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Clinical Journal of the American... Nov 2020Native kidney biopsies are commonly performed in the diagnosis of acute kidney diseases and CKD. Because of the invasive nature of the procedure, bleeding-related... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES
Native kidney biopsies are commonly performed in the diagnosis of acute kidney diseases and CKD. Because of the invasive nature of the procedure, bleeding-related complications are not uncommon. The National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases-sponsored Kidney Precision Medicine Project requires that all participants undergo a kidney biopsy; therefore, the objective of this analysis was to study complication rates of native kidney biopsies performed using automated devices under kidney imaging.
DESIGN, SETTING, PARTICIPANTS, & MEASUREMENTS
This is a systematic review and meta-analysis of the literature published from January 1983 to March 2018. The initial PubMed search yielded 1139 manuscripts. Using predetermined selection criteria, 87 manuscripts were included in the final analysis. A random effects meta-analysis for proportions was used to obtain combined estimates of complication rates. Freeman-Tukey double-arcsine transformations were used to stabilize variance as complications were rare.
RESULTS
A total of 118,064 biopsies were included in this study. Patient age ranged from 30 to 79 years, and 45% of patients were women. On the basis of our meta-analysis, pain at the site of biopsy is estimated to occur in 4.3% of biopsied patients, hematomas are estimated to occur in 11%, macroscopic hematuria is estimated to occur in 3.5%, bleeding requiring blood transfusions is estimated to occur in 1.6%, and interventions to stop bleeding are estimated to occur in only 0.3%. Death attributed to native kidney biopsy was a rare event, occurring only in an estimated 0.06% of all biopsies but only 0.03% of outpatient biopsies. Complication rates were higher in hospitalized patients and in those with acute kidney disease. The reported complications varied on the basis of study type and geographic location.
CONCLUSIONS
Although the native kidney biopsy is an invasive diagnostic procedure, the rates of bleeding complications are low. Albeit rare, death can occur postbiopsy. Complications are more frequently seen after kidney biopsies of hospitalized patients with AKI.
Topics: Blood Transfusion; Hematoma; Hematuria; Hemostasis, Surgical; Hospitalization; Humans; Image-Guided Biopsy; Kidney; Kidney Diseases; Pain; Risk Factors
PubMed: 33060160
DOI: 10.2215/CJN.04710420 -
Renal Failure Dec 2021The relationship between hematuria, a typical presentation of immunoglobulin A nephropathy (IgAN), and long-term adverse prognosis of these patients is still... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
The relationship between hematuria, a typical presentation of immunoglobulin A nephropathy (IgAN), and long-term adverse prognosis of these patients is still controversial. This meta-analysis aims to clarify the effect of hematuria on renal outcomes in IgAN. Observational cohort studies reporting associations between various forms of hematuria and renal outcomes among IgAN patients were identified from the PubMed and Embase databases. The pooled adjusted risk ratios (RRs) were computed with random effects models. Thirteen studies encompassing 5660 patients with IgAN were included. Patients with initial hematuria did not have a significantly increased risk of developing end-stage renal disease (ESRD) compared with those without hematuria (RR, 1.32; 95% CI, 0.87-2.00; = .19). However, initial microscopic hematuria was associated with an 87% increase in the risk of ESRD (RR, 1.87; 95% CI, 1.40-2.50; < .001), while macroscopic hematuria was associated with a 32% decrease in the risk of ESRD (RR, 0.68; 95% CI, 0.58-0.79; < .001). Additionally, persistent hematuria might be an independent risk factor for ESRD or a 50% decline in eGFR. Among IgAN patients, hematuria, including initial microscopic hematuria and even persistent hematuria, was possibly associated with renal progression and ESRD. However, independent of other classical predictors, initial macroscopic hematuria might be a protective factor for IgAN.
Topics: Disease Progression; Glomerular Filtration Rate; Glomerulonephritis, IGA; Hematuria; Humans; Kidney Failure, Chronic; Risk Factors
PubMed: 33685345
DOI: 10.1080/0886022X.2021.1879852 -
African Health Sciences Mar 2021IgA nephropathy (IgAN) is most common primary glomerulopathy. There are variations in prevalence of IgAN and its clinical features in different studies from India. (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
BACKGROUND
IgA nephropathy (IgAN) is most common primary glomerulopathy. There are variations in prevalence of IgAN and its clinical features in different studies from India.
