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International Journal of Environmental... Feb 2023According to the World Health Organization, 83,339 laboratory-confirmed cases, including 72 deaths, of mpox (formerly known as monkeypox), have been reported from 110... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
According to the World Health Organization, 83,339 laboratory-confirmed cases, including 72 deaths, of mpox (formerly known as monkeypox), have been reported from 110 locations globally as of 20 December 2022, making the disease a public health concern. Most of the cases (56,171, 67.4%) were reported from countries in North America. Limited data on vaccine effectiveness in the current mpox outbreak are available. However, the modified vaccinia virus (smallpox vaccine) has been predicted to prevent or reduce the severity of the mpox infection. The present study of systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the modified vaccinia vaccine's safety and efficacy on mpox by using reported randomized clinical trials. Following guidelines from the Cochrane Collaboration and PRISMA, multiple databases including PubMed, PLOS ONE, Google Scholar, British Medical Journal, and the U. S. National Library of Medicine were searched. Out of 13,294 research articles initially identified, 187 were screened after removing duplicates. Following the inclusion and exclusion criteria, the meta-analysis included ten studies with 7430 patients. Three researchers independently assessed the risk of bias in the included study. The pooled results suggest that the vaccinia-exposed group had fewer side effects when compared to the vaccinia naïve group (odds ratio: 1.66; 95% CI: 1.07-2.57; = 0.03). Overall, the modified vaccinia has proven safe and effective in both vaccinia naïve and previously exposed groups, with higher efficacy in the previously exposed groups.
Topics: Humans; Smallpox Vaccine; Vaccinia; Mpox (monkeypox); Vaccinia virus; Laboratories; Smallpox
PubMed: 36833653
DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20042963 -
Journal of Infection and Chemotherapy :... Feb 2023Since May 2022, many human monkeypox cases have been reported from non-endemic countries. This systematic review aimed to evaluate and summarize the existing research on...
Since May 2022, many human monkeypox cases have been reported from non-endemic countries. This systematic review aimed to evaluate and summarize the existing research on the efficacy and safety of tecovirimat, brincidofovir, and cidofovir for patients with monkeypox. We searched studies that reported the efficacy and adverse events of tecovirimat, brincidofovir, or cidofovir for patients with human monkeypox in several databases including preprint servers. Only five studies were included. The efficacy and adverse events were assessed in only five and four patients, respectively. Regarding tecovirimat, all two patients recovered from monkeypox. One had no adverse event and the other has no description of an adverse event. Regarding brincidofovir, all three patients recovered from monkeypox but all of them had increased alanine transaminase, and one had nausea and abdominal discomfort. There was no study on treatment with cidofovir. Based on past studies and our results, tecovirimat might be the best choice due to ease of administration (oral drug), fewer side effects, and past treatment results for human monkeypox administration. However, very few studies were included in this scoping review. Therefore, further studies are needed to assess their efficacy and safety as possible treatments for human monkeypox.
Topics: Humans; Mpox (monkeypox); Cidofovir; Antiviral Agents; Benzamides
PubMed: 36283609
DOI: 10.1016/j.jiac.2022.10.009 -
Cureus Jan 2023The whole world got threatened by COVID-19, which made a significant loss in various sectors and pushed the world into a deep valley. Now a new threat, the emerging... (Review)
Review
The whole world got threatened by COVID-19, which made a significant loss in various sectors and pushed the world into a deep valley. Now a new threat, the emerging outbreak of monkeypox is rapidly spreading across the globe and is currently being observed in more than 110 countries with 79,473 confirmed cases and 50 deaths. Data were collected from PubMed, EMBASE, MEDLINE, Cochrane, Scopus database, African Journals OnLine, internet library sub-Saharan Africa, and Google Scholar. Most data were taken from the democratic Republic of Congo, the Central African Republic, Cameroon, the Republic of Congo, Liberia, Nigeria, the US, and the UK. Case reports, outbreak investigations, epidemiological studies, and surveillance studies were reviewed to find epidemiological details about the outbreak. A total of 50 peer-reviewed articles and 20 grey literature articles, including 9050 cases, were identified for data extraction. Our systematic review revealed that the group most affected is male (95.5%), with a median age of 33.8 years. A total of 55% of the transmission was sexually transmitted. The most commonly reported symptoms such as vesicular-pustular rashes (97.54%), fever (55.25%), inguinal lymphadenopathy (53.6%), exanthema (40.21%), fatigue, headache, asthenia (26.32%), myalgia (16.33%), vesicles and ulcers (30.61%) in the anogenital regions were some of the significant findings. The case fatality rate was observed to be up to 8.65%. The most affected country was the USA, which has the most fatalities in younger ages involved in homosexuality, suffering from HIV or sexually transmitted diseases (STDs).
