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Systematic Reviews Jul 2012Hyperprolactinemia is a common endocrine disorder that can be associated with significant morbidity. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analyses of outcomes of... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
BACKGROUND
Hyperprolactinemia is a common endocrine disorder that can be associated with significant morbidity. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analyses of outcomes of hyperprolactinemic patients, including microadenomas and macroadenomas, to provide evidence-based recommendations for practitioners. Through this review, we aimed to compare efficacy and adverse effects of medications, surgery and radiotherapy in the treatment of hyperprolactinemia.
METHODS
We searched electronic databases, reviewed bibliographies of included articles, and contacted experts in the field. Eligible studies provided longitudinal follow-up of patients with hyperprolactinemia and evaluated outcomes of interest. We collected descriptive, quality and outcome data (tumor growth, visual field defects, infertility, sexual dysfunction, amenorrhea/oligomenorrhea and prolactin levels).
RESULTS
After review, 8 randomized and 178 nonrandomized studies (over 3,000 patients) met inclusion criteria. Compared to no treatment, dopamine agonists significantly reduced prolactin level (weighted mean difference, -45; 95% confidence interval, -77 to -11) and the likelihood of persistent hyperprolactinemia (relative risk, 0.90; 95% confidence interval, 0.81 to 0.99). Cabergoline was more effective than bromocriptine in reducing persistent hyperprolactinemia, amenorrhea/oligomenorrhea, and galactorrhea. A large body of noncomparative literature showed dopamine agonists improved other patient-important outcomes. Low-to-moderate quality evidence supports improved outcomes with surgery and radiotherapy compared to no treatment in patients who were resistant to or intolerant of dopamine agonists.
CONCLUSION
Our results provide evidence to support the use of dopamine agonists in reducing prolactin levels and persistent hyperprolactinemia, with cabergoline proving more efficacious than bromocriptine. Radiotherapy and surgery are useful in patients with resistance or intolerance to dopamine agonists.
Topics: Evidence-Based Medicine; Humans; Hyperprolactinemia
PubMed: 22828169
DOI: 10.1186/2046-4053-1-33 -
Behavioural Neurology 2013The pharmacotherapy of Parkinson's disease (PD) is often challenging as clinicians have to find a favourable balance between the efficacy on motor symptoms and side... (Review)
Review
OBJECTIVES
The pharmacotherapy of Parkinson's disease (PD) is often challenging as clinicians have to find a favourable balance between the efficacy on motor symptoms and side effect profiles of different dopaminergic medications. We aimed to assess the available evidence on the role of dopamine agonist monotherapy as an alternative to Levodopa in the treatment of motor symptoms of PD, along with the role of dopamine antagonists in the treatment of PD-related psychosis.
METHODS
We performed a systematic literature review using the databases MEDLINE, EMBASE, PsycINFO and the Cochrane Library Central register of controlled trials. Two searches were performed, 'Search 1' extracting trials on dopamine agonists, and 'Search 2' on atypical antipsychotics. Eligible studies were Double-blind Randomised Controlled Trials (RCTs) using the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS) and the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS) as outcome measures for Search 1 and 2, respectively.
RESULTS
16 relevant RCTs were extracted from the search results. Overall, dopamine agonists were shown to significantly improve UPDRS scores, with a mean percentage improvement of 14.4% compared to -1.9% in the control arm (P value < 0.05). However, their side effect profile illustrated they were associated with twice the incidence of psychotic symptoms in comparison to the controls. The results on the efficacy of atypical antipsychotics for the treatment of PD-related psychosis were not significant.
CONCLUSIONS
This evidence-based review confirmed that dopamine agonists can be an effective and safe treatment as monotherapy in PD, however psychotic symptoms remain a significant side effect. Atypical antipsychotics may not be relied upon for the correction of these symptoms due to inconsistent results about their efficacy.
