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PloS One 2016There is a heated debate on whether the prognostic value of NME1 is favorable or unfavorable. Thus, we carried out a meta-analysis to evaluate the relationship between... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
OBJECTIVE
There is a heated debate on whether the prognostic value of NME1 is favorable or unfavorable. Thus, we carried out a meta-analysis to evaluate the relationship between NME1 expression and the prognosis of patients with digestive system neoplasms.
METHODS
We searched PubMed, EMBASE and Web of Science for relevant articles. The pooled odd ratios (ORs) and corresponding 95%CI were calculated to evaluate the prognostic value of NME1 expression in patients with digestive system neoplasms, and the association between NME1 expression and clinicopathological factors. We also performed subgroup analyses to find out the source of heterogeneity.
RESULTS
2904 patients were pooled from 28 available studies in total. Neither the incorporative OR combined by 17 studies with overall survival (OR = 0.65, 95%CI:0.41-1.03, P = 0.07) nor the pooled OR with disease-free survival (OR = 0.75, 95%CI:0.17-3.36, P = 0.71) in statistics showed any significance. Although we couldn't find any significance in TNM stage (OR = 0.78, 95%CI:0.44-1.36, P = 0.38), elevated NME1 expression was related to well tumor differentiation (OR = 0.59, 95%CI:0.47-0.73, P<0.00001), negative N status (OR = 0.54, 95%CI:0.36-0.82, P = 0.003) and Dukes' stage (OR = 0.43, 95%CI:0.24-0.77, P = 0.004). And in the subgroup analyses, we only find the "years" which might be the source of heterogeneity of overall survival in gastric cancer.
CONCLUSIONS
The results showed that statistically significant association was found between NME1 expression and the tumor differentiation, N status and Dukes' stage of patients with digestive system cancers, while no significance was found in overall survival, disease-free survival and TNM stage. More and further researches should be conducted to reveal the prognostic value of NME1.
Topics: Biomarkers, Tumor; Digestive System Neoplasms; Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; Humans; NM23 Nucleoside Diphosphate Kinases; Prognosis
PubMed: 27518571
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0160547 -
BioMed Research International 2018Graves' ophthalmopathy (GO) is a complicated autoimmune disease. Various therapies have been used to manage GO; however the optimum therapy is not clear. Glucocorticoids... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
BACKGROUND
Graves' ophthalmopathy (GO) is a complicated autoimmune disease. Various therapies have been used to manage GO; however the optimum therapy is not clear. Glucocorticoids (GCs) therapy is the mainstay of treatment especially for active moderate to severe patients, which needs evidence-based support.
METHOD
We searched all the randomized controlled trials (RCTs) involving corticosteroid treatment for patients diagnosed with GO from EMBASE, Medline, and the Cochrane library and then conducted a system review and meta-analysis. The electronic search covered the period from April 1966 to March 2018.
RESULT
Twenty-nine trials were included. GCs were proved to be beneficial for GO patients [response rate, risk ratio (RR) = 1.72, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.28~2.31, P=0.0003], and intravenous corticosteroids worked significantly better than oral corticosteroids as ever reported. When compared with the single treatment of GCs, the combination of radiotherapy and GCs showed similar effects on response rate (RR=1.25, 95%CI: 0.91~1.73). A study proved the advantage of mycophenolate mofetil over GCs in three outcomes (response rate, RR=0.74, 95%CI: 0.63~0.88). Additional treatments such as technetium-99 methylene diphosphate (Tc-MDP) or cyclosporine enhanced the effect of GCs on proptosis reduction, respectively (P<0.00001 and P=0.02).
CONCLUSION
Our meta-analysis confirmed the effects of GCs in the management of GO and intravenous GCs are proved to be better than oral GCs as ever reported. Combination of radiotherapy and GCs did not enhance the effects of GCs. However, if proptosis is the main issue, combination of Tc-MDP or cyclosporine with GCs may be taken into consideration. The reported advantages of mycophenolate mofetil over GCs are noteworthy and need more RCTs to confirm.
