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JAMA Surgery Sep 2022Appendectomy remains the standard of care for uncomplicated acute appendicitis despite several randomized clinical trials pointing to the safety and efficacy of... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
IMPORTANCE
Appendectomy remains the standard of care for uncomplicated acute appendicitis despite several randomized clinical trials pointing to the safety and efficacy of nonoperative management of this disease. A meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials may contribute to the body of evidence and help surgeons select which patients may benefit from surgical and nonsurgical treatment.
OBJECTIVE
To assess the efficacy and safety of nonoperative management vs appendectomy for acute uncomplicated appendicitis.
DATA SOURCES
A systematic review was conducted using indexed sources (Embase and PubMed) to search for published randomized clinical trials in English comparing nonoperative management with appendectomy in adult patients presenting with uncomplicated acute appendicitis. To increase sensitivity, no limits were set for outcomes reported, sex, or year of publication. All nonrandomized or quasi-randomized trials were excluded, and validated primers were used.
STUDY SELECTION
Among 1504 studies imported for screening, 805 were duplicates, and 595 were excluded for irrelevancy. A further 96 were excluded after full-text review, mainly owing to wrong study design or inclusion of pediatric populations. Eight studies met the inclusion criteria and were selected for the meta-analysis.
DATA EXTRACTION AND SYNTHESIS
Meta-extraction was conducted with independent extraction by multiple reviewers using the Covidence platform for systematic reviews and in accordance with PRISMA guidelines. Data were pooled by a random-effects model.
MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES
Treatment success and major adverse effects at 30 days' follow-up.
RESULTS
The main outcome (treatment success proportion at 30 days of follow-up) was not significantly different in the operative and nonoperative management cohorts (risk ratio [RR], 0.85; 95% CI, 0.66-1.11). Likewise, the percentage of major adverse effects was similar in both cohorts (RR, 0.72; 95% CI, 0.29-1.79). However, in the nonoperative management group, length of stay was significantly longer (RR, 1.48; 95% CI, 1.26-1.70), and a median cumulative incidence of 18% of recurrent appendicitis was observed.
CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE
These results point to the general safety and efficacy of nonoperative management of uncomplicated acute appendicitis. However, this strategy may be associated with an increase in duration of hospital stay and a higher rate of recurrent appendicitis. This meta-analysis may help inform decision-making in nonoperative management of uncomplicated acute appendicitis.
Topics: Acute Disease; Adult; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Appendectomy; Appendicitis; Child; Humans; Treatment Outcome
PubMed: 35895073
DOI: 10.1001/jamasurg.2022.2937 -
MASCC/ISOO clinical practice guidelines for the management of mucositis secondary to cancer therapy.Cancer Oct 2020Mucositis is a significant toxicity of cancer therapy with numerous systemic sequelae. The goal of this systematic review was to update the Multinational Association of...
BACKGROUND
Mucositis is a significant toxicity of cancer therapy with numerous systemic sequelae. The goal of this systematic review was to update the Multinational Association of Supportive Care in Cancer and International Society of Oral Oncology (MASCC/ISOO) Clinical Practice Guidelines for the management of mucositis.
METHODS
The literature was reviewed systematically to identify interventions for mucositis. Studies were rated according to the presence of major and minor flaws according to previously published criteria. The body of evidence for each intervention and in each treatment setting was assigned a level of evidence based on previously published criteria. Guidelines were developed based on the level of evidence, with 3 possible guideline determinations: recommendation, suggestion, or no guideline possible.
RESULTS
The guideline covers evidence from 1197 publications related to oral or gastrointestinal mucositis. Thirteen new guidelines were developed for or against the use of various interventions in specific treatment settings, and 11 previous guidelines were confirmed after aa review of new evidence. Thirteen previously established guidelines were carried over because there was no new evidence for these interventions.
CONCLUSIONS
The updated MASCC/ISOO Clinical Practice Guidelines for mucositis provide professional health caregivers with a clinical setting-specific, evidence-based tool to help with the management of mucositis in patients who have cancer.