PubMed: 36655160
DOI: 10.7759/cureus.33596 -
BMC Public Health Jan 2024Monkeypox (Mpox) virus infection is a topic of growing interest today because of its potential public health impact and concern about possible outbreaks. Reliable and... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
BACKGROUND
Monkeypox (Mpox) virus infection is a topic of growing interest today because of its potential public health impact and concern about possible outbreaks. Reliable and up-to-date sources of information that provide accurate data on its transmission, symptoms, prevention, and treatment are essential for understanding and effectively addressing this disease. Therefore, the aim of the present study is to determine the prevalence of sources of information on Mpox virus infection.
METHODS
An exhaustive systematic review and meta-analysis was carried out using the information available in the PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Embase, and ScienceDirect databases up to August 3, 2023. The data were analyzed using R software version 4.2.3. The quality of the cross-sectional studies that formed part of this review was assessed using the Joanna Briggs Institute Meta-Analysis of Statistics Assessment and Review Instrument (JBI-MAStARI) tool. In addition, a subgroup analysis was performed based on the study populations.
RESULTS
Through electronic searches of five databases, a total of 1833 studies were identified. Twenty-four cross-sectional articles were included, with a total sample of 35,959 participants from 34 countries. The pooled prevalence of each of the included information sources was: social networks reached 59% (95% CI: 50-68%; 29,146 participants; 22 studies; I = 100%; p < 0.01); the Internet was 61% (95% CI: 44-77%; 14,002 participants; 5 studies; I = 100%; p < 0.01), radio reached 10% (95% CI: 07-13%; 8917 participants; 4 studies; I = 93%; p < 0.01), television accounted for 24% (95% CI: 09-43%; 14,896 participants; 8 studies; I = 100%; p < 0.01), and the combination of radio and television accounted for 45% (95% CI: 31-60%; 4207 participants; 7 studies; I = 99%; p < 0.01); for newspapers, it was 15% (95% CI: 05-27%; 2841 participants; 6 studies; I = 99%; p < 0.01), friends and relatives accounted for 19% (95% CI: 12-28%; 28,470 participants; 19 studies; I = 100%; p < 0.01), the World Health Organization (WHO) accounted for 17% (95% CI: 07-29%; 1656 participants; 3 studies; I = 97%; p < 0.01), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) accounted for 10% (95% CI: 03-21%; 2378 participants; 3 studies; I = 98%; p < 0.01), and the combination of WHO and CDC websites accounted for 60% (95% CI: 48-72%; 1828 participants; 4 studies; I = 96%; p < 0.01), and finally, scientific articles and journals accounted for 24% (95% CI: 16-33%; 16,775 participants; 13 studies; I = 99%; p < 0.01).
CONCLUSION
The study suggests that people access a variety of information sources to gain knowledge about Mpox virus infection, with a strong emphasis on online sources such as social networks and the Internet. However, it is important to note that the quality and accuracy of information available from these sources can vary, underscoring the need to promote access to reliable and up-to-date information about this disease to ensure public health.
Topics: United States; Humans; Monkeypox virus; Cross-Sectional Studies; Mpox (monkeypox); Academies and Institutes; Information Sources
PubMed: 38263135
DOI: 10.1186/s12889-024-17741-5 -
The Veterinary Quarterly Dec 2024As COVID-19 has shown, pandemics and outbreaks of emerging infections such as Zika, Nipah, monkeypox and antimicrobial-resistant pathogens, especially emerging zoonotic...