AIM
To summarize overall scenario of IgAN in India.
METHODS
In this systematic review, studies related to IgAN and related renal disease were included. Data searched were PubMed, EMBASE, Google scholar, and Cochrane Database from inception to 31st January 2019.
RESULTS
Total 49 studies (N=2480) were included: 21 studies (N=2309) of primary IgAN; 19 studies (N=21) of Secondary IgAN; four studies (N=133) of IgA vasculitis nephropathy (IgAVN); and five studies (N=17) of IgA dominant nephropathy (IgADN). Prevalence of IgAN was 16.5% in India. Age of affected persons was ranging from 27.2±16.7 to 48.6±21.3 years . Male female ratio was 1.8:1. Clinical features of Primary IgAN, IgAVN, IgADN & Secondary IgAN were microscopic hematuria (49.6%, 44.4%, 15.6% & 59.5%), macroscopic hematuria (5.1%, 0.4%,40.9%,& 35.7%), Subnephrotic proteinuria (42.1%, 29.4%, 23.2%, & 52.3%), nephrotic proteinuria (16.0%, 4.4%, 76.8%,& 47.6%), and hypertension (25.8%,18.3%, 35.5%,& 47.6%).. The 24 hours proteinuria was ranging from 2.6±1.5 to 4.7±2.3 gm/day and serum creatinine (mg/dl) was ranging from 0.9±0 to 3.5±3.9 mg/dl. Histolomorphologically, all type of IgAN showed mesangial hypercellularity and Immunofluorescence revealed IgA deposition..
CONCLUSION
The overall prevalence of primary IgAN in India was 16.5%. The subnephrotic proteinuria and microscopic hematuria were common clinical features.
Topics: Adult; Aged; Biopsy; Creatinine; Glomerulonephritis, IGA; Hematuria; Humans; Hypertension; India; Kidney; Middle Aged; Proteinuria
PubMed: 34394293
DOI: 10.4314/ahs.v21i1.21 -
The Cochrane Database of Systematic... Feb 2023IgA vasculitis (IgAV), previously known as Henoch-Schönlein purpura, is the most common vasculitis of childhood but may also occur in adults. This small vessel... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
IgA vasculitis (IgAV), previously known as Henoch-Schönlein purpura, is the most common vasculitis of childhood but may also occur in adults. This small vessel vasculitis is characterised by palpable purpura, abdominal pain, arthritis or arthralgia and kidney involvement. This is an update of a review first published in 2009 and updated in 2015.
OBJECTIVES
To evaluate the benefits and harms of different agents (used singularly or in combination) compared with placebo, no treatment or any other agent for (1) the prevention of severe kidney disease in people with IgAV with or without kidney involvement at onset, (2) the treatment of established severe kidney disease (macroscopic haematuria, proteinuria, nephritic syndrome, nephrotic syndrome with or without acute kidney failure) in IgAV, and (3) the prevention of recurrent episodes of IgAV-associated kidney disease.
SEARCH METHODS
We searched the Cochrane Kidney and Transplant Register of Studies up to 2 February 2023 through contact with the Information Specialist using search terms relevant to this review. Studies in the Register are identified through searches of CENTRAL, MEDLINE, and EMBASE, conference proceedings, the International Clinical Trials Register (ICTRP) Search Portal and ClinicalTrials.gov.
SELECTION CRITERIA
Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) comparing interventions used to prevent or treat kidney disease in IgAV compared with placebo, no treatment or other agents were included.
DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS
Two authors independently determined study eligibility, assessed the risk of bias and extracted data from each study. Statistical analyses were performed using the random-effects model, and the results were expressed as risk ratio (RR) for dichotomous outcomes and mean difference (MD) for continuous outcomes with 95% confidence intervals (CI). Confidence in the evidence was assessed using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) approach.