Topics: Humans; Mucositis; Neoplasms; Practice Guidelines as Topic
PubMed: 32786044
DOI: 10.1002/cncr.33100 -
BMJ Clinical Evidence Apr 2011Crohn's disease is a chronic condition of the gastrointestinal tract. It is characterised by transmural, granulomatous inflammation that occurs in a discontinuous... (Review)
Review
INTRODUCTION
Crohn's disease is a chronic condition of the gastrointestinal tract. It is characterised by transmural, granulomatous inflammation that occurs in a discontinuous pattern, with a tendency to form fistulae. The cause is unknown but may depend on interactions between genetic predisposition, environmental triggers, and mucosal immunity.
METHODS AND OUTCOMES
We conducted a systematic review and aimed to answer the following clinical questions: What are the effects of medical treatments to induce remission in adults with Crohn's disease? What are the effects of surgical interventions to induce and maintain remission in adults with small-bowel Crohn's disease? What are the effects of surgical interventions to induce remission in adults with colonic Crohn's disease? What are the effects of medical interventions to maintain remission in adults with Crohn's disease; and to maintain remission following surgery? What are the effects of lifestyle interventions to maintain remission in adults with Crohn's disease? We searched: Medline, Embase, The Cochrane Library, and other important databases up to December 2009 (Clinical Evidence reviews are updated periodically, please check our website for the most up-to-date version of this review). We included harms alerts from relevant organisations such as the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the UK Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA).
RESULTS
We found 93 systematic reviews, RCTs, or observational studies that met our inclusion criteria.
CONCLUSIONS
In this systematic review we present information relating to the effectiveness and safety of the following interventions: aminosalicylates, antibiotics, azathioprine/mercaptopurine, ciclosporin, corticosteroids (oral), enteral nutrition, fish oil, infliximab, methotrexate, probiotics, resection, segmental colectomy, smoking cessation, and strictureplasty.
Topics: Crohn Disease; Humans; Life Style; Remission Induction
PubMed: 21524318
DOI: No ID Found -
Clinical Gastroenterology and... Apr 2022Advances in genomic technologies have led to increasing reports of monogenic inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Here, we systematically review the literature to determine... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND & AIMS
Advances in genomic technologies have led to increasing reports of monogenic inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Here, we systematically review the literature to determine the clinical features, genetic profile, and previously used treatment strategies in monogenic IBD.
METHODS
A systematic review of MEDLINE articles published between January 2000 and December 2020 was conducted. A total of 750 individual monogenic IBD cases were identified from 303 eligible articles.
RESULTS
The most frequently reported monogenic IBD genes were IL10RA/B, XIAP, CYBB, LRBA, and TTC7A. In total, 63.4% of patients developed IBD before 6 years of age, 17.4% developed IBD between ages 10 and 17.9 years, and 10.9% developed IBD after age 18. There was a substantial difference between these age groups and the underlying monogenic disorders. Only 31.7% had any history of extraintestinal comorbidity (EIC) before IBD onset, but 76.0% developed at least 1 EIC during their clinical course. The most common EICs were atypical infection (44.7%), dermatologic abnormality (38.4%), and autoimmunity (21.9%). Bowel surgery, biologic therapy, and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation were performed in 27.1%, 32.9%, and 23.1% of patients, respectively.
CONCLUSIONS
Monogenic IBD cases, although rare, have varied extraintestinal comorbidities and limited treatment options including surgery and transplant. Early identification and improved understanding of the characteristics of the genes and underlying disease processes in monogenic IBD is important for effective management.
Topics: Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing; Adolescent; Age of Onset; Colitis; Humans; Inflammatory Bowel Diseases; Proteins
PubMed: 33746097
DOI: 10.1016/j.cgh.2021.03.021 -
Minerva Urology and Nephrology Aug 2022Colovesical fistulas (CVFs) account for approximately 95% enterovesical fistulas (EVFs). About 2/3 CVF cases are diverticular in origin. It mainly presents with...
