-
Przeglad Gastroenterologiczny 2018Knowledge about oesophageal carcinoids is based primarily on case reports, and therefore information about them is incomplete. (Review)
Review
INTRODUCTION
Knowledge about oesophageal carcinoids is based primarily on case reports, and therefore information about them is incomplete.
AIM
To collect information on oesophageal carcinoid tumours in a systematic review study.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
Databases including PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science were searched for the characteristics of oesophageal carcinoid tumour. Studies included original articles, case series, or case reports, reporting at least one of the characteristics of benign carcinoid tumour or carcinoid tumour.
RESULTS
Out of 670 studies searched, after evaluation and excluding non-relevant studies, 14 studies were included and analysed in the systematic review. These studies included 19 patients with carcinoid tumour of whom 57.9% were males with a mean age of 55.5 years. Dysphagia and weight loss were the most prevalent symptoms and signs in the patients. Lower oesophagus was the most prevalent site of tumour.
CONCLUSIONS
This meta-analysis showed that the mean age at diagnosis of oesophageal carcinoid was around 55 years, with 1.4 times greater prevalence among males, and located mainly in the distal oesophagus. The mean tumour size was 2.4 cm. The main symptoms and signs of this disease were dysphagia, weight loss, and reflux. The tumour behaviour was mainly non-aggressive except for cases associated with adenocarcinoma.
PubMed: 30302162
DOI: 10.5114/pg.2018.78285 -
Cancers Aug 2023Lung cancer is one of the deadliest cancers worldwide, with a high incidence rate, especially in tobacco smokers. Lung cancer accurate diagnosis is based on distinct... (Review)
Review
Lung cancer is one of the deadliest cancers worldwide, with a high incidence rate, especially in tobacco smokers. Lung cancer accurate diagnosis is based on distinct histological patterns combined with molecular data for personalized treatment. Precise lung cancer classification from a single H&E slide can be challenging for a pathologist, requiring most of the time additional histochemical and special immunohistochemical stains for the final pathology report. According to WHO, small biopsy and cytology specimens are the available materials for about 70% of lung cancer patients with advanced-stage unresectable disease. Thus, the limited available diagnostic material necessitates its optimal management and processing for the completion of diagnosis and predictive testing according to the published guidelines. During the new era of Digital Pathology, Deep Learning offers the potential for lung cancer interpretation to assist pathologists' routine practice. Herein, we systematically review the current Artificial Intelligence-based approaches using histological and cytological images of lung cancer. Most of the published literature centered on the distinction between lung adenocarcinoma, lung squamous cell carcinoma, and small cell lung carcinoma, reflecting the realistic pathologist's routine. Furthermore, several studies developed algorithms for lung adenocarcinoma predominant architectural pattern determination, prognosis prediction, mutational status characterization, and PD-L1 expression status estimation.
PubMed: 37568797
DOI: 10.3390/cancers15153981 -
Cancer Prevention Research... Sep 2017Obesity and its associated metabolic dysregulation are established risk factors for many cancers. However, the biologic mechanisms underlying this relationship remain... (Review)
Review
Obesity and its associated metabolic dysregulation are established risk factors for many cancers. However, the biologic mechanisms underlying this relationship remain incompletely understood. Given the rising rates of both obesity and cancer worldwide, and the challenges for many people to lose excess adipose tissue, a systematic approach to identify potential molecular and metabolic targets is needed to develop effective mechanism-based strategies for the prevention and control of obesity-driven cancer. Epidemiologic, clinical, and preclinical data suggest that within the growth-promoting, proinflammatory microenvironment accompanying obesity, crosstalk between adipose tissue (comprised of adipocytes, macrophages and other cells) and cancer-prone cells may occur via obesity-associated hormones, cytokines, and other mediators that have been linked to increased cancer risk and/or progression. We report here a systematic review on the direct "crosstalk" between adipose tissue and carcinomas in humans. We identified 4,641 articles with = 20 human clinical studies, which are summarized as: (i) breast ( = 7); (ii) colorectal ( = 4); (iii) esophageal ( = 2); (iv) esophageal/colorectal ( = 1); (v) endometrial ( = 1); (vi) prostate ( = 4); and (vii) ear-nose-throat (ENT) cancer ( = 1). Findings from these clinical studies reinforce preclinical data and suggest organ-dependent crosstalk between adipose tissue and carcinomas via VEGF, IL6, TNFα, and other mechanisms. Moreover, visceral white adipose tissue plays a more central role, as it is more bioenergetically active and is associated with a more procancer secretome than subcutaneous adipose tissue. Efforts to eavesdrop and ultimately interfere with this cancer-enhancing crosstalk may lead to new targets and strategies for decreasing the burden of obesity-related cancers. .