MAIN RESULTS
Twenty studies (1963 enrolled participants) were identified; one three-arm study has been assessed as two studies. Nine studies were at low risk of bias for sequence generation (selection bias), and nine studies were at low risk of bias for allocation concealment (selection bias). Blinding of participants and personnel (performance bias) and outcome assessment (detection bias) was at low risk of bias in four and seven studies, respectively. Nine studies reported complete outcome data (attrition bias), while 10 studies reported expected outcomes, so were at low risk of reporting bias. Five studies were at low risk of other bias. Eleven studies evaluated therapy to prevent persistent kidney disease in IgAV with or without kidney involvement at presentation. There was probably no difference in the risk of persistent kidney disease any time after treatment (5 studies, 746 children: RR 0.74, 95% CI 0.42 to 1.32) or at one, three, six and 12 months in children given prednisone for 14 to 28 days at presentation of IgAV compared with placebo or supportive treatment (moderate certainty evidence). There may be no differences in the risk of any persistent kidney disease with antiplatelet therapy (three studies) or heparin (two studies) in children with or without any kidney disease at study entry, although heparin may reduce the risk of proteinuria by three months compared with placebo or no specific treatment (2 studies, 317 children: RR 0.47, 95% CI 0.31 to 0.73). One study comparing montelukast with placebo found no differences in outcomes as assessed by severity scale scores. Nine studies examined the treatment of severe IgAV-associated kidney disease. In two studies (one involving 56 children and the other involving 54 adults), there may be no differences in efficacy outcomes or adverse effects with cyclophosphamide compared with placebo or supportive treatment. In two studies, there may be no differences in the numbers achieving remission of proteinuria with intravenous (IV) cyclophosphamide compared with mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) (65 children evaluated) or tacrolimus (142 children evaluated). In three small studies comparing cyclosporin with methylprednisolone (15 children), MMF with azathioprine (26 children), or MMF with leflunomide (19 children), it is unclear whether the treatment had any effect on the numbers in remission or the degree of proteinuria between treatment groups because of small numbers of included participants. In one study comparing plasmapheresis, cyclophosphamide and methylprednisolone with cyclophosphamide and methylprednisolone, there may be no difference in the numbers achieving remission. One study compared fosinopril with no specific therapy and reported fosinopril reduced the number of participants with proteinuria. No studies were identified that evaluated the efficacy of therapy on kidney disease in participants with recurrent episodes of IgAV.
AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS
There are no substantial changes in conclusions from this update compared with the initial review or the previous update despite the addition of five studies. From generally low to moderate certainty evidence, we found that there may be little or no benefit in the use of corticosteroids or antiplatelet agents to prevent persistent kidney disease in children with IgAV in participants with no or minimal kidney involvement at presentation. We did not find any studies which evaluated corticosteroids in children presenting with IgAV and nephritic and/or nephrotic syndrome, although corticosteroids are recommended in such children in guidelines. Though heparin may be effective in reducing proteinuria, this potentially dangerous therapy is not justified to prevent serious kidney disease when few children with IgAV develop severe kidney disease. There may be no benefit of cyclophosphamide compared with no specific treatment or corticosteroids. While there may be no benefit in the efficacy of MMF or tacrolimus compared with IV cyclophosphamide in children or adults with IgAV and severe kidney disease, adverse effects, particularly infections, may be lower in MMF or tacrolimus-treated children. Because of small patient numbers and events leading to imprecision in results, it remains unclear whether cyclosporin, MMF or leflunomide have any role in the treatment of children with IgAV and severe kidney disease. We did not identify any studies which evaluated corticosteroids.
Topics: Adult; Child; Humans; Fosinopril; IgA Vasculitis; Kidney Diseases; Leflunomide; Proteinuria; Tacrolimus; Vasculitis
PubMed: 36853224
DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD005128.pub4 -
Health Technology Assessment... Jun 2006To determine the most effective diagnostic strategy for the investigation of microscopic and macroscopic haematuria in adults. (Review)
Review
OBJECTIVES
To determine the most effective diagnostic strategy for the investigation of microscopic and macroscopic haematuria in adults.