Topics: Adrenal Cortex Hormones; Cyclosporine; Graves Ophthalmopathy; Humans; Mycophenolic Acid; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic
PubMed: 30596092
DOI: 10.1155/2018/4845894 -
Osteoarthritis and Cartilage May 2021To examine and compare the accuracy of conventional radiography (CR) and musculoskeletal ultrasonography (US) in the diagnosis of calcium pyrophosphate (CPP) crystals... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study Meta-Analysis
The diagnostic value of conventional radiography and musculoskeletal ultrasonography in calcium pyrophosphate deposition disease: a systematic literature review and meta-analysis.
OBJECTIVE
To examine and compare the accuracy of conventional radiography (CR) and musculoskeletal ultrasonography (US) in the diagnosis of calcium pyrophosphate (CPP) crystals deposition disease (CPPD).
DESIGN
A systematic search of electronic databases (PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane), conference abstracts and reference lists was undertaken. Studies which evaluated the accuracy of CR and/or US in the diagnosis of CPPD, using synovial fluid analysis (SFA), histology or classification criteria as reference tests were included. Subgroup analyses by anatomic site and by reference test were performed.
RESULTS
Twenty-six studies were included. Using SFA/histology as reference test, CR and US showed an excellent (CR AUC = 0.889, 95%CI = 0.811-0.967) and an outstanding (US AUC = 0.954, 95%CI = 0.907-1.0) diagnostic accuracy (p < 0.01), respectively. Furthermore, US showed a higher sensitivity (0.85, 95%CI = 0.79-0.90 vs 0.47, 95%CI = 0.40-0.55) and only a little lower specificity (0.87, 95%CI = 0.83-0.91 vs 0.95, 95%CI = 0.92-0.97) than CR. A considerable heterogeneity between the studies was found, with adopted reference test being the main source of heterogeneity. In fact, subgroup analysis showed a significant change in the diagnostic accuracy of CR, but not of US, using Ryan and McCarty criteria or SFA/histology as reference test (CR: AUC = 0.956, 95%CI = 0.925-1.0 vs AUC = 0.889, 95%CI = 0.828-0.950, respectively, p < 0.01) (US: AUC = 0.922, 95%CI = 0.842-1.0 vs AUC = 0.957, 95%CI = 0.865-1.0, respectively, p = 0.08) CONCLUSIONS: Although US is more sensitive and a little less specific than CR for identifying CPP crystals, both these two techniques showed a great diagnostic accuracy and should be regarded as complementary to each other in the diagnostic work-up of patients with CPPD.
Topics: Calcium Pyrophosphate; Chondrocalcinosis; Fascia; Humans; Joints; Ligaments, Articular; Muscle, Skeletal; Radiography; Sensitivity and Specificity; Synovial Fluid; Tendons; Ultrasonography
PubMed: 33577959
DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2021.01.007 -
BMC Cancer Aug 2019Positron emission tomography (PET) and PET/computed tomography (PET/CT) imaging with 3,4-dihydroxy-6-[F] fluoro-L-phenylalanine (F-FDOPA) has been used in the evaluation... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
BACKGROUND
Positron emission tomography (PET) and PET/computed tomography (PET/CT) imaging with 3,4-dihydroxy-6-[F] fluoro-L-phenylalanine (F-FDOPA) has been used in the evaluation of gliomas. We performed a meta-analysis to obtain the diagnostic and grading accuracy of F-FDOPA PET and PET/CT in patients with gliomas.
METHODS
PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library and Web of Science were searched through 13 May 2019. We included studies reporting the diagnostic performance of F-FDOPA PET or PET/CT in glioma patients. Pooled sensitivity, specificity, and area under the summary receiver operating characteristic (SROC) curve were calculated from eligible studies on a per-lesion basis.
RESULTS
Eventually, 19 studies were included. Across 13 studies (370 patients) for glioma diagnosis, the pooled sensitivity and specificity of F-FDOPA PET and PET/CT were 0.90 (95%CI: 0.86-0.93) and 0.75 (95%CI: 0.65-0.83). Across 7 studies (219 patients) for glioma grading, F-FDOPA PET and PET/CT showed a pooled sensitivity of 0.88 (95%CI: 0.81-0.93) and a pooled specificity of 0.73 (95%CI: 0.64-0.81).
