral Obstruction
PubMed: 29595037
DOI: 10.23736/S0393-2249.18.03035-7 -
Journal of Hypertension Oct 2014The risk of thoracic aortic dissection is strictly related to the diameter of the ascending aorta. Arterial hypertension represents a major risk factor for the... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
OBJECTIVE
The risk of thoracic aortic dissection is strictly related to the diameter of the ascending aorta. Arterial hypertension represents a major risk factor for the development of aortic dissection and is thought to be directly involved in the pathogenesis of aortic aneurysms. Recent studies have suggested a high prevalence of aortic root enlargement in the hypertensive population, but evidence of a direct link between blood pressure values and size of the aortic root has been inconclusive so far. The aim of the current study was to evaluate prevalence of aortic root dilatation (ARD) in the hypertensive population and to assess the correlates of this condition.
METHODS
Medical literature was reviewed to identify articles assessing prevalence of echocardiographic ARD in hypertensive patients.
RESULTS
A total of eight studies including 10 791 hypertensive patients were considered. Prevalence of ARD in the pooled population was 9.1% with a marked difference between men and women (12.7 vs. 4.5%; odds ratio 3.15; 95% confidence interval 2.68-3.71). Hypertensive patients with ARD and those with normal aortic root size had similar office blood pressure values, but the former were older and had a significantly higher left-ventricular mass (0.52 SDs, 95% confidence interval 0.41-0.63).
CONCLUSION
ARD is a common phenotype in hypertensive patients, with men showing a markedly higher susceptibility, but office blood pressure values do not appear to be directly associated with aortic root diameter.
Topics: Aorta; Aortic Valve; Bicuspid Aortic Valve Disease; Blood Pressure; Blood Pressure Determination; Dilatation, Pathologic; Echocardiography; Female; Heart Defects, Congenital; Heart Valve Diseases; Humans; Hypertension; Male; Prevalence; Risk Factors
PubMed: 24979304
DOI: 10.1097/HJH.0000000000000286 -
International Journal of Molecular... Sep 2023Intracranial aneurysms (IAs) are abnormal dilations of the cerebral vessels, which pose a persistent threat of cerebral hemorrhage. Inflammation is known to contribute... (Review)
Review
Intracranial aneurysms (IAs) are abnormal dilations of the cerebral vessels, which pose a persistent threat of cerebral hemorrhage. Inflammation is known to contribute to IA development. The nuclear factor "kappa-light-chain-enhancer" of activated B-cells (NF-κB) is the major driver of inflammation. It increases the expression of inflammatory markers and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), which contribute heavily to the pathogenesis of IAs. NF-κB activation has been linked to IA rupture and resulting subarachnoid hemorrhage. Moreover, NF-κB activation can result in endothelial dysfunction, smooth muscle cell phenotypic switching, and infiltration of inflammatory cells in the arterial wall, which subsequently leads to the initiation and progression of IAs and consequently results in rupture. After a systematic search, abstract screening, and full-text screening, 30 research articles were included in the review. In this systematic review, we summarized the scientific literature reporting findings on NF-κB's role in the pathogenesis of IAs. In conclusion, the activation of the NF-κB pathway was associated with IA formation, progression, and rupture.
Topics: Humans; NF-kappa B; Intracranial Aneurysm; Signal Transduction; Arteries; Inflammation
PubMed: 37762520
DOI: 10.3390/ijms241814218 -
Journal of Cardiovascular Development... Apr 2022Traditional definitions of Ebstein's anomaly (EA) and left ventricular noncompaction (LVNC), two rare congenital heart defects (CHDs), confine disease to either the... (Review)
Review
Traditional definitions of Ebstein's anomaly (EA) and left ventricular noncompaction (LVNC), two rare congenital heart defects (CHDs), confine disease to either the right or left heart, respectively. Around 15-29% of patients with EA, which has a prevalence of 1 in 20,000 live births, commonly manifest with LVNC. While individual EA or LVNC literature is extensive, relatively little discussion is devoted to the joint appearance of EA and LVNC (EA/LVNC), which poses a higher risk of poor clinical outcomes. We queried PubMed, Medline, and Web of Science for all peer-reviewed publications from inception to February 2022 that discuss EA/LVNC and found 58 unique articles written in English. Here, we summarize and extrapolate commonalities in clinical and genetic understanding of EA/LVNC to date. We additionally postulate involvement of shared developmental pathways that may lead to this combined disease. Anatomical variation in EA/LVNC encompasses characteristics of both CHDs, including tricuspid valve displacement, right heart dilatation, and left ventricular trabeculation, and dictates clinical presentation in both age and severity. Disease treatment is non-specific, ranging from symptomatic management to invasive surgery. Apart from a few variant associations, mainly in sarcomeric genes and , the genetic etiology and pathogenesis of EA/LVNC remain largely unknown.
PubMed: 35448091
DOI: 10.3390/jcdd9040115