DATA SOURCES
Electronic databases from inception to October 2003, updated in August 2004.
REVIEW METHODS
A systematic review was undertaken according to published guidelines. Decision analytic modelling was undertaken, based on the findings of the review, expert opinion and additional information from the literature, to assess the relative cost-effectiveness of plausible alternative tests that are part of diagnostic algorithms for haematuria.
RESULTS
A total of 118 studies met the inclusion criteria. No studies that evaluated the effectiveness of diagnostic algorithms for haematuria or the effectiveness of screening for haematuria or investigating its underlying cause were identified. Eighteen out of 19 identified studies evaluated dipstick tests and data from these suggested that these are moderately useful in establishing the presence of, but cannot be used to rule out, haematuria. Six studies using haematuria as a test for the presence of a disease indicated that the detection of microhaematuria cannot alone be considered a useful test either to rule in or rule out the presence of a significant underlying pathology (urinary calculi or bladder cancer). Forty-eight of 80 studies addressed methods to localise the source of bleeding (renal or lower urinary tract). The methods and thresholds described in these studies varied greatly, precluding any estimate of a 'best performance' threshold that could be applied across patient groups. However, studies of red blood cell morphology that used a cut-off value of 80% dysmorphic cells for glomerular disease reported consistently high specificities (potentially useful in ruling in a renal cause for haematuria). The reported sensitivities were generally low. Twenty-eight studies included data on the accuracy of laboratory tests (tumour markers, cytology) for the diagnosis of bladder cancer. The majority of tumour marker studies evaluated nuclear matrix protein 22 or bladder tumour antigen. The sensitivity and specificity ranges suggested that neither of these would be useful either for diagnosing bladder cancer or for ruling out patients for further investigation (cystoscopy). However, the evidence remains sparse and the diagnostic accuracy estimates varied widely between studies. Fifteen studies evaluating urine cytology as a test for urinary tract malignancies were heterogeneous and poorly reported. The calculated specificity values were generally high, suggesting some possible utility in confirming malignancy. However, the evidence suggests that urine cytology has no application in ruling out malignancy or excluding patients from further investigation. Fifteen studies evaluated imaging techniques [computed tomography (CT), intravenous urography (IVU) or ultrasound scanning (US)] to detect the underlying cause of haematuria. The target condition and the reference standard varied greatly between these studies. The diagnostic accuracy data for several individual studies appeared promising but meaningful comparison of the available imaging technologies was impossible. Eight studies met the inclusion criteria but addressed different parts of the diagnostic chain (e.g. screening programmes, laboratory investigations, full urological work-up). No single study addressed the complete diagnostic process. The review also highlighted a number of methodological limitations of these studies, including their lack of generalisability to the UK context. Separate decision analytic models were therefore developed to progress estimation of the optimal strategy for the diagnostic management of haematuria. The economic model for the detection of microhaematuria found that immediate microscopy following a positive dipstick test would improve diagnostic efficiency as it eliminates the high number of false positives produced by dipstick testing. Strategies that use routine microscopy may be associated with high numbers of false results, but evidence was lacking regarding the accuracy of routine microscopy and estimates were adopted for the model. The model for imaging the upper urinary tract showed that US detects more tumours than IVU at one-third of the cost, and is also associated with fewer false results. For any cause of haematuria, CT was shown to have a mean incremental cost-effectiveness ratio of pounds sterling 9939 in comparison with the next best option, US. When US is followed up with CT for negative results with persistent haematuria, it dominates the initial use of CT alone, with a saving of pounds sterling 235,000 for the evaluation of 1000 patients. The model for investigation of the lower urinary tract showed that for low-risk patients the use of immediate cystoscopy could be avoided if cystoscopy were used for follow-up patients with a negative initial test using tumour markers and/or cytology, resulting in a saving of pounds sterling 483,000 for the evaluation of 1000 patients. The clinical and economic impact on delayed detection of both upper and lower urinary tract tumours through the use of follow-up testing should be evaluated in future studies.