As COVID-19 has shown, pandemics and outbreaks of emerging infections such as Zika, Nipah, monkeypox and antimicrobial-resistant pathogens, especially emerging zoonotic diseases, continue to occur and may even be increasing in Southeast Asia. In addition, these infections often result from environmental changes and human behaviour. Overall, public health surveillance to identify gaps in the literature and early warning signs are essential in this region. A systematic review investigated the prevalence of emerging zoonotic diseases over 11 years from 2011 to 2022 in Southeast Asia to understand the status of emerging zoonotic diseases, as well as to provide necessary actions for disease control and prevention in the region. During the 2011-2022 period, studies on pigs, poultry, ruminants, companion animals and wildlife in Southeast Asia were reviewed thoroughly to assess the quality of reporting items for inclusion in the systematic review. The review was performed on 26 studies of pigs, 6 studies of poultry, 21 studies of ruminants, 28 studies of companion animals and 25 studies of wildlife in Southeast Asia, which provide a snapshot of the prevalence of the emerging zoonotic disease across the country. The findings from the review showed that emerging zoonotic diseases were prevalent across the region and identified a few zoonotic diseases associated with poultry, mainly stemming from Cambodia and Vietnam, as high priority in Southeast Asia.: Appropriate prevention and control measures should be taken to mitigate the emerging zoonotic diseases in Southeast Asia.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Animals, Wild; Asia, Southeastern; Poultry; Ruminants; Swine; Swine Diseases; Vietnam; Zoonoses; Communicable Diseases, Emerging
PubMed: 38229485
DOI: 10.1080/01652176.2023.2300965 -
Frontiers in Public Health 2023Monkeypox (mpox), a zoonotic viral infection, poses a global threat that is being acknowledged at the national and international levels. This systematic review aims to...
BACKGROUND
Monkeypox (mpox), a zoonotic viral infection, poses a global threat that is being acknowledged at the national and international levels. This systematic review aims to identify and characterize interventional clinical trials for mpox.
METHOD
All interventional clinical trials registered at ClinicalTrials.gov for mpox were searched up to January 6, 2023. We described the characteristics of interventional clinical trials, and drug interventions (including drugs and vaccines).
RESULTS
As of January 6, 2023, there were 10 clinical trials in the ClinicalTrials.gov registry that met our criteria. Most of the interventional clinical trials were focused on the treatment ( = 4, 40%) and prevention ( = 4, 40%) of mpox. From the 10 trials, 50% used random treatment allocation, and six (60%) chose the parallel assignment intervention model. All 10 studies were blinded, and six were open-label blinded. The largest proportion of the clinical trials ( = 4, 40%) were registered in Europe, followed by America ( = 3, 30%) and Africa and others ( = 3, 30%). The JYNNEOS vaccine (40%), followed by Tecovirimat (30%) were the most frequently studied drugs used against mpox.
CONCLUSION
A limited number of clinical trials have been registered on ClinicalTrials.gov since the first case of mpox was reported. Therefore, there is an urgent need to conduct large-scale randomized clinical trials to assess the safety and efficacy of the drugs and vaccines being used against the mpox virus.
Topics: Humans; Mpox (monkeypox); Africa; Benzamides; Databases, Factual; Europe
PubMed: 36969617
DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1144325 -
JAAD International Sep 2023
PubMed: 37533687
DOI: 10.1016/j.jdin.2023.05.013 -
International Journal of Infectious... Feb 2023Human monkeypox virus (MPXV) infection is a recently declared public health emergency of international concern by the World Health Organization. Besides, there is scant...
OBJECTIVES
Human monkeypox virus (MPXV) infection is a recently declared public health emergency of international concern by the World Health Organization. Besides, there is scant literature available on the use of antivirals in MPXV infection. This systematic review compiles all evidence of various antivirals used on their efficacy and safety and summarizes their mechanisms of action.
METHODS
A review was done of all original studies mentioning individual patient data on the use of antivirals in patients with MPXV infection.
RESULTS
Of the total 487 non-duplicate studies, 18 studies with 71 individuals were included. Tecovirimat was used in 61 individuals, followed by cidofovir in seven and brincidofovir (BCV) in three individuals. Topical trifluridine was used in four ophthalmic cases in addition to tecovirimat. Of the total, 59 (83.1%) were reported to have complete resolution of symptoms; one was experiencing waxing and waning of symptoms, only one (1.8%) had died, and the others were having a resolution of symptoms. The death was thought unrelated to tecovirimat. Elevated hepatic panels were reported among all individuals treated with BCV (leading to treatment discontinuation) and five treated with tecovirimat.
CONCLUSION
Tecovirimat is the most used and has proven beneficial in several aggravating cases. No major safety concerns were detected upon its use. Topical trifluridine was used as an adjuvant treatment option along with tecovirimat. BCV and cidofovir were seldom used, with the latter often being used due to the unavailability of tecovirimat. BCV was associated with treatment discontinuation due to adverse events.