INTRODUCTION
Colovesical fistulas (CVFs) account for approximately 95% enterovesical fistulas (EVFs). About 2/3 CVF cases are diverticular in origin. It mainly presents with urological signs such as pneumaturia and fecaluria. Diagnostic investigations aim at confirming the presence of a fistula. Although conservative management can be chosen for selected individuals, most patients are mainly treated through surgical interventions. CVF represents a challenging condition, which records high rates of morbidity and mortality. Our systematic review aimed at achieving deeper knowledge of both indications, in addition to short- and long-term outcomes related to CVF management.
EVIDENCE ACQUISITION
We performed a systematic literature review following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyzes (PRISMA) guidelines. Pubmed/MEDLINE, Embase, Scopus, Cochrane Library and Web of Science databases were used to search all related literature.
EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS
The 22 included articles covered an approximately 37 years-study period (1982-2019), with a total 1365 patient population. CVF etiology was colonic diverticulitis in most cases (87.9%). Pneumaturia (50.1%), fecaluria (40.9%) and urinary tract infections (46.6%) were the most common symptoms. Abdomen computed tomography (CT) scan (80.5%), colonoscopy (74.5%) and cystoscopy (55.9%) were the most frequently performed diagnostic methods. Most CVF patients underwent surgery (97.1%) with open approach (63.3%). Almost all patients had colorectal resection with primary anastomosis with or without ostomy and 53.2% patients underwent primary repair or partial/total cystectomy. Four percent anastomotic leak, 1.8% bladder leak and 3.1% reoperations rates were identified. In an average 5-68-month follow-up, overall morbidity, overall mortality and recurrences rates recorded were 8-49%, 0-63% and 1.2%, respectively.
CONCLUSIONS
CVF mainly affects males and has diverticular origin in almost all cases. Pneumaturia, fecaluria and urinary tract infections are the most characteristic symptoms. Endoscopic tests and imaging are critical tools for diagnostic completion. Management of CVFs depends on the underlying disease. Surgical treatment represents the final approach and consists of resection and reanastomosis of offending intestinal segment, with or without bladder closure. In many cases, a single-stage surgical strategy is selected. Perioperative and long-term outcomes prove good.
Topics: Colon, Sigmoid; Colonoscopy; Diverticulitis, Colonic; Diverticulum; Humans; Intestinal Fistula; Male; Urinary Bladder Fistula
PubMed: 34791866
DOI: 10.23736/S2724-6051.21.04750-9 -
Clinical Gastroenterology and... Jan 2022Biologics are used routinely in pregnant women with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), but large-scale data reporting adverse pregnancy outcomes among biologic users are... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
BACKGROUND & AIMS
Biologics are used routinely in pregnant women with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), but large-scale data reporting adverse pregnancy outcomes among biologic users are lacking. We sought to estimate the prevalence of adverse pregnancy outcomes in women with IBD on biologic therapies.
METHODS
We searched major databases from inception to June 2020 for studies estimating the prevalence of adverse pregnancy outcomes in IBD when using biologics (anti-tumor necrosis factor [TNF], anti-integrins, and anticytokines). Prevalence and relative risk (RR) were pooled using a random-effects model.
RESULTS
Forty-eight studies were included in the meta-analysis comprising 6963 patients. Biologic therapy in IBD pregnancies was associated with a pooled prevalence of 8% (95% CI, 6%-10%; I = 87.4%) for early pregnancy loss, 9% (95% CI, 7%-11%; I = 89.9%) for preterm birth, 0% (95% CI, 0%-0%; I = 0%) for stillbirth, 8% (95% CI, 5%-10%; I = 87.0%) for low birth weight, and 1% (95% CI, 1%-2%; I = 78.3%) for congenital malformations. These rates are comparable with those published in the general population. In subgroup analyses of a small number of studies, the prevalence of early pregnancy loss and preterm birth were higher in vedolizumab vs anti-TNF users. Meta-regression did not show an association of disease activity or concomitant thiopurine on adverse outcomes. Continued TNF inhibitor use during the third trimester was not associated with risk of preterm birth (RR, 1.41; 95% CI, 0.77-2.60; I = 0%), low birth weight (RR, 1.32; 95% CI, 0.80-2.18; I = 0%), or congenital malformations (RR, 1.28; 95% CI, 0.47-3.49; I = 0%).