Topics: Antipsychotic Agents; Dopamine; Dopamine Agonists; Humans; Parkinson Disease; Psychotic Disorders
PubMed: 22713412
DOI: 10.3233/BEN-2012-120265 -
International Journal of Molecular... Sep 2022Biological material is one of the most important aspects that allow for the correct diagnosis of the disease, and tears are an interesting subject of research because of... (Review)
Review
Biological material is one of the most important aspects that allow for the correct diagnosis of the disease, and tears are an interesting subject of research because of the simplicity of collection, as the well as the relation to the components similar to other body fluids. In this review, biomarkers for Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), and multiple sclerosis (MS) in tears are investigated and analyzed. Records were obtained from the PubMed and Google Scholar databases in a timeline of 2015-2022. The keywords were: tear film/tear biochemistry/tear biomarkers + diseases (AD, PD, or MS). The recent original studies were analyzed, discussed, and biomarkers present in tears that can be used for the diagnosis and management of AD, PD, and MS diseases were shown. α-synTotal and α-synOligo, lactoferrin, norepinephrine, adrenaline, epinephrine, dopamine, α-2-macroglobulin, proteins involved in immune response, lipid metabolism and oxidative stress, apolipoprotein superfamily, and others were shown to be biomarkers in PD. For AD as potential biomarkers, there are: lipocalin-1, lysozyme-C, and lacritin, amyloid proteins, t-Tau, p-Tau; for MS there are: oligoclonal bands, lipids containing choline, free carnitine, acylcarnitines, and some amino acids. Information systematized in this review provides interesting data and new insight to help improve clinical outcomes for patients with neurodegenerative disorders.
Topics: Alzheimer Disease; Biomarkers; Humans; Lacrimal Apparatus Diseases; Multiple Sclerosis; Parkinson Disease; Tears
PubMed: 36077520
DOI: 10.3390/ijms231710123 -
Frontiers in Neuroscience 2021Movement fluctuations are the main complication of Parkinson's disease (PD) patients receiving long-term levodopa (L-dopa) treatment. We compared and ranked the...
Comparative Efficacy and Safety of Dopamine Agonists in Advanced Parkinson's Disease With Motor Fluctuations: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis of Double-Blind Randomized Controlled Trials.
Movement fluctuations are the main complication of Parkinson's disease (PD) patients receiving long-term levodopa (L-dopa) treatment. We compared and ranked the efficacy and safety of dopamine agonists (DAs) with regard to motor fluctuations by using a Bayesian network meta-analysis (NMA) to quantify information from randomized controlled trials (RCTs). We carried out a systematic review and meta-analysis, and only RCTs comparing DAs for advanced PD were included. Electronic databases (PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Library) were systematically searched for relevant studies published until January 2021. Two reviewers independently extracted individual study data and evaluated studies for risk of bias using the Cochrane Risk of Bias tool. Network meta-analyses using a Bayesian framework were used to calculate the related parameters. The pre-specified primary and secondary outcomes were efficacy ("ON" time without troublesome dyskinesia, "OFF" time, "ON" time, "UPDRS-III," and "UPDRS-II") and safety [treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAE) and other adverse events] of DAs. The results are presented as the surface under the cumulative ranking (SUCRA) curve. A total of 20 RCTs assessing 6,560 patients were included. The general DA effects were ranked from high to low with respect to the amount of "ON" time without troublesome dyskinesia as follows: apomorphine (SUCRA = 97.08%), pramipexole_IR (probability = 79.00%), and ropinirole_PR (SUCRA = 63.92%). The general safety of DAs was ranked from high to low with respect to TEAE as follows: placebo (SUCRA = 74.49%), pramipexole_ER (SUCRA = 63.6%), sumanirole (SUCRA = 54.07%), and rotigotine (SUCRA = 53.84%). This network meta-analysis shows that apomorphine increased "ON" time without troublesome dyskinesia and decreased "OF" time for advanced PD patients. The addition of pramipexole, ropinirole, or rotigotine to levodopa treatment in advanced PD patients with motor fluctuations increased "ON" time without troublesome dyskinesia, improved the UPDRS III scores, and ultimately ameliorated the UPDRS II scores, thereby maximizing its benefit. This NMA of pramipexole, ropinirole, and rotigotine represents an effective treatment option and has an acceptable safety profile in patients with advanced PD.