CONCLUSIONS
F-FDOPA PET and PET/CT demonstrated good performance for diagnosing gliomas and differentiating high-grade gliomas (HGGs) from low-grade gliomas (LGGs). Further studies implementing standardized PET protocols and investigating the grading parameters are needed.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Brain Neoplasms; Child; Data Accuracy; Female; Fluorine Radioisotopes; Formycins; Glioma; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Neoplasm Grading; Neoplasm Recurrence, Local; Positron Emission Tomography Computed Tomography; Positron-Emission Tomography; Publication Bias; ROC Curve; Radiopharmaceuticals; Ribonucleotides; Sensitivity and Specificity; Young Adult
PubMed: 31382920
DOI: 10.1186/s12885-019-5938-0 -
International Journal of Surgery... Dec 2018Extensive studies have been carried out to investigate the association between nm23 expression and the prognosis and clinicopathologic significance of various tumors. (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
OBJECTIVE
Extensive studies have been carried out to investigate the association between nm23 expression and the prognosis and clinicopathologic significance of various tumors.
METHODS AND MATERIALS
Eligible studies were searched from Embase, China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), PubMed and Web of Science up to May 2017. In this study, we calculated the pooled hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% confidence intervals (95%CIs) to determine the association between nm23 expression and the prognosis of various tumors.
RESULTS
A total of 49 studies were finally included in the meta-analysis. The pooled HRs were 2.00 (95% CIs: 1.44-2.78) for overall survival (OS), 1.23 (95% CIs: 1.04-1.46) for disease-specific survival or progression-free survival (DFS/PFS), and 2.21 (95% CIs: 1.38-3.57) for survival of recurrence-free survival or metastasis-free survival (RFS/MFS). Moreover, the results indicated that low nm23 expression was significantly correlated with the lymph node metastasis (P = 0.002). For the subgroup analysis, the expression of nm23 in patients at N0 stage was obviously higher than the patients with breast carcinoma at N1-N3 stage [Odds ratio (OR) = 2.07, 95%CI (1.31, 3.26), P = 0.002]. Moreover, the expression of nm23 in the patients at N0 stage was remarkably higher than those at N1-N3 stages in the Chinese patients with breast carcinoma and those with nasopharyngeal carcinoma (P < 0.05). Whereas, no statistical difference was noticed in the expression of nm23 in patients of various age, gender, T stage, histological degree, TNM stage, respectively (P > 0.05).
CONCLUSION
Our study suggests that down-regulation of nm23 is related to poor prognosis in many cancers. The expression of nm23 in cancer tissues may serve as an important factor for evaluating the presence of lymph node metastasis.
Topics: Breast Neoplasms; Female; Humans; Lymphatic Metastasis; NM23 Nucleoside Diphosphate Kinases; Neoplasm Staging; Prognosis
PubMed: 30389538
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijsu.2018.10.035 -
Frontiers in Pharmacology 2021Dual antiplatelet therapy combining aspirin with a P2Y12 adenosine diphosphate receptor inhibitor is a therapeutic mainstay for acute coronary syndrome (ACS). However,...