Topics: Humans; Antiviral Agents; Benzamides; Cidofovir; Disease Outbreaks; Isoindoles; Mpox (monkeypox); Monkeypox virus; Trifluridine
PubMed: 36470502
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2022.11.040 -
Vaccine Apr 2023As the primary public health strategy for controlling the 2022 Mpox outbreak, it is critical to evaluate the impact of Mpox vaccination campaigns for transgender people...
Uptake of Mpox vaccination among transgender people and gay, bisexual and other men who have sex with men among sexually-transmitted infection clinic clients in Vancouver, British Columbia.
OBJECTIVES
As the primary public health strategy for controlling the 2022 Mpox outbreak, it is critical to evaluate the impact of Mpox vaccination campaigns for transgender people and gay, bisexual and other men who have sex with men (T/GBM). We measured vaccine uptake and associated factors among T/GBM clients of an urban STI clinic in British Columbia (BC).
METHODS
We conducted a cross-sectional online survey between August 8-22, 2022 of clients who had attended the STI clinic, 5-7 weeks following the first-dose Mpox vaccination campaign in BC. We drew on a systematic review of factors associated with vaccine uptake to develop survey questions, and measured vaccine uptake among vaccine-eligible T/GBM.
RESULTS
Overall, 51% of T/GBM had received the first dose of the vaccine. The sample (331 participants) was majority White and university educated, identified as a man and gay, 10% had trans experience, and 68% met eligibility criteria for vaccination. Among vaccine-eligible participants identifying as T/GBM, 66% had been vaccinated; being unvaccinated was more common among participants identifying as bisexual or heteroflexible/mostly straight, and who spent less time with other T/GBM. Eligible yet unvaccinated participants had lower perceived susceptibility, and reported fewer cues to action (e.g., fewer saw information promoting the vaccine), and increased constraints to vaccine access; vaccine barriers related to accessing clinics and privacy were common. The majority (85%) of those eligible and unvaccinated at time of survey were willing to receive the vaccine.
CONCLUSION
In this sample of STI clinic clients, vaccine uptake among eligible T/GBM was high in the initial weeks following a Mpox vaccination campaign. However, uptake was patterned on social gradients with lower uptake among T/GBM who may be less effectively engaged by available promotion channels. We recommend early, intentional and diverse engagement of T/GBM populations in Mpox and other targeted vaccination programs.
Topics: Male; Humans; Sexual and Gender Minorities; Homosexuality, Male; British Columbia; Smallpox Vaccine; Transgender Persons; Cross-Sectional Studies; Mpox (monkeypox); Vaccination; Sexually Transmitted Diseases; HIV Infections
PubMed: 36894397
DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2023.02.075 -
Infectious Medicine Mar 2024Mpox re-emerged worldwide with the multi-country outbreaks that occurred in May 2022, threatening the public health of human beings.
BACKGROUND
Mpox re-emerged worldwide with the multi-country outbreaks that occurred in May 2022, threatening the public health of human beings.
METHODS
This rapid systematic review summarized mpox reinfection cases documented. Electronic databases (PubMed, MedRxiv, and Social Science Research Network) were searched without time limitation, using the keywords "mpox," "monkeypox," & "reinfection," "reoccur," "reoccurrence," "episode," and "relapse". All laboratory-confirmed cases of mpox reinfection published in the literature were included in this study.
RESULTS
A total of seven publications (nine cases) from Africa, Europe, and South America were included. All mpox reinfection cases were male, with a median age of 36; 88.89% of cases had unprotected sexual behaviors with other males before each illness episode. The average onset interval between the two episodes was about 4 months. Perianal lesions and lymphadenopathy were major symptoms in both episodes, and no differences in clinical severity were reported between the two episodes. The mean duration of the two episodes was approximately 22 days and 13 days, respectively; which the mean duration of the second episode was shorter than the first infection ( = 2.17, = 0.0487). Sexually transmitted infections were commonly concurrent among most cases, accounting for 55.6% and 77.8% in the two episodes, respectively. Full vaccination against mpox was rare among reinfection cases.
CONCLUSION
A second infection is possible even in a short period. Reinforcing monitoring, reducing high-risk behaviors, and heightening health education regarding mpox for high-risk populations are crucial to limit mpox spread, including persons with a history of mpox infection.
PubMed: 38586545
DOI: 10.1016/j.imj.2024.100096