Topics: Adipocytes; Adipokines; Adipose Tissue; Carcinoma; Cytokines; Disease Progression; Humans; Inflammation; Macrophages; Obesity; Risk Factors; Signal Transduction; Tumor Microenvironment
PubMed: 28864539
DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.CAPR-16-0322 -
International Journal of Molecular... Apr 2022The invasive capabilities of glioblastoma (GBM) define the cancer's aggressiveness, treatment resistance, and overall mortality. The tumor microenvironment influences... (Review)
Review
The invasive capabilities of glioblastoma (GBM) define the cancer's aggressiveness, treatment resistance, and overall mortality. The tumor microenvironment influences the molecular behavior of cells, both epigenetically and genetically. Current forces being studied include properties of the extracellular matrix (ECM), such as stiffness and "sensing" capabilities. There is currently limited data on the physical forces in GBM-both relating to how they influence their environment and how their environment influences them. This review outlines the advances that have been made in the field. It is our hope that further investigation of the physical forces involved in GBM will highlight new therapeutic options and increase patient survival. A search of the PubMed database was conducted through to 23 March 2022 with the following search terms: (glioblastoma) AND (physical forces OR pressure OR shear forces OR compression OR tension OR torsion) AND (migration OR invasion). Our review yielded 11 external/applied/mechanical forces and 2 tumor microenvironment (TME) forces that affect the ability of GBM to locally migrate and invade. Both external forces and forces within the tumor microenvironment have been implicated in GBM migration, invasion, and treatment resistance. We endorse further research in this area to target the physical forces affecting the migration and invasion of GBM.
Topics: Brain Neoplasms; Cell Line, Tumor; Cell Movement; Extracellular Matrix; Glioblastoma; Humans; Mechanical Phenomena; Tumor Microenvironment
PubMed: 35409420
DOI: 10.3390/ijms23074055 -
PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases Jan 2019Infection of bones and joints remains one of the most commonly described complications of brucellosis in humans and is predominantly reported in all ages and sexes in... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
BACKGROUND
Infection of bones and joints remains one of the most commonly described complications of brucellosis in humans and is predominantly reported in all ages and sexes in high-risk regions, such as the Middle East, Asia, South and Central America, and Africa. We aimed to systematically review the literature and perform a meta-analysis to estimate the global prevalence of osteoarticular brucellosis (OAB).
METHODOLOGY
Major bibliographic databases were searched using keywords and suitable combinations. All studies reporting the incidence and clinical manifestations of osteoarticular brucellosis in humans, and demonstrated by two or more diagnostic methods (bacteriological, molecular, serological, and/or radiographic) were included. Random model was used, and statistical significance was set at 0.05.
PRINCIPAL FINDINGS
A total of 56 studies met the inclusion criteria and were included in the systematic review and meta-analysis. There was an evidence of geographical variation in the prevalence of osteoarticular disease with estimates ranging from 27% in low-risk regions to 36% in high-risk regions. However, the difference was not significant. Thus, brucellosis patients have at least a 27% chance of developing osteoarticular disease.
CONCLUSIONS
The prevalence of OAB is not dependent on the endemicity of brucellosis in a particular region. Hence, further research should investigate the potential mechanisms of OAB, as well as the influence of age, gender, and other socioeconomic factor variations in its global prevalence, as this may provide insight into associated exposure risks and management of the disease.
Topics: Brucellosis; Global Health; Humans; Incidence; Osteoarthritis; Prevalence; Risk Assessment; Topography, Medical
PubMed: 30657765
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0007112 -
PloS One 2016Pre-eclampsia (PE) is a serious multi-factorial disorder of human pregnancy. It is associated with changes in the expression of placental genes. Recent transcription... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study Meta-Analysis Review
Pre-eclampsia (PE) is a serious multi-factorial disorder of human pregnancy. It is associated with changes in the expression of placental genes. Recent transcription profiling of placental genes with microarray analyses have offered better opportunities to define the molecular pathology of this disorder. However, the extent to which placental gene expression changes in PE is not fully understood. We conducted a systematic review of published PE and normal pregnancy (NP) control placental RNA microarrays to describe the similarities and differences between NP and PE placental gene expression, and examined how these differences could contribute to the molecular pathology of the disease. A total of 167 microarray samples were available for meta-analysis. We found the expression pattern of one group of genes was the same in PE and NP. The review also identified a set of genes (PE unique genes) including a subset, that were significantly (p < 0.05) down-regulated in pre-eclamptic placentae only. Using class prediction analysis, we further identified the expression of 88 genes that were highly associated with PE (p < 0.05), 10 of which (LEP, HTRA4, SPAG4, LHB, TREM1, FSTL3, CGB, INHA, PROCR, and LTF) were significant at p < 0.001. Our review also suggested that about 30% of genes currently being investigated as possibly of importance in PE placenta were not consistently and significantly affected in the PE placentae. We recommend further work to confirm the roles of the PE unique and associated genes, currently not being investigated in the molecular pathology of the disease.
Topics: Female; Gene Expression; Gene Expression Profiling; Gene Expression Regulation; Humans; Microarray Analysis; Placenta; Pre-Eclampsia; Pregnancy; RNA, Messenger; ROC Curve; Transcriptome; Trophoblasts
PubMed: 27560381
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0161504 -
Endokrynologia Polska 2021Although histopathology remains in the first line of the diagnosis of pituitary pathology, immunohistochemistry and molecular biology are currently in charge of...