CONCLUSIONS
Adverse pregnancy outcomes among pregnant IBD women using biologics are comparable with that of the general population. PROSPERO protocol #CRD42019135721.
Topics: Biological Products; Female; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Inflammatory Bowel Diseases; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Outcome; Premature Birth; Tumor Necrosis Factor Inhibitors
PubMed: 32931960
DOI: 10.1016/j.cgh.2020.09.021 -
The Lancet. Infectious Diseases Aug 2014Despite substantial decreases in recent decades, acute gastroenteritis causes the second greatest burden of all infectious diseases worldwide. Noroviruses are a leading... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
BACKGROUND
Despite substantial decreases in recent decades, acute gastroenteritis causes the second greatest burden of all infectious diseases worldwide. Noroviruses are a leading cause of sporadic cases and outbreaks of acute gastroenteritis across all age groups. We aimed to assess the role of norovirus as a cause of endemic acute gastroenteritis worldwide.
METHODS
We searched Embase, Medline, and Global Health databases from Jan 1, 2008, to March 8, 2014, for studies that used PCR diagnostics to assess the prevalence of norovirus in individuals with acute gastroenteritis. We included studies that were done continuously for 1 year or more from a specified catchment area (geographical area or group of people), enrolled patients who presented with symptoms of acute gastroenteritis, and used PCR-based diagnostics for norovirus on all stool specimens from patients with acute gastroenteritis. The primary outcome was prevalence of norovirus among all cases of gastroenteritis. We generated pooled estimates of prevalence by fitting linear mixed-effect meta-regression models.
FINDINGS
Of 175 articles included, the pooled prevalence of norovirus in 187 336 patients with acute gastroenteritis was 18% (95% CI 17-20). Norovirus prevalence tended to be higher in cases of acute gastroenteritis in community (24%, 18-30) and outpatient (20%, 16-24) settings compared with inpatient (17%, 15-19, p=0·066) settings. Prevalence was also higher in low-mortality developing (19%, 16-22) and developed countries (20%, 17-22) compared with high-mortality developing countries (14%, 11-16; p=0·058). Patient age and whether the study included years of novel strain emergence were not associated with norovirus prevalence.
INTERPRETATION
Norovirus is a key gastroenteritis pathogen associated with almost a fifth of all cases of acute gastroenteritis, and targeted intervention to reduce norovirus burden, such as vaccines, should be considered.
FUNDING
The Foodborne Disease Burden Epidemiology Reference Group (FERG) of WHO and the Government of the Netherlands on behalf of FERG.
Topics: Caliciviridae Infections; Developed Countries; Developing Countries; Endemic Diseases; Feces; Gastroenteritis; Global Health; Humans; Norovirus; Polymerase Chain Reaction; Prevalence
PubMed: 24981041
DOI: 10.1016/S1473-3099(14)70767-4 -
Nutrients Jul 2023Crohn's disease (CD) is a subtype of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). CD is a health problem in Western countries such as the US and European nations and is an... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
Crohn's disease (CD) is a subtype of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). CD is a health problem in Western countries such as the US and European nations and is an idiopathic disease; however, certain cases of CD have been associated with intestinal dysbiosis. A systematic review with a meta-analysis was carried out to determine the efficacy of a diet rich in fiber with or without cointervention to improve remission rates for CD. The literature in the PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and ClinicalTrials databases was reviewed. The quality of the studies was evaluated using the Johanna Briggs Institute (JBI) scale. This review was conducted in accordance with the structure outlined in the PRISMA statement. In addition, a meta-analysis was performed with a 95% confidence interval (CI) and a random effects model. Eleven studies were included, totaling 2389 patients with CD. Applying a diet rich in fiber with or without the administration of routine therapies improved CD remission rates. Data regarding CD activity, remission time, and adverse effects derived from fiber consumption were analyzed. Consumption of fiber in the diet could improve remission rates for CD patients who receive or do not receive other treatment to maintain remission.