PubMed: 34776841
DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.728083 -
The Cochrane Database of Systematic... Jan 2018Schizophrenia is frequently a chronic and disabling illness with a heterogeneous range of symptoms. The positive symptoms usually respond to antipsychotics but the... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
BACKGROUND
Schizophrenia is frequently a chronic and disabling illness with a heterogeneous range of symptoms. The positive symptoms usually respond to antipsychotics but the cognitive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia are difficult to treat with conventional antipsychotics and significantly impact on quality of life and social outcomes. Selective noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors (NRIs) increase prefrontal dopamine and noradrenaline levels without significantly affecting subcortical dopamine levels, making them an attractive candidate for treating cognitive and negative symptoms.
OBJECTIVES
To investigate the effects of selective noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors (NRIs), compared with a placebo or control treatment, for people with schizophrenia.
SEARCH METHODS
We searched the Cochrane Schizophrenia Group's Trials Register (up to 7 February 2017) which is based on regular searches of MEDLINE, Embase, CINAHL, BIOSIS, AMED, PubMed, PsycINFO, and registries of clinical trials. There are no language, date, document type, or publication status limitation for inclusion of records into the register. We inspected references of all included studies for further relevant studies.
SELECTION CRITERIA
We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) comparing NRIs with either a control treatment or placebo for people with schizophrenia or related disorders (such as schizoaffective disorder) by any means of diagnosis. We included trials that met our selection criteria and provided useable information.
DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS
We independently inspected all citations from searches, identified relevant abstracts, and independently extracted data from all included studies. For binary data we calculated risk ratio (RR), for continuous data we calculated mean difference (MD), and for cognitive outcomes we derived standardised mean difference (SMD) effect sizes, all with 95% confidence intervals (CI) and using a random-effects model. We assessed risk of bias for the included studies and used the GRADE approach to produce a 'Summary of findings' table which included our prespecified main outcomes of interest.
MAIN RESULTS
Searching identified 113 records. We obtained the full text of 48 of these records for closer inspection. Sixteen trials, randomising a total of 919 participants are included. The majority of trials included adults with schizophrenia or similar illness who were inpatients, and while they were poorly characterised, most appeared to include patients with a chronic presentation. The intervention NRI in nine of the 16 trials was reboxetine, with atomoxetine and viloxazine used in the remaining trials. 14 trials compared NRIs with placebo. Only two trials provided data to compare NRIs against an active control and both compared reboxetine to citalopram but at 4 weeks and 24 weeks respectively so they could not be combined in a meta-analysis.One trial was described as 'open' and we considered it to be at high risk of bias for randomisation and blinding, three trials were at high risk of bias for attrition, six for reporting, and two for other sources of bias. Our main outcomes of interest were significant response or improvement in positive/negative mental state, global state and cognitive functioning, average cognitive functioning scores, significant response or improvement in quality of life and incidence of nausea. All data for main outcomes were short term.NRIs versus placeboMental state results showed significantly greater rates of improvement in negative symptoms scores (1 RCT, n = 50; RR 3.17, 95% CI 1.52 to 6.58; very low quality evidence) with NRIs on the PANSS negative. No data were reported for significant response or improvement in positive symptoms, but average endpoint PANSS positive scores were available and showed no difference between NRIs and placebo (5 RCTs, n = 294; MD -0.16, 95% CI -0.96 to 0.63; low-quality evidence). Improvement in clinical global status was similar between groups (1 RCT, n = 28; RR 0.99, 95% CI 0.45 to 2.20; very low quality evidence). Significant response or improvement in cognitive functioning data were not reported. Average composite cognitive scores showed no difference between NRIs and placebo (4 RCTs, n = 180; SMD 0.04, 95% CI -0.28 to 0.36; low-quality evidence). Significant response or improvement in quality of life data were not reported, however average endpoint scores from the GQOLI-74 were reported. Those receiving NRIs had better quality of life scores compared to placebo (1 RCT, n = 114; MD 9.36, 95% CI 7.89 to 10.83; very low quality evidence). All-cause withdrawals did not differ between the treatment groups (8 RCTs, n = 401, RR 0.94 95% CI 0.63 to 1.39; moderate-quality evidence). Rates of nausea were not greater with NRIs (3 RCTs, n = 176; RR 0.49, 95% CI 0.10 to 2.41; low-quality evidence).
AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS
Our results provide tentative very low quality evidence that compared to placebo, NRIs (specifically reboxetine) may have a benefit on the negative symptoms of schizophrenia. Limited evidence also suggests that NRIs have no effect on the positive symptoms of schizophrenia or cognitive functioning. NRIs appear generally well tolerated with no real differences in adverse effects such as nausea noted between NRIs and placebo. However, these results are based on short-term follow-up and are poor quality - there is need for more good-quality evidence. A large RCT of reboxetine over a longer period of time, focusing specifically on negative and cognitive symptoms as well as more detailed and comprehensive reporting of outcomes, including adverse events, is required.
Topics: Adrenergic Uptake Inhibitors; Adult; Atomoxetine Hydrochloride; Citalopram; Cognition; Humans; Morpholines; Quality of Life; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; Reboxetine; Schizophrenia; Serotonin and Noradrenaline Reuptake Inhibitors; Viloxazine
PubMed: 29368813
DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD010219.pub2 -
The Cochrane Database of Systematic... Mar 2011According to clinical guidelines, dopamine agonists are the first-line treatment of restless legs syndrome (RLS). (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
BACKGROUND
According to clinical guidelines, dopamine agonists are the first-line treatment of restless legs syndrome (RLS).
OBJECTIVES
To evaluate efficacy and safety of dopamine agonists for RLS.
SEARCH STRATEGY
We searched the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (The Cochrane Library 2008, Issue 4), MEDLINE, EMBASE, PsycINFO and CINAHL, from January 1985 to December 2008, plus reference lists of articles. We contacted pharmaceutical companies.
SELECTION CRITERIA
We included double-blind randomised controlled trials (RCTs) of dopamine agonist treatment versus placebo or other treatment for a period of at least seven days in patients with RLS (≥ 18 years). Outcomes included the International RLS Severity Rating Scale (IRLS), Clinical Global Impressions (CGI-I), polysomnography and self rated sleep quality, quality of life, daytime functioning, and safety parameters.
DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS
Two reviewers extracted data separately; assessed risk of bias; and contacted pharmaceutical companies and authors for additional information. We collected dropout rates due to adverse events and experience of adverse events.
MAIN RESULTS
We included 35 placebo controlled and three active controlled RCTs (N = 7365). The mean reduction on the IRLS was -5.7 points lower in dopamine agonist treatment compared to placebo (95% confidence interval (CI) -6.7 to -4.7). Periodic limb movements in sleep per hour of sleep (PLMS-Index; PLMSI) were -22.4/h lower than in placebo (95% CI -27.8 to -16.9). Self rated quality of sleep and disease specific quality of life were improved by a standardised mean difference (SMD) of 0.40 (95% CI 0.33 to 0.47) and 0.34 (95% CI 0.23 to 0.44), respectively. Patients were more likely to drop out (odds ratio (OR) 1.82, 95% CI 1.35 to 2.45) and experienced more adverse events under dopamine agonist treatment than with placebo (OR 1.82, 95% CI 1.59 to 2.08). Visual inspection of forest plots showed the highest efficacy in three studies investigating cabergoline and pergolide (N = 3). Active controlled trials investigated effects of cabergoline, pergolide, and pramipexole in a number of outcomes. The IRLS score was lower with cabergoline and pramipexole compared to levodopa (MD -5.3, 95% CI -8.4 to -2.1). Only four studies investigated treatment efficacy up to seven months. The most severe side effect, augmentation, was not assessed reliably.
AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS
The meta-analyses show the superiority of dopamine agonists over placebo in RCTs up to seven months. Cabergoline and pramipexole showed larger efficacy compared to levodopa in some but not all outcomes.
Topics: Benzothiazoles; Cabergoline; Dopamine Agonists; Ergolines; Humans; Levodopa; Pergolide; Pramipexole; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; Restless Legs Syndrome; Severity of Illness Index
PubMed: 21412893
DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD006009.pub2 -
Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair May 2019The strong link between dopamine and motor learning has been well-established in the animal literature with similar findings reported in healthy adults and the elderly.
BACKGROUND
The strong link between dopamine and motor learning has been well-established in the animal literature with similar findings reported in healthy adults and the elderly.