Dual antiplatelet therapy combining aspirin with a P2Y12 adenosine diphosphate receptor inhibitor is a therapeutic mainstay for acute coronary syndrome (ACS). However, the optimal choice of P2Y12 adenosine diphosphate receptor inhibitor in elderly (aged ≥65 years) patients remains controversial. We conducted a meta-analysis to compare the efficacy and safety of ticagrelor and clopidogrel in elderly patients with ACS. We comprehensively searched in Web of Science, EMBASE, PubMed, and Cochrane databases through 29 March, 2021 for eligible randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing the efficacy and safety of ticagrelor or clopidogrel plus aspirin in elderly patients with ACS. Four studies were included in the final analysis. A fixed effects model or random effects model was applied to analyze risk ratios (RRs) and hazard ratios (HRs) across studies, and I to assess heterogeneity. A total number of 4429 elderly patients with ACS were included in this analysis, of whom 2170 (49.0%) patients received aspirin plus ticagrelor and 2259 (51.0%) received aspirin plus clopidogrel. The ticagrelor group showed a significant advantage over the clopidogrel group concerning all-cause mortality (HR 0.78, 95% CI 0.63-0.96, I = 0%; RR 0.79, 95% CI 0.66-0.95, I = 0%) and cardiovascular death (HR 0.71, 95% CI 0.56-0.91, I = 0%; RR 0.76, 95% CI 0.62-0.94, I = 5%) but owned a higher risk of PLATO major or minor bleeding (HR 1.46, 95% CI 1.13-1.89, I = 0%; RR 1.40, 95% CI 1.11-1.76, I = 0%). Both the groups showed no significant difference regarding major adverse cardiovascular events (MACEs) (HR 1.06, 95% CI 0.68-1.65, I = 77%; RR 1.04, 95% CI 0.69-1.58, I = 77%). For elderly ACS patients, aspirin plus ticagrelor reduces cardiovascular death and all-cause mortality but increases the risk of bleeding. Herein, aspirin plus ticagrelor may extend lifetime for elderly ACS patients compared with aspirin plus clopidogrel. The optimal DAPT for elderly ACS patients may be a valuable direction for future research studies.
PubMed: 34721032
DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.743259 -
Clinical Cardiology Apr 2013There is considerable debate about whether concomitant use of proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) should be recommended for patients who are prescribed clopidogrel after acute... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
BACKGROUND
There is considerable debate about whether concomitant use of proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) should be recommended for patients who are prescribed clopidogrel after acute coronary syndrome. Most pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic studies in vivo were conducted using small sample sizes and were single centered, resulting in conflicting data.
HYPOTHESIS
PPIs may attenuate the antiplatelet effect of clopidogrel in vivo and lead to an increased risk of cardiovascular events.
METHODS
PubMed, the Cochrane Library, Embase, Web of Science, and China Biology Medicine Disc were searched. Randomized controlled trials that compared pharmacodynamic impacts of a PPI on the efficacy of clopidogrel in vivo were included. Two independent reviewers evaluated study quality and extracted data for meta-analysis.
RESULTS
We identified 8 eligible studies. Compared to clopidogrel treatment alone, patients who received both a PPI and clopidogrel had less of a decrease in the platelet reactivity index (weighted mean difference [WMD]: 8.18; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 6.81-9.56; P<0.00001), less adenosine 5'-diphosphate-induced platelet aggregation inhibition (WMD: 7.28; 95% CI: 2.44-12.11; P=0.003), higher P2Y12 reaction units (WMD: 40.58; 95% CI: 19.31-61.86; P=0.0002), and higher risks of clopidogrel resistance (odds ratio [OR]: 2.49; 95% CI: 1.49-4.14; P=0.0005). There were no significant differences, however, for the incidences of major adverse cardiovascular events between the 2 groups (OR: 1.07; 95% CI: 0.44-2.59; P=0.88), and treatment with a PPI and clopidogrel significantly reduced the risk of adverse gastrointestinal events (OR: 0.16; 95% CI: 0.04-0.62; P=0.008).
CONCLUSIONS
Concomitant use of a PPI with clopidogrel attenuated the antiplatelet effect of clopidogrel, but may be clinically unimportant because there were no clinical differences in the risk for major adverse cardiovascular events.
Topics: Adenosine Diphosphate; Blood Platelets; Cardiovascular Diseases; Clopidogrel; Drug Interactions; Drug Resistance; Gastrointestinal Diseases; Humans; Platelet Aggregation; Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors; Proton Pump Inhibitors; Receptors, Purinergic P2Y12; Ticlopidine
PubMed: 23450832
DOI: 10.1002/clc.22094 -
The Cochrane Database of Systematic... Aug 2020Stroke is one of the leading causes of long-lasting disability and mortality and its global burden has increased in the past two decades. Several therapies have been... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
BACKGROUND
Stroke is one of the leading causes of long-lasting disability and mortality and its global burden has increased in the past two decades. Several therapies have been proposed for the recovery from, and treatment of, ischemic stroke. One of them is citicoline. This review assessed the benefits and harms of citicoline for treating patients with acute ischemic stroke.