INTRODUCTION
Although histopathology remains in the first line of the diagnosis of pituitary pathology, immunohistochemistry and molecular biology are currently in charge of providing a more accurate characterisation of tumours in this field.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
A systematic review of the literature was performed, using the PubMed and SCOPUS databases, with terms that included transcription factors involved in the development of pituitary tumours: T-PIT, PIT-1, and SF-1.
RESULTS
The results showed different perspectives, but the evidence is in favour of a multifold immunohistochemical analysis that must include pituitary transcription factors for a highly accurate diagnosis, prognosis, and guidance of (multimodal) therapy.
CONCLUSIONS
By using transcription factors, the understanding of the structure and function of the recently defined pituitary neuroendocrine tumours has made significant progress. This approach brings the (sub)classification of pituitary tumours, using cell types and cell lineages, with clinical and molecular implications and therapeutic results.
Topics: Homeodomain Proteins; Humans; Immunohistochemistry; Pituitary Gland; Pituitary Neoplasms; T-Box Domain Proteins; Transcription Factors
PubMed: 33749818
DOI: 10.5603/EP.a2020.0090 -
Current Oncology (Toronto, Ont.) Nov 2023The present review aims to investigate the survival and functional outcomes in adult high-grade brainstem gliomas (BGSs) by comparing data from resective surgery and... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
The present review aims to investigate the survival and functional outcomes in adult high-grade brainstem gliomas (BGSs) by comparing data from resective surgery and biopsy. MEDLINE, EMBASE and Cochrane Library were screened to conduct a systematic review of the literature, according to the PRISMA statement. Analysis was limited to articles including patients older than 18 years of age and those published from 1990 to September 2022. Case reports, review articles, meta-analyses, abstracts, reports of aggregated data, and reports on multimodal therapy where surgery was not the primary treatment were excluded. The ROBINS-I tool was applied to evaluate the risk of bias. Six studies were ultimately considered for the meta-analysis. The resective group was composed of 213 subjects and the bioptic group comprised 125. The analysis demonstrated a survival benefit in those patients in which an extensive resection was possible (STR HR 0.59 (95% CI 0.42, 0.82)) (GTR HR 0.63 (95% CI 0.43, 0.92)). Although surgical resection is associated with increased survival, the significantly higher complication rate makes it difficult to recommend surgery instead of biopsy for BSGs. Future investigations combining volumetric data and molecular profiles could add important data to better define the proper indication between resection and biopsy.
Topics: Humans; Adult; Brain Neoplasms; Glioma; Biopsy; Combined Modality Therapy; Brain Stem
PubMed: 37999129
DOI: 10.3390/curroncol30110709 -
Trends in Cancer Sep 2020Next-generation sequencing (NGS) application in clinical practice requires the implementation of molecular tumor boards (MTBs). Starting from a systematic review of...
Next-generation sequencing (NGS) application in clinical practice requires the implementation of molecular tumor boards (MTBs). Starting from a systematic review of literature, we discuss the MTB-related key points: MTB aims and composition, types of tumors to discuss, types of molecular analyses, methods for classifying actionability, appropriate turnaround time, and cost management.
Topics: Antineoplastic Agents; Biomarkers, Tumor; Clinical Decision-Making; Consensus; DNA Mutational Analysis; Drug Resistance, Neoplasm; Genetic Testing; Group Processes; High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing; Humans; Medical Oncology; Molecular Targeted Therapy; Mutation; Neoplasms; Patient Care Team; Precision Medicine
PubMed: 32517959
DOI: 10.1016/j.trecan.2020.05.008 -
Frontiers in Genetics 2022Heparan sulfate modified proteins or proteoglycans (HSPGs) are an abundant class of cell surface and extracellular matrix molecules. They serve important co-receptor...
Heparan sulfate modified proteins or proteoglycans (HSPGs) are an abundant class of cell surface and extracellular matrix molecules. They serve important co-receptor functions in the regulation of signaling as well as membrane trafficking. Many of these activities directly affect processes associated with neurodegeneration including uptake and export of Tau protein, disposition of Amyloid Precursor Protein-derived peptides, and regulation of autophagy. In this review we focus on the impact of HSPGs on autophagy, membrane trafficking, mitochondrial quality control and biogenesis, and lipid metabolism. Disruption of these processes are a hallmark of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and there is evidence that altering heparan sulfate structure and function could counter AD-associated pathological processes. Compromising presenilin function in several systems has provided instructive models for understanding the molecular and cellular underpinnings of AD. Disrupting presenilin function produces a constellation of cellular deficits including accumulation of lipid, disruption of autophagosome to lysosome traffic and reduction in mitochondrial size and number. Inhibition of heparan sulfate biosynthesis has opposing effects on all these cellular phenotypes, increasing mitochondrial size, stimulating autophagy flux to lysosomes, and reducing the level of intracellular lipid. These findings suggest a potential mechanism for countering pathology found in AD and related disorders by altering heparan sulfate structure and influencing cellular processes disrupted broadly in neurodegenerative disease. Vertebrate and invertebrate model systems, where the cellular machinery of autophagy and lipid metabolism are conserved, continue to provide important translational guideposts for designing interventions that address the root cause of neurodegenerative pathology.
PubMed: 36699460
DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.1012706