OBJECTIVE
We aimed to conduct the first, to our knowledge, systematic review of the literature on the evidence for the effects of dopaminergic medications or genetic variations in dopamine transmission on motor recovery or learning after a nonprogressive neurological injury.
METHODS
A PubMed search was conducted up until April 2018 for all English articles including participants with nonprogressive neurological injury such as cerebral palsy, stroke, spinal cord injury, and traumatic brain injury; quantitative motor outcomes; and assessments of the dopaminergic system or medications.
RESULTS
The search yielded 237 articles, from which we identified 26 articles meeting all inclusion/exclusion criteria. The vast majority of articles were related to the use of levodopa poststroke; however, several studies assessed the effects of different medications and/or were on individuals with traumatic brain injury, spinal cord injury or cerebral palsy.
CONCLUSIONS
The evidence suggests that a brain injury can decrease dopamine transmission and that levodopa may have a positive effect on motor outcomes poststroke, although evidence is not conclusive or consistent. Individual variations in genes related to dopamine transmission may also influence the response to motor skill training during neurorehabilitation and the extent to which dopaminergic medications or interventions can augment that response. More rigorous safety and efficacy studies of levodopa and dopaminergic medications in stroke and particularly other neurological injuries including genetic analyses are warranted.
Topics: Adult; Brain Injuries, Traumatic; Cerebral Palsy; Child; Dopamine Agents; Humans; Neurological Rehabilitation; Outcome Assessment, Health Care; Spinal Cord Injuries; Stroke
PubMed: 30913975
DOI: 10.1177/1545968319837289 -
The Cochrane Database of Systematic... Oct 2007Some authors have suggested that loxapine is more effective than typical antipsychotics in reducing the negative symptoms of schizophrenia, that extrapyramidal adverse... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
BACKGROUND
Some authors have suggested that loxapine is more effective than typical antipsychotics in reducing the negative symptoms of schizophrenia, that extrapyramidal adverse effects are not usually seen at clinically effective antipsychotic doses and that it should therefore be classed as atypical.
OBJECTIVES
To determine the effects of loxapine compared with placebo, typical and other atypical antipsychotic drugs for schizophrenia and related psychoses.
SEARCH STRATEGY
For this 2007 update, we searched the Cochrane Schizophrenia Group's Register (January 2007).
SELECTION CRITERIA
We included all randomised controlled clinical trials relevant to the care of schizophrenia that compared loxapine to other treatments.
DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS
We independently inspected abstracts ordered papers, re-inspected and quality assessed these. For dichotomous data we calculated relative risks (RR) and their 95% confidence intervals (CI) on an intention-to-treat basis based on a fixed effects model. We calculated numbers needed to treat/harm (NNT/NNH) where appropriate. For continuous data, we calculated weighted mean differences (WMD) again based on a fixed effects model.
MAIN RESULTS
We were able to include 41 studies in this review. Compared with placebo, loxapine has an antipsychotic effect (Global effect - not improved at six weeks: n=78, 2 RCTs, RR 0.30 CI 0.1 to 0.6 NNT 3 CI 3 to 5). It is as effective as typical drugs in the short term (4 -12 weeks) (Global effect: n=580, 13 RCTs, RR 0.86 CI 0.7 to 1.1; mental state: n=915, 6 RCTs, RR 0.89 CI 0.8 to 1.1). Very limited heterogeneous data suggest that, given intramuscularly (IM), loxapine may be at least as sedating as IM haloperidol and thiothixene. Loxapine is also as effective as atypicals (risperidone, quetiapine) (n=468, 6 RCTs, RR mental state not improved 1.07 CI 0.8 to 1.5). Adverse effect profile is similar to typicals but loxapine may cause more extrapyramidal adverse effects when compared with atypicals (n=340, 4 RCTs, RR 2.18 CI 1.6 to 3.1).
AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS
Loxapine is an antipsychotic which is not clearly distinct from typical or atypical drugs in terms of its effects on global or mental state. Loxapines profile of adverse effects is similar to that of the older generation of antipsychotic drugs.