CONCLUSIONS
There are insufficient data currently available to derive an evidence-based algorithm of the diagnostic pathway for haematuria. A hypothetical algorithm based on the opinion and practice of clinical experts in the review team, other published algorithms and the results of economic modelling is presented in this report. This algorithm is presented, for comparative purposes, alongside current US and UK guidelines. The ideas contained in these algorithms and the specific questions outlined should form the basis of future research. Quality assessment of the diagnostic accuracy studies included in this review highlighted several areas of deficiency.
Topics: Algorithms; Cost-Benefit Analysis; Diagnostic Tests, Routine; Hematuria; Humans; State Medicine; United Kingdom
PubMed: 16729917
DOI: 10.3310/hta10180 -
The Cochrane Database of Systematic... Feb 2014Idiopathic hypercalciuria is an inherited metabolic abnormality that is characterised by excessive amounts of calcium excreted in the urine by people whose calcium serum... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Idiopathic hypercalciuria is an inherited metabolic abnormality that is characterised by excessive amounts of calcium excreted in the urine by people whose calcium serum levels are normal. Morbidity associated with idiopathic hypercalciuria is chiefly related to kidney stone disease and bone demineralisation leading to osteopenia and osteoporosis. Idiopathic hypercalciuria contributes to kidney stone disease at all life stages; people with the condition are prone to developing oxalate and calcium phosphate kidney stones. In some cases, crystallised calcium can be deposited in the renal interstitium, causing increased calcium levels in the kidneys. In children, idiopathic hypercalciuria can cause a range of comorbidities including recurrent macroscopic or microscopic haematuria, frequency dysuria syndrome, urinary tract infections and abdominal and lumbar pain. Various dietary interventions have been described that aim to decrease urinary calcium levels or urinary crystallisation.
OBJECTIVES
Our objectives were to assess the efficacy, effectiveness and safety of dietary interventions for preventing complications in idiopathic hypercalciuria (urolithiasis and osteopenia) in adults and children, and to assess the benefits of dietary interventions in decreasing urological symptomatology in children with idiopathic hypercalciuria.
SEARCH METHODS
We searched the Cochrane Renal Group's Specialised Register (23 April 2013) through contact with the Trials' Search Co-ordinator using search terms relevant to this review. Studies contained in the Specialised Register are identified through search strategies specifically designed for CENTRAL, MEDLINE and EMBASE.
SELECTION CRITERIA
We included all randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and quasi-RCTs that investigated dietary interventions aimed at preventing complications of idiopathic hypercalciuria, compared with placebo, no intervention, or other dietary interventions regardless of route of administration, dose or amount.
DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS
Studies were assessed for inclusion and data extracted using a standardised data extraction form. We calculated risk ratios (RR) for dichotomous outcomes and mean differences (MD) for continuous outcomes, both with 95% confidence intervals (CI).
MAIN RESULTS
We included five studies (379 adult participants) that investigated a range of interventions. Lack of similarity among interventions investigated meant that data could not be pooled. Overall, study methodology was not adequately reported in any of the included studies. There was a high risk of bias associated with blinding (although it seems unlikely that outcomes measures were unduly influenced by lack of intervention blinding), random sequence generation and allocation methodologies were unclear in most studies, but selective reporting bias was assessed as low.One study (120 participants) compared a low calcium diet with a normal calcium, low protein, low salt diet for five years. There was a significant decrease in numbers of new stone recurrences in those treated with the normal calcium, low protein, low salt diet (RR 0.77, 95% CI 0.61 to 0.98). This diet also led to a significant decrease in oxaluria (MD 78.00 µmol/d, 95% CI 26.48 to 129.52) and the calcium oxalate relative supersaturation index (MD 1.20 95% CI 0.21 to 2.19).One study (210 participants) compared a low salt, normal calcium diet with a broad diet for three months. The low salt, normal calcium diet decreased urinary calcium (MD -45.00 mg/d, 95% CI -74.83 to -15.17) and oxalate excretion (MD -4.00 mg/d, 95% CI -6.44 to -1.56).A small study (17 participants) compared the effect of dietary fibre as part of a low calcium, low oxalate diet over three weeks, and found that although calciuria levels decreased, oxaluria increased. Phyllanthus niruri plant substrate intake was investigated in a small subgroup with hypercalciuria (20 participants); there was no significant effect on calciuria levels occurred after three months of treatment.A small cross-over study (12 participants) evaluating the changes in urinary supersaturation indices among patients who consumed calcium-fortified orange juice or milk for one month found no benefits for participants.None of the studies reported any significant adverse effects associated with the interventions.
AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS
Long-term adherence (five years) to diets that feature normal levels of calcium, low protein and low salt may reduce numbers of stone recurrences, decrease oxaluria and calcium oxalate relative supersaturation indexes in people with idiopathic hypercalciuria who experience recurrent kidney stones. Adherence to a low salt, normal calcium level diet for some months can reduce calciuria and oxaluria. However, the other dietary interventions examined did not demonstrate evidence of significant beneficial effects.No studies were found investigating the effect of dietary recommendations on other clinical complications or asymptomatic idiopathic hypercalciuria.
Topics: Adult; Calcium, Dietary; Diet, Protein-Restricted; Diet, Sodium-Restricted; Humans; Hypercalciuria; Hyperoxaluria; Nephrolithiasis; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic
PubMed: 24519664
DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD006022.pub4 -
European Urology Focus Jan 2024Haematuria can be macroscopic (visible haematuria [VH]) or microscopic (nonvisible haematuria [NVH]), and may be caused by a number of underlying aetiologies. Currently,... (Review)
Review
The Diagnostic Accuracy of Cystoscopy for Detecting Bladder Cancer in Adults Presenting with Haematuria: A Systematic Review from the European Association of Urology Guidelines Office.
CONTEXT
Haematuria can be macroscopic (visible haematuria [VH]) or microscopic (nonvisible haematuria [NVH]), and may be caused by a number of underlying aetiologies. Currently, in case of haematuria, cystoscopy is the standard diagnostic tool to screen the entire bladder for malignancy.
OBJECTIVE
The objective of this systematic review is to determine the diagnostic test accuracy of cystoscopy (compared with other tests, eg, computed tomography, urine biomarkers, and urine cytology) for detecting bladder cancer in adults.
EVIDENCE ACQUISITION
A systematic review of the literature was performed according to the Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Diagnostic Test Accuracy and Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) extension for diagnostic test accuracy studies' checklist. The MEDLINE, Embase, Cochrane CENTRAL, and Cochrane CDSR databases (via Ovid) were searched up to July 13, 2022. The population comprises patients presenting with either VH or NVH, without previous urological cancers. Two reviewers independently screened all articles, searched reference lists of retrieved articles, and performed data extraction. The risk of bias was assessed using Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies (QUADAS-2).
EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS
Overall, nine studies were included in the qualitative analysis. Seven out of nine included trials covered the use of cystoscopy in comparison with radiological imaging. Overall, sensitivity of cystoscopy ranged from 87% to 100%, specificity from 64% to 100%, positive predictive value from 79% to 98%, and negative predictive values between 98% and 100%. Two trials compared enhanced or air cystoscopy versus conventional cystoscopy. Overall sensitivity of conventional white light cystoscopy ranged from 47% to 100% and specificity from 93.4% to 100%.
CONCLUSIONS
The true accuracy of cystoscopy for the detection of bladder cancer within the context of haematuria has not been studied extensively, resulting in inconsistent data regarding its performance for patients with haematuria. In comparison with imaging modalities, a few trials have prospectively assessed the diagnostic performance of cystoscopy, confirming very high accuracy for cystoscopy, exceeding the diagnostic value of any other imaging test.
PATIENT SUMMARY
Evidence of tests for detecting bladder cancer in adults presenting with haematuria (blood in urine) was reviewed. The most common test used was cystoscopy, which remains the current standard for diagnosing bladder cancer.
Topics: Adult; Humans; Hematuria; Cystoscopy; Urology; Urinary Bladder Neoplasms; Urinary Bladder
PubMed: 37633791
DOI: 10.1016/j.euf.2023.08.002 -
The Cochrane Database of Systematic... Aug 2015Henoch-Schönlein purpura (HSP) is the most common vasculitis of childhood but may occur in adults. This small vessel vasculitis is characterised by palpable purpura,... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
BACKGROUND
Henoch-Schönlein purpura (HSP) is the most common vasculitis of childhood but may occur in adults. This small vessel vasculitis is characterised by palpable purpura, abdominal pain, arthritis or arthralgia and kidney involvement. This is an update of a review first published in 2009.