Topics: Humans; Crohn Disease; Dietary Fiber; Diet; Remission Induction
PubMed: 37513532
DOI: 10.3390/nu15143114 -
MASCC/ISOO clinical practice guidelines for the management of mucositis secondary to cancer therapy.Cancer May 2014Mucositis is a highly significant, and sometimes dose-limiting, toxicity of cancer therapy. The goal of this systematic review was to update the Multinational... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Mucositis is a highly significant, and sometimes dose-limiting, toxicity of cancer therapy. The goal of this systematic review was to update the Multinational Association of Supportive Care in Cancer and International Society of Oral Oncology (MASCC/ISOO) Clinical Practice Guidelines for mucositis.
METHODS
A literature search was conducted to identify eligible published articles, based on predefined inclusion/exclusion criteria. Each article was independently reviewed by 2 reviewers. Studies were rated according to the presence of major and minor flaws as per previously published criteria. The body of evidence for each intervention, in each treatment setting, was assigned a level of evidence, based on previously published criteria. Guidelines were developed based on the level of evidence, with 3 possible guideline determinations: recommendation, suggestion, or no guideline possible.
RESULTS
The literature search identified 8279 papers, 1032 of which were retrieved for detailed evaluation based on titles and abstracts. Of these, 570 qualified for final inclusion in the systematic reviews. Sixteen new guidelines were developed for or against the use of various interventions in specific treatment settings. In total, the MASCC/ISOO Mucositis Guidelines now include 32 guidelines: 22 for oral mucositis and 10 for gastrointestinal mucositis. This article describes these updated guidelines.
CONCLUSIONS
The updated MASCC/ISOO Clinical Practice Guidelines for mucositis will help clinicians provide evidence-based management of mucositis secondary to cancer therapy.
Topics: Amifostine; Analgesics; Anti-Infective Agents; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Anti-Ulcer Agents; Antineoplastic Agents; Cryotherapy; Cytokines; Esophagitis; Evidence-Based Medicine; Humans; Hyperbaric Oxygenation; Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; Low-Level Light Therapy; Mucositis; Neoplasms; Oral Hygiene; Phototherapy; Proctitis; Protective Agents; Radiation-Protective Agents; Radiotherapy; Stomatitis; Sucralfate
PubMed: 24615748
DOI: 10.1002/cncr.28592 -
Cancer Treatment Reviews Sep 2022Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have improved cancer outcomes. However, immune-related adverse effects are common. The aim was to investigate the incidence of... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
BACKGROUND
Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have improved cancer outcomes. However, immune-related adverse effects are common. The aim was to investigate the incidence of diarrhea and colitis of ICIs alone and in combination with chemotherapy or tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs), histopathological findings, and management.
METHODS
Two separate studies, including meta-analyses, were performed. Key inclusion criteria were for Study I) phase I-IV trials, and data on diarrhea and/or colitis; for Study II) studies describing histopathologic and endoscopic findings and/or biologic treatment for ICI-induced colitis.
RESULTS
The incidence of anti-PD-1/PD-L1 antibody-induced diarrhea and colitis was 10% and 2%, respectively, with no clinically relevant differences between the compounds. The CTLA-4 inhibitor, ipilimumab, induced diarrhea and colitis in 33% and 7% of patients, respectively, whereas the incidence of diarrhea and colitis following ipilimumab combined with nivolumab was 21%-37% and 4%-8%, depending on regimen. The incidence of all-grade diarrhea following ICIs combined with chemotherapy or TKIs was high (17%-56%), whereas only 0.5% of patients developed severe (≥grade 3) colitis. The main patterns of histopathologic presentation after PD-1/CTLA-4 inhibitor mono- or combination therapy were acute and chronic active colitis and microscopic colitis-like. Infliximab and vedolizumab were equally effective against ICI-induced colitis.
CONCLUSION
Expanding treatment options include combinations of ICIs and chemotherapy/TKI with a high incidence of diarrhea and a low incidence of colitis; thus, a potential risk of overtreatment with corticosteroids exists. We suggest a more tailored approach, particularly for the management of low-grade diarrhea. Prospective clinical trials are needed to refine management.
Topics: Colitis; Diarrhea; Humans; Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors; Incidence; Ipilimumab; Prospective Studies
PubMed: 35917654
DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2022.102440