OBJECTIVES
To assess the clinical benefits and harms of citicoline compared with placebo or any other control for treating people with acute ischemic stroke.
SEARCH METHODS
We searched in the Cochrane Stroke Group Trials Register, CENTRAL, MEDLINE Ovid, Embase Ovid, LILACS until 29 January 2020. We searched the World Health Organization Clinical Trials Search Portal and ClinicalTrials.gov. Additionally, we also reviewed reference lists of the retrieved publications and review articles, and searched the websites of the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and European Medicines Agency (EMA).
SELECTION CRITERIA
We included randomized controlled trials (RCTs) in any setting including participants with acute ischemic stroke. Trials were eligible for inclusion if they compared citicoline versus placebo or no intervention.
DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS
We selected RCTs, assessed the risk of bias in seven domains, and extracted data by duplicate. Our primary outcomes of interest were all-cause mortality and the degree of disability or dependence in daily activities at 90 days. We estimated risk ratios (RRs) for dichotomous outcomes. We measured statistical heterogeneity using the I² statistic. We conducted our analyses using the fixed-effect and random-effects model meta-analyses. We assessed the overall quality of evidence for six pre-specified outcomes using the GRADE approach.
MAIN RESULTS
We identified 10 RCTs including 4281 participants. In all these trials, citicoline was given either orally, intravenously, or a combination of both compared with placebo or standard care therapy. Citicoline doses ranged between 500 mg and 2000 mg per day. We assessed all the included trials as having high risk of bias. Drug companies sponsored six trials. A pooled analysis of eight trials indicates there may be little or no difference in all-cause mortality comparing citicoline with placebo (17.3% versus 18.5%; RR 0.94, 95% CI 0.83 to 1.07; I² = 0%; low-quality evidence due to risk of bias). Four trials found no difference in the proportion of patients with disability or dependence in daily activities according to the Rankin scale comparing citicoline with placebo (21.72% versus 19.23%; RR 1.11, 95% CI 0.97 to 1.26; I² = 1%; low-quality evidence due to risk of bias). Meta-analysis of three trials indicates there may be little or no difference in serious cardiovascular adverse events comparing citicoline with placebo (8.83% versus 7.77%; RR 1.04, 95% CI 0.84 to 1.29; I² = 0%; low-quality evidence due to risk of bias). Overall, either serious or non-serious adverse events - central nervous system, gastrointestinal, musculoskeletal, etc. - were poorly reported and harms may have been underestimated. Four trials assessing functional recovery with the Barthel Index at a cut-off point of 95 points or more did not find differences comparing citicoline with placebo (32.78% versus 30.70%; RR 1.03, 95% CI 0.94 to 1.13; I² = 24%; low-quality evidence due to risk of bias). There were no differences in neurological function (National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale at a cut-off point of ≤ 1 points) comparing citicoline with placebo according to five trials (24.31% versus 22.44%; RR 1.08, 95% CI 0.96 to 1.21; I² = 27%, low-quality evidence due to risk of bias). A pre-planned Trial Sequential Analysis suggested that no more trials may be needed for the primary outcomes but no trial provided information on quality of life.
AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS
This review assessed the clinical benefits and harms of citicoline compared with placebo or any other standard treatment for people with acute ischemic stroke. The findings of the review suggest there may be little to no difference between citicoline and its controls regarding all-cause mortality, disability or dependence in daily activities, severe adverse events, functional recovery and the assessment of the neurological function, based on low-certainty evidence. None of the included trials assessed quality of life and the safety profile of citicoline remains unknown. The available evidence is of low quality due to either limitations in the design or execution of the trials.
Topics: Activities of Daily Living; Acute Disease; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Bias; Brain Ischemia; Cause of Death; Cytidine Diphosphate Choline; Humans; Middle Aged; Nootropic Agents; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; Recovery of Function; Stroke
PubMed: 32860632
DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD013066.pub2 -
European Journal of Vascular and... Jan 2022Adenosine diphosphate (ADP) receptor inhibitors such as clopidogrel are known to be less effective at reducing platelet function for some patients because of a... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis on the Impact of High On-Treatment Platelet Reactivity on Clinical Outcomes for Patients Taking ADP Receptor Inhibitors Following Lower Limb Arterial Endovascular Intervention.