OBJECTIVES
To evaluate the benefits and harms of different agents (used singularly or in combination) compared with placebo, no treatment or any other agent for: (1) the prevention of severe kidney disease in patients with HSP without kidney disease at presentation; (2) the prevention of severe kidney disease in patients with HSP and minor kidney disease (microscopic haematuria, mild proteinuria) at presentation; (3) the treatment of established severe kidney disease (macroscopic haematuria, proteinuria, nephritic syndrome, nephrotic syndrome with or without acute kidney failure) in HSP; and (4) the prevention of recurrent episodes of HSP-associated kidney disease.
SEARCH METHODS
We searched the Cochrane Kidney and Transplant's Specialised Register to 13 July 2015 through contact with the Trials Search Co-ordinator using search terms relevant to this review.
SELECTION CRITERIA
Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) comparing interventions used to prevent or treat kidney disease in HSP compared with placebo, no treatment or other agents were included.
DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS
Two authors independently determined study eligibility, assessed risk of bias and extracted data from each study. Statistical analyses were performed using the random effects model and the results were expressed as risk ratio (RR) or risk difference (RD) for dichotomous outcomes and mean difference (MD) for continuous outcomes with 95% confidence intervals (CI).
MAIN RESULTS
Thirteen studies (1403 enrolled patients) were identified. Risks of bias attributes were frequently poorly performed. Low risk of bias was reported in six studies (50%) for sequence generation (selection bias) and in seven (58%) for allocation concealment (selection bias). Blinding of participants and personnel (performance bias) and of outcome assessment (detection bias) was at low risk of bias in three studies. Five studies reported complete outcome data (attrition bias) while eight studies reported expected outcomes so were at low risk of reporting bias.Eight studies evaluated therapy to prevent persistent kidney disease in HSP. There was no significant difference in the risk of persistent kidney disease any time after treatment (5 studies, 746 children: RR 0.74, 95% CI 0.42 to 1.32), or at one, three, six and 12 months in children given prednisone for 14 to 28 days at presentation of HSP compared with placebo or supportive treatment. There were no significant differences in the risk of persistent kidney disease with antiplatelet therapy in children with or without kidney disease at entry. Heparin significantly reduced the risk of persistent kidney disease by three months compared with placebo (1 study, 228 children: RR 0.27, 95% CI 0.14 to 0.55); no significant bleeding occurred. Four studies examined the treatment of severe HSP-associated kidney disease. Two studies (one involving 56 children and the other involving 54 adults) compared cyclophosphamide with placebo or supportive treatment and found no significant benefit of cyclophosphamide. There were no significant differences in adverse effects. In one study comparing cyclosporin with methylprednisolone (15 children) there was no significant difference in remission at final follow-up at a mean of 6.3 years (RR 1.37, 95% CI 0.74 to 2.54). In one study (17 children) comparing mycophenolate mofetil with azathioprine, there was no significant difference in the remission of proteinuria at one year (RR 1.32, 95% CI 0.86 to 2.03). No studies were identified which evaluated the efficacy of therapy on kidney disease in participants with recurrent episodes of HSP.
AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS
There are no substantial changes in conclusions from this update compared with the initial review. From generally low quality evidence, we found no evidence of benefit from RCTs for the use of prednisone or antiplatelet agents to prevent persistent kidney disease in children with HSP. Though heparin appeared effective, this potentially dangerous therapy is not justified to prevent serious kidney disease when fewer than 2% of children with HSP develop severe kidney disease. No evidence of benefit has been found for cyclophosphamide treatment in children or adults with HSP and severe kidney disease. Because of small patient numbers and events leading to imprecision in results, it remains unclear whether cyclosporin and mycophenolate mofetil have any roles in the treatment of children with HSP and severe kidney disease.