Topics: Antipsychotic Agents; Dopamine Antagonists; Humans; Loxapine; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; Schizophrenia
PubMed: 17943763
DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD001943.pub2 -
Chinese Neurosurgical Journal Apr 2022For prolactinoma patients, dopamine agonists (DAs) are indicated as the first-line treatment and surgery is an adjunctive choice. However, with the development of...
BACKGROUND
For prolactinoma patients, dopamine agonists (DAs) are indicated as the first-line treatment and surgery is an adjunctive choice. However, with the development of surgical technique and equipment, the effect of surgery has improved. The aim of this study was to assess the efficacy and safety of surgery versus DAs in patients with different types of prolactinomas.
METHODS
A systematic search of literature using Web of Science, PubMed, Cochrane Library, and Clinical Trial databases was conducted until July 12, 2019. Prolactinoma patients treated with DAs (bromocriptine or cabergoline) or surgery (microscopic or endoscopic surgery) were included. Outcomes included the biochemical cure rate, recurrence rate, prolactin level, improvement rates of symptoms, and incidence rates of complications. A random-effects model was used to pool the extracted data. Qualitative comparisons were conducted instead of quantitative comparison.
RESULTS
DAs were better than surgery in terms of the biochemical cure rate (0.78 versus 0.66), but surgery had a much lower recurrence rate (0.19 versus 0.57). Full advantages were not demonstrated in improvement rates of symptoms and incidence rates of complications with both treatment options. In microprolactinoma patients, the biochemical cure rate of endoscopic surgery was equal to the average cure rate of DAs (0.86 versus 0.86) and it surpassed the biochemical cure rate of bromocriptine (0.86 versus 0.76). In macroprolactinoma patients, endoscopic surgery was slightly higher than bromocriptine (0.66 versus 0.64) in terms of the biochemical cure rate.
CONCLUSION
For patients with clear indications or contraindications for surgery, choosing surgery or DAs accordingly is unequivocal. However, for patients with clinical equipoise, such as surgery, especially endoscopic surgery, in microprolactinoma and macroprolactinoma patients, we suggest that neurosurgeons and endocrinologists conduct high-quality clinical trials to address the clinical equipoise quantitatively.
PubMed: 35395837
DOI: 10.1186/s41016-022-00277-1 -
Pharmacological Research Jul 2022Cannabis sativa is a recreational drug commonly consumed in Europe and is getting popularity for both recreational and therapeutic use. In some individuals, the use of... (Review)
Review
OBJECTIVE
Cannabis sativa is a recreational drug commonly consumed in Europe and is getting popularity for both recreational and therapeutic use. In some individuals, the use of cannabis leads to psychotic disorders. This systematic review summarizes the current evidence linking genetic polymorphisms and inter-individual susceptibility to psychosis induced by cannabis.
METHOD
Studies published from 2005 to 2020 were identified through Medline using PubMed, Web of Science and Scopus database and searches were conducted according to PRISMA guidelines. Initial search was performed with terms: "cannabis induced psychosis" AND "genetics".
RESULTS
From the initial group of 108 papers, 18 studies met our inclusion criteria. Many of the findings revealed associations with genetic polymorphisms modulations of genes involved directly (COMT, DRD2 and DAT) or indirectly (AKT1) to dopamine pathways. The most consistent finding was with COMT rs4680, where the presence of the Val allele was associated with a higher risk for cannabis-induced psychosis. This higher susceptibility was also reported for AKT1 (rs2494732) with the CC genotype. Of note, the only genome-wide association study identified a significant signal close to the cholinergic receptor muscarinic 3 represented by rs115455482 and rs74722579 predisposing to cannabis-induced hallucinations and remarkably no dopaminergic target was found.
CONCLUSION
Actual evidence supports the role of dopamine in cannabis induced psychosis. However, most of genetic polymorphism studies have as a starting point the pre-existing dopaminergic theoretical basis for psychosis. This alerts to the importance of more broad genetic studies. Integrate genetic results into biological systems may enhance our knowledge of cannabis induced psychosis and could help in the prevention and treatment of these patients.
Topics: Cannabis; Catechol O-Methyltransferase; Dopamine; Genetic Predisposition to Disease; Genome-Wide Association Study; Humans; Marijuana Abuse; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; Psychotic Disorders
PubMed: 35588917
DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2022.106258