OBJECTIVE
Adenosine diphosphate (ADP) receptor inhibitors such as clopidogrel are known to be less effective at reducing platelet function for some patients because of a phenomenon called high on-treatment platelet reactivity (HTPR). However, the clinical effect of this for patients undergoing endovascular intervention for peripheral arterial disease is unclear. The aim of this study was to assess the impact of ADP receptor inhibitor HTPR on clinical outcomes following lower limb arterial endovascular intervention for peripheral arterial disease.
METHODS
A systematic review and meta-analysis was performed. Primary outcomes included all cause mortality and major bleeding. Secondary outcomes were major adverse cardiovascular events, major adverse limb events, restenosis, and target lesion revascularisation. Outcome quality was assessed using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) tool.
RESULTS
There were 10 eligible studies including 1 444 patients included in the meta-analysis. The most commonly tested ADP receptor inhibitor was clopidogrel (seven studies). The pooled rate of ADP receptor inhibitor HTPR was 29% (95% CI 27 - 32). The meta-analysis showed that ADP receptor inhibitor HTPR was associated with a greater risk of major adverse limb events (OR 6.25, 95% CI 2.09 - 18.68, p = .001) and a trend towards a higher all cause mortality (OR 1.71, 95% CI 0.99 - 2.94, p = .050) and more major adverse cardiovascular events (OR 4.23, 95% CI 0.46 - 38.92, p = .20) after endovascular intervention. Overall strength of evidence was very low for all outcomes.
CONCLUSION
ADP receptor inhibitor HTPR was associated with worse clinical outcomes after lower limb endovascular intervention for peripheral arterial disease. Prospective studies are required to determine the impact of modifying the antithrombotic regimen on clinical outcomes.
Topics: Cause of Death; Clopidogrel; Endovascular Procedures; Humans; Lower Extremity; Peripheral Arterial Disease; Platelet Activation; Platelet Function Tests; Postoperative Complications; Postoperative Hemorrhage; Purinergic P2 Receptor Antagonists; Treatment Outcome
PubMed: 34844834
DOI: 10.1016/j.ejvs.2021.09.026 -
Journal of Neurochemistry Oct 2012The neuroprotective actions of citicoline have been documented for experimental stroke therapy. We used a systematic review and meta-analysis to assess this evidence.... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
Citicoline in pre-clinical animal models of stroke: a meta-analysis shows the optimal neuroprotective profile and the missing steps for jumping into a stroke clinical trial.
The neuroprotective actions of citicoline have been documented for experimental stroke therapy. We used a systematic review and meta-analysis to assess this evidence. From 64 identified studies using citicoline in stroke animal models, only those describing ischemic occlusive stroke and reporting data on infarct volume and/or neurological outcome were included (14 studies, 522 animals). Overall, the quality of the studies was modest (5, 4-6), while the absence of studies involving animals with co-morbidities, females, old animals or strain differences indicated that studies did not fulfill the STAIR recommendations. Weighted mean difference meta-analysis showed citicoline to reduce infarct volume by 27.8% [(19.9%, 35.6%); p < 0.001]. In the stratified analysis, citicoline effect on reducing infarct volume was higher in proximal occlusive models of middle cerebral artery (MCA) compared with distal occlusion. Moreover, the efficacy was superior using multiple doses than single dose and when a co-treatment was administered compared with citicoline monotherapy, the only independent factor identified in the meta-regression. Citicoline improved neurological deficit by 20.2% [(6.8%, 33.7%); p = 0.015], but only four studies including 176 animals reported these data. In conclusion, this meta-analysis provides evidence of citicoline efficacy in stroke animal models and shows the optimal neuroprotective profile and the missing experimental requirements before jumping into clinical trials.
Topics: Animals; Clinical Trials as Topic; Cytidine Diphosphate Choline; Disease Models, Animal; Humans; Neuroprotective Agents; Nootropic Agents; Stroke
PubMed: 22845688
DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2012.07891.x