Topics: Adrenal Cortex Hormones; Child; Child, Preschool; Cyclophosphamide; Humans; IgA Vasculitis; Immunosuppressive Agents; Kidney Diseases; Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic
PubMed: 26258874
DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD005128.pub3 -
Minerva Urologica E Nefrologica = the... Apr 2019Carcinosarcoma of the kidney pelvis (CRP) is a rare but not exceptionally unique tumor in which in literature are reported almost only case studies and small series. We...
INTRODUCTION
Carcinosarcoma of the kidney pelvis (CRP) is a rare but not exceptionally unique tumor in which in literature are reported almost only case studies and small series. We aim to provide a comprehensive overview of the disease, examining epidemiology, symptoms, pathological features, treatment and outcomes which are still missing, in order to offer a landmark paper to urologists which have to manage patients with this type of disease.
EVIDENCE ACQUISITION
A review of the current literature was conducted through the NCBI PubMed database in June 2017 following the updated PRISMA guidelines. The filters used for the research were: "carcinosarcoma renal pelvis," "carcinosarcoma kidney pelvis," and "urinary tract carcinosarcoma." Only studies with confirmed histological diagnosis of CRP and a description of patient characteristics (demographics and/or pathological) were included in the review.
EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS
Only 15 studies fulfilled the inclusion criteria. The main symptom at presentation was macroscopic hematuria, followed by abdominal pain. The carcinomatous pattern made of transitional cell carcinoma in 73.3% of patients and squamous carcinoma in 33%, while the sarcomatoid was spindle cells in 40% of patients, chondrosarcoma and undifferentiated in 33.3%. Despite radical surgical treatment was performed in all patients, there are no articles reporting a survival rate of more than two years.
CONCLUSIONS
Carcinosarcoma of the kidney is a rare tumor of which little is known, especially about pathogenesis and oncological outcomes in the different therapeutic approaches described. Current literature is almost exclusively a case report that does not provide adequate information especially about survival and progression free survival. The creation of a shared database could in a matter of years lead us to increase the information about the oncological outcomes of the various possible treatments.
Topics: Carcinosarcoma; Humans; Kidney Neoplasms; Kidney Pelvis; Rare Diseases; Treatment Outcome; Urologic Surgical Procedures
PubMed: 30203938
DOI: 10.23736/S0393-2249.18.03192-2 -
Kidney International Reports Jan 2021Kidney biopsy is an important tool for making diagnoses and for assessing the drug treatment requirements and disease prognosis in the management of kidney diseases....
INTRODUCTION
Kidney biopsy is an important tool for making diagnoses and for assessing the drug treatment requirements and disease prognosis in the management of kidney diseases. There are variations in the rate of complications associated with kidney biopsies across countries, and this depends on various clinical and technical factors. The aim of this study is to report on complications associated with kidney biopsy performed in low- and middle-income countries.
METHODS
Two reviewers searched tudies in MEDLINE, Embase, Cochrane Reviews, and African Journals Online. A random effects meta-analysis method was used to pool estimates of complications.
RESULTS
We identified 39 studies reporting on 19,500 kidney biopsies with overall complications (major + minor) rate of 14.9% (95% confidence interval = 11.4%-18.7%). Fewer complications were reported in biopsies performed with real-time ultrasound scans compared to those pre-marked using ultrasound or blind procedures (12.4% vs. 14.9% vs. 24.5%; = 0.037), respectively. Complications, albeit lower for procedures performed with automated needles (13.3%), were not significantly different from those performed with nonautomated needles (17.3%; = 0.588). Major complications included macroscopic hematuria (1.48%), nephrectomy (0.04%), blood loss requiring red cell transfusion (0.24%), angiographic intervention (0.22%), and death (0.01%).
CONCLUSION
Complications associated with kidney biopsy in low- and middle-income countries are low, are comparable to those in other settings, and occur more sparingly when real-time ultrasound techniques or automated kidney biopsy needles are used. This suggests the need to expand the use of this procedure to improve diagnosis of kidney pathologies and choice of therapy when indicated.
PubMed: 33426387
DOI: 10.1016/j.ekir.